CURRENT AND FUTURE

DEVELOPMENT IN
NETWORKS AND
COMMUNICATIONS
2013

NAME :
FORM :
IC :
GROUP MEMBERS :
1.
2.

















1. INTRODUCTION
(Computer Networks and Communications)
A computer network is a telecommunications network that allows
computers to exchange data. The physical connection between
networked computing devices is established using either cable media or
wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet.
Network devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called
network nodes.[1] Nodes can include hosts such as servers and
personal computers, as well as networking hardware. Two devices are
said to be networked when a process in one device is able to exchange
information with a process in another device.
Computer networks support applications such as access to the World
Wide Web, shared use of application and storage servers, printers, and
fax machines, and use of email and instant messaging applications. The
remainder of this article discusses local area network technologies and
classifies them according to the following characteristics: the physical
media used to transmit signals, the communications protocols used to
organize network traffic, along with the network's size, its topology and
its organizational intent.

2. Mobile Computing
2.1 Definition
Mobile computing is humancomputer interaction by which a computer
is expected to be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing
involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software.
Communication issues include ad-hoc and infrastructure networks as
well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete
technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components.
Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of
mobile applications.












2.2 Specification, services, and frequencies of Mobile
Computing
(based on one product e.g. PDA, 3G mobile phone)
Samsung Galaxy Note II N7100

SPECIFICATION
NETWORK/BEARER AND WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY
HSPA+21
EDGE / GPRS (850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900MHZ)
HSPA+21
WiFi a/b/g/n HT40
Wi-Fi Direct available
Bluetooth technology v 4.0 (Apt-X Codec support) LE
NFC available
USB 2.0 HOST, MHL
KIES, KIES Air support
CHIPSET
Quad Core Processor
1.6GHz CPU Speed
SENSORS
Accelerometer, Geo-magnetic, Gyro-sensor, Light Sensor,
Proximity Sensor, Barometer available
BATTERY
Upto 17Hr (3G)
3100mAh Battery
USB Chargeable
Upto 510hours (3G)
AUDIO AND VIDEO
Video Format : MPEG4, H.263, H.264, VC-1, DivX, WMV7, WMV8,
WMV9, VP8


Full HD (1080p) Video Playback available
Recording up to 30fps
Audio Format : MP3, OGG, WMA, AAC, ACC+, eAAC+, AMR (NB,
WB), MIDI, WAV, AC-3, Flac
OS
Android 4.1 (JellyBean)
MEMORY
16GB Memory*
PHYSICAL SPECIFICATION
151.1 x 80.5 x 9.4mm
182.5g Weight
LOCATION
Assisted GPS / GLONASS available
DISPLAY
HD sAMOLED
5.55" (140.9mm)
HD (1280 x 720)
S Pen available
CAMERA
8 Megapixels Camera Resolution (Rear)
1.9 Megapixels Camera Resolution (Front)
Flash-LED available
Auto Focus available
CONNECTORS
USB v2.0 Host
3.5mm Stereo Earjack
MicroSD External Memory Slot (Upto 64GB)
3FF supported
Micro USB (5V, 2A)
MHL available

SERVICES


Samsung Apps available
Music Hub available
Readers Hub available
Game Hub available
ChatON available
ActiveSync available
B-to-B Compability : Sybase / Webex / Device encryption / Cisco
etc.

FREQUENCIES

EDGE / GPRS (850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900MHZ)
HSDPA : 900/2100 MHz


3.0 Internet Technology and Services
3.1 VOIP
Voice over IP (voice over Internet Protocol, VoIP) is a methodology
and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and
multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the
Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony,
Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony,
IP communications, and broadband phone service.
The term Internet telephony specifically refers to the provisioning of
communications services (voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging) over the
public Internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network
(PSTN). The steps and principles involved in originating VoIP telephone
calls are similar to traditional digital telephony, and involve signaling,
channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signals, and encoding.
Instead of being transmitted over a circuit-switched network, however,
the digital information is packetized and transmission occurs as Internet
Protocol (IP) packets over a packet-switched network. Such
transmission entails careful considerations about resource management
different from time-division multiplexing (TDM) networks.
Early providers of voice over IP services offered business models and
technical solutions that mirrored the architecture of the legacy telephone


network. Second generation providers, such as Skype, have built closed
networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free calls and
convenience, while potentially charging for access to other
communication networks, such as the PSTN. This has limited the
freedom of users to mix-and-match third-party hardware and software.
Third generation providers, such as Google Talk have adopted[1] the
concept of federated VoIP which is a departure from the architecture
of the legacy networks. These solutions typically allow dynamic
interconnection between users on any two domains on the Internet
when a user wishes to place a call.
VoIP systems employ session control and signaling protocols to control
the signaling, set-up, and tear-down of calls. They transport audio
streams over IP networks using special media delivery protocols that
encode voice, audio, video with audio codecs and video codecs as
Digital audio by streaming media. Various codecs exist that optimize the
media stream based on application requirements and network
bandwidth; some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed
speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs. Some popular
codecs include -law and a-law versions of G.711, G.722 which is a
high-fidelity codec marketed as HD Voice by Polycom, a popular open
source voice codec known as iLBC, a codec that only uses 8 kbit/s each
way called G.729, and many others.
VoIP is available on many smartphones, personal computers, and on
Internet access devices. Calls and SMS text messages may be sent
over 3G or Wi-Fi.[2]

