Infinitive dan Gerund

A. Infinitive
1. Infinitive as the Subject of a Clause (followed by the verbs below)
Example: To follow his advice seemed logical.
be
seem
appear
2. Infinitive after certain !"ressions (without #to#)
Example: I would rather stay at home.
had better
would rather
would sooner
why not
why schould I/you/ [not]
$. Infinitive after certain %erbs (without to)
Example: We must stay at home.
can
dare also with to!
do
help also with to!
let
may
must
need also with to!
shall
should
will
&. Infinitive after certain %erbs (with to)
Example: "e refused to "ay the bill.
a##ord
agree
aim
appear
arrange
attempt
be determined
beg
care
choose
claim
vow
want
wish
would hate
would li$e
condescend
consent
dare also without
to!
decide
demand
deserve
determine
endeavour
expect
#ail
guarantee
happen
would love
would pre#er
have
help also without
to!
hesitate
hope
learn
long
manage
mean
need also
without to!
neglect
o##er
ought
plan
prepare
pretend
proceed
promise
re#use
resolve
seem
stop
swear
tend
threaten
trouble
underta$e
used
volunteer
'. Infinitive after certain %erbs with Interro(ative (how) if) what) where)
whether)
Example: We didn%t remember where to *eet.
as$
advise & 'b(ect
consider
decide
explain
#ind out
#orget
$now
understand
wonder
learn
remember
see
show
teach
tell & ob(ect
+. Infinitive after certain %erbs with an ,bject (without #to#)
Example: We heard him screa*.
let
ma$e
-. Infinitive after certain %erbs with an ,bject (with #to#)
Example: )he got me to wash the dishes.
advise
allow
as$
beg
cause
enable
encourage
#orbid
#orce
get
help
invite
expect
order
permit
persuade
recommend
remind
teach
tell
want
warn
would hate
would li$e
would love
would pre#er
mean
.. Infinitive after certain Adjectives
Example: It was impossible to (o bac$.
ama*ed
ama*ing
angry
astonished
astonishing
aw$ward
brave
careless
clever
cowardly
extraordinary
sad
sel#ish
silly
sorry
strange
stupid
surprised
wic$ed
wise
disappointed
disgusted
#unny
generous
glad
happy
hard
rude
nice
odd
pointless
relieved
cra*y
delighted
di##icult
easy
honest
horri#ied
impossible
$ind
ridiculous
/. Infinitive after certain 0ouns
Example: +here was no need to (et angry.
e##ort
agreement
aim
determination
expectation
#ailure
longing
need
neglect
resolution
tendency
appearance
arrangement
attempt
choice
claim
guarantee
threat
try
promise
re#usal
o##er
plan
preparation
procedure
hesitation
hope
trouble
decision
1. Gerund
Gerund *eru"a2an bentu2 3in( dari 2ata 2erja.
1. As the subject of a clause
Example: Cyclin( is good #or your health.
2. Adjectives (with 4re"ositions) followed by the Gerund
Example: I am interested in visitin( the museum.
disappointed
about
sic$ o#
sorry about
near
proud o#
a#raid o#
angry about /
at
bad at
busy
clever at
cra*y about
tired o#
worried about
worth
impressed by
interested in
$een on
excited about
#amous #or
#ond o#
glad about
good at
li$e
$. 4r5"ositions followed by the Gerund
Example: Instead of studyin( #or her exams, she went out every night.
about in %how/what about%!
a#ter
apart #rom
because o#
be#ore
in
in spite o#
instead o#
on
without
by
&. %erbs followed by the Gerund
Example: I enjoy coo2in(.
admit
advise
allow permit
postpone
practise
re(ect
resist
ris$
stop
suggest
understand
waste time /
money
appreciate
avoid
can%t help
can%t stand
consider
$eep
mention
mind
miss
permit
postpone
practise
re(ect
resist
ris$
stop
go in go
swimming!
imagine
involve
suggest
understand
waste time /
money
delay
deny
disli$e
en(oy
escape
#ancy
#inish
'. %erbs with 4re"ositions followed by the Gerund
Example: I%m looking forward to seein( you again soon.
accuse o#
ad(ust to
agree with
apologi*e #or
approve o#
as$ about
as$ #or
begin by
believe in
be used to
blame #or
care #or
complain about
concentrate on
congratulate on
consist o#
cope with
decide against
decide #or
depend on
die o#
dream about / o#
escape #rom
#eel li$e
insist on
$eep on
loo$ #orward to
ob(ect to
pay #or
prevent sb. #rom
protect #rom
put o##
rely on
spend money on
spend time on
carry on
succeed in
suspect o#
ta$e part in
tal$ about / o#
than$ #or
thin$ o#
use #or
warn against
worry about
#orgive #or
give up
+. 0ouns 6 0ouns with 4re"ositions followed by the Gerund
Example: +here%s no point in waitin( any longer.
advantage o#
alternative o#
chance o#
choice between
danger o#
di##iculty in
trouble
interest in
opportunity o#
place #or
pleasure in
point in
possibility o#
problem
trouble in
use
way o#
waste o#
money
waste o# time
reason #or
doubt about
experience in
#un
hope o#
idea o#
7ords followed either by Infinitive or Ing89or*
1. 7ords with the sa*e *eanin(
Example: I started to read. / I started reading.
attempt
begin
bother
cannot bear
cease
continue
hate
intend
love
pre#er
start
2. 7ords with the sa*e *eanin( but different use
Word In#initive - with an ob(ect .erund / without an ob(ect
advise I advise you to go by bus. I advise going by bus.
allow / permit "e allowed her to ta$e the car. "e allowed ta$ing the car.
#orbid )he #orbids us to smo$e. )he #orbids smo$ing.
$. 7ords with a different *eanin(
Word In#initive meaning .erund meaning
#orget / remember with regard to the #uture
0emember to switch o## the lights.
with regard to the past
1o you remember switching o## the lights2
go on start something new
.o on to read.
continue with the same action
.o on reading.
regret with regard to the #uture
I regret to say that.
with regard to the past
I regret saying that.
stop interrupt another action
I stopped to smo$e.
terminate
I stopped smo$ing.
try do something complicated
+ry to solve this riddle.
do it and see what happens
+ry tal$ing to him.
Infinitive or 4resent 4artici"le
.erund and present participle are not exactly the same. 3s this chapter is about when to use the in#initive
and when to use the ing-#orm, however, we have also listed words here that can be used either with the
in#initive or the present participle.
Words In#initive meaning .erund meaning
#eel
hear
see
Emphasises that the action is completed.
Example: I saw him go up the stairs.
3ction can be completed, but not
necessarily.
Example: I saw him going up the stairs.
go
come
expresses a purpose
Example: )he is coming to show us the pictures.
in connection with activities
Example: 4et5s go shopping / dancing.