Quantum Theory

Achmad Rochliadi
Introduction and Principles
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Contents
Quantum Theory
1. Origin of quantum mechanic
2. The dynamic of microscopy system
3. Quantum mechanical principles
- The Schrodinger equation
- The Bohr interpretation of the wae function
- The failure of classical physics
- !ae particle duality
- "mpact on #iology $ %lectron microscopy
- The information in a waefunction
- The uncertainty principles
- The postulate of quantum mechanics
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Classical mechanics (CM)

&' predict a precise tra(ectory for

particles with specific location and
momenta.

&' allow translational) rotational and

i#rational mode to #e e*cited to any
energy #y control the force gien.

&' does not wor+ on transfering small

energies to a small particles.

Origin of quantum mechanics
,ailures of classical physics
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Light in classical mechanics

-ight in &' is a electromagnetic

radiation) ie. .n oscilation electric
and magnetic distur#ance that
spread as a harmonic wae.

Origin of quantum mechanics
,ailures of classical physics
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Black!ody radiations

%*perimental
reali/ation $ caity at
temperature T)
equili#rium #etween
radiation and wall
material0 pinhole emits
#lac+-#ody radiation
Origin of quantum mechanics
,ailures of classical physics

. hot o#(ect emits %' radiation.

1erfect a#sor#er 2 perfect emitter.

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"nergy distri!ution in Black!ody
Origin of quantum mechanics
,ailures of classical physics

&' e*plation #y -ord 3ayleigh $

The %' is collection of oscillators
of all possi#le frequencies
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Rayleigh#ean La$

%quipartition is used to
calculate the aerage energy
of each oscillator as +T.

3ayleigh-4ean law $
Origin of quantum mechanics
,ailures of classical physics
Only wor+ on low
frequencies.
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Planck distri!ution
1ropose that the energy of each
electromagnetic oscillator is limited to
discrete alues and cannot #e aried
ar#itrarily 5 Quanti/ation of energy.
1ermitted energy $
Origin of quantum mechanics
,ailures of classical physics

1lanc+ distri#ution $
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%eat capacities

The mean energy of an atom as it oscillates a#out its

mean position in a solid is +T for each direction of
displacement. "n three dimensions) the aerage energy of
each atom is 3+T0 for 6 atoms the total energy is 36+T.

The molar internal energy $

Origin of quantum mechanics
,ailures of classical physics
The molar constant olume heat capacity
.ggrea#le with 7ulong-1etit e*periment
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%eat capacities

"t was found that the molar heat capacities of all

monatomic solids are lower than 33 at low
temperatures) and that the alues approach /ero as
T58.
Origin of quantum mechanics
,ailures of classical physics

%instien assumed that atom oscilated with a single

frequency.
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%eat capacities

%instein e*pression for the molar heat capacity $

Origin of quantum mechanics
,ailures of classical physics
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Atomic and molecular spectra

.tom and molecular spectra show quanti/ation of

energy.
Origin of quantum mechanics
,ailures of classical physics
%mission of e*ited ,e .#soprtion of SO2 molecules.
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Particle character o& "M radiation

1article of %' are photon and hae discreed energy.

1article-li+e character is showed in photoelectric effect. 9%(ection of

electrons from metal when e*pose to u radiation:.
Origin of quantum mechanics
!ae-particle duality
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'a(e character o& particles
The 7aisson;<ermer
e*periment. The scattering of
an electron #eam from a nic+el
crystal shows a ariation of
intensity characteristic of a
diffraction e*periment in which
waes interfere constructiely
and destructiely in different
directions
Origin of quantum mechanics
!ae-particle duality
de Broglie relation
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"lectron microscope
3esolution limitiation of classic microscope 5 replace light with
electron. S%') T%'.
Origin of quantum mechanics
"mpact in #iology
. T%' image of a
cross-section of a
plant cell showing
chloroplasts)
organelles
responsi#le for the
reactions of
photosynthesi.
&hloroplasts are
typically = >m long
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)chrodinger e*uation

Quantum mechanics) wae-particles duality of

matter trael not along a definite path #ut the
particle is distri#uted throught space li+e a wae

Tra(ectory replaced #y a wae function) 9psi:

%quation for finding the waefunction of any system.

7ynamics of microscopic sys.
Schrodinger equation
"t a time-dependent Schrodinger equation of mass
moing in a one dimention with energy E.
3 dim in pg 2==
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Pro!a!ility
7ynamics of microscopic sys.
Born interpretataion
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Bohrn interpretattion o& +

The waefunction contains all the dynamical

information a#out the system it descri#es

The square of the amplitude of an electromagnetic

wae in a region is interpreted as its intensity 5 the
pro#a#ilistic of finding particles

The pro#a#ility density $

7ynamics of microscopic sys.
Born interpretataion
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,ormalisation o& $a(e&unction

"f ? is a solution) so is 6?. 5 #y the 6 constant a

@proportionalityA #ecome an equality.
7ynamics of microscopic sys.
Schrodinger equation

6ormalisation is ealuated #y
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Quantisation o& $a(e&unction

1rinciples restriction of ? $

? must not infinite

anywhere

? must single alued

,irst deriatie is
continuous

Second deriatif of ?
must #e well-defined
and continuous
7ynamics of microscopic sys.
Schrodinger equation
Bnaccepta#le waefunctions
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In&ormation in a $a(e&unction

The SchrCdinger equation for a particle of mass m

free to moe parallel to the *-a*is with /ero potential
energy
Quantum mechanics principles
Schrodinger equation
The solution are
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In&ormation in a $a(e&unction

Derification of the solutions

Quantum mechanics principles
Schrodinger equation
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The pro!a!ility density

Suppose . is set ar#itrary and B 2 8 then the wae

function is.
Quantum mechanics principles
Schrodinger equation
The e*istence of the particles is showed #y the
pro#a#ility density
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The pro!a!ility density

Suppose . is set ar#itrary and B 2 8 then the wae

function is.
Quantum mechanics principles
Schrodinger equation
The e*istence of the particles is showed #y the
pro#a#ility density
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The pro!a!ility density
Quantum mechanics principles
Schrodinger equation
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-perator. eigen(alue and eigen&unctions

To e*tract information from the the waefuntion)

Schrodinger equation is rewritten as
Quantum mechanics principles
Schrodinger equation

,or 1 dimension
Operator something that carries out a mathematical
operation on the function E
Operator
%igenfunction
%igenalue
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-perator. eigen(alue and eigen&unctions

<eneral form $
9Operator:9function: 2 9constant factor: * 9same function:
Quantum mechanics principles
Schrodinger equation

1osition and momentum operator $

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"t is impossi#le to specify simultaneously) with

ar#itrary precision) #oth the momentum and the
position of a particle.
The uncertainty principle
Quantum mechanic principles
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'a(e &unction. .ll dynamical information is in the wae function) it

can #e found #y soling Schrodinger equation for the system.

The Born interpretation. "f the wae function hae a alue at

some point) then the pro#a#ility of finding the particles is
propotional to

Accepta!le $a(e&unction. "t has to #e continous) hae a

continous first deriatie) singled alue and square-integra#le

-!ser(a!les/ O#sera#les) F) are reprensented #y operator) #uild

from position and momentum operator of the form

The %eisen!erg uncertainty principles/ "t is imposi#le to specify

simultaneously with ar#itary precision) #oth the momentum and
position of a particles.
The postulate o& *uantum mechanic
Quantum mechanic principles
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