3.2 BLOG
A blog (a contraction of the words web log)[1] is a discussion or
informational site published on the World Wide Web and consisting of
discrete entries ("posts") typically displayed in reverse chronological
order (the most recent post appears first). Until 2009 blogs were usually
the work of a single individual, occasionally of a small group, and often
covered a single subject. More recently "multi-author blogs" (MABs)
have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors and
professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other media outlets,
universities, think tanks, interest groups and similar institutions account
for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other
"microblogging" systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs


into societal newstreams. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to
maintain or add content to a blog.
The emergence and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the
advent of web publishing tools that facilitated the posting of content by
non-technical users. (Previously, a knowledge of such technologies as
HTML and FTP had been required to publish content on the Web.)
A majority are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even
message each other via GUI widgets on the blogs, and it is this
interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites.[2] In that
sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking. Indeed,
bloggers do not only produce content to post on their blogs, but also
build social relations with their readers and other bloggers.[3] There are
high-readership blogs which do not allow comments, such as Daring
Fireball.
Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject; others function
as more personal online diaries; others function more as online brand
advertising of a particular individual or company. A typical blog
combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and other
media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in an
interactive format is an important contribution to the popularity of many
blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (art
blogs), photographs (photoblogs), videos (video blogs or "vlogs"), music
(MP3 blogs), and audio (podcasts). Microblogging is another type of
blogging, featuring very short posts. In education, blogs can be used as
instructional resources. These blogs are referred to as edublogs.
On 16 February 2011, there were over 156 million public blogs in
existence.[4] On 13 October 2012, there were around 77 million
Tumblr[5] and 56.6 million WordPress[6] blogs in existence worldwide.
According to critics and other bloggers, Blogger is the most popular
blogging service used today.[7][8]

4.0 Types of network.
4.1 PAN
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for
communication among computerized devices, including telephones and
personal digital assistants. PANs can be used for communication among
the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for
connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink). A


wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a PAN carried over wireless
network technologies such as IrDA, Wireless USB, Bluetooth, Z-Wave,
ZigBee, or even Body Area Network. The reach of a WPAN varies from
a few centimeters to a few meters. A PAN may also be carried over
wired computer buses such as USB and FireWire.
4.2 VPN
A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a
public network, such as the Internet. It enables a computer to send and
receive data across shared or public networks as if it were directly
connected to the private network, while benefitting from the functionality,
security and management policies of the private network.[1] This is done
by establishing a virtual point-to-point connection through the use of
dedicated connections, encryption, or a combination of the two.
A VPN connection across the Internet is similar to a wide area network
(WAN) link between the sites. From a user perspective, the extended
network resources are accessed in the same way as resources available
from the private network.[2]
VPNs allow employees to securely access their company's intranet
while traveling outside the office. Similarly, VPNs securely and cost
effectively connect geographically disparate offices of an organization
creating one cohesive virtual network. VPN technology is also used by
ordinary Internet to connect to proxy servers for the purpose of
protecting one's identity.
4.3 WLAN
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using
some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM
radio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to
the wider Internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a
local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Most modern
WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi
brand name. WLANs were once called LAWNs (for local area wireless
network) by the Department of Defense.[1]
Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of
installation, and in commercial complexes offering wireless access to
their customers; often for free. New York City, for instance, has begun a
pilot program to provide city workers in all five boroughs of the city with
wireless Internet access.[2]
4.4 WIMAX


WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a
wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40
megabit-per-second data rates,[1] with the 2011 update providing up to 1
Gbit/s for fixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX
Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and
interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a
standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless
broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".[2]
5.0 CONCLUSION
The Native Computer Communications Network Project was a good
example of how a focus on creating a network of computers does not
necessarily ensure the interpersonal networking of the potential users of
that technology. If the people were not communicating with each other
before, developing another method of communication doesn't mean
they'll start.




REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing
http://www.gsmarena.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimax
http://www.samsung.com/uk/consumer/mobile-
devices/smartphones/android/GT-N7100RWDBTU-spec
http://www.fonearena.com/samsung-galaxy-note-2_2297.html
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_conclusion_of_computer_network_and
_communication
http://rmmict.blogspot.com/p/kerja-kursus-ict.html