Chess is a two-player strategy board game that originated in India and evolved from earlier games like chaturanga. It spread through Persia and the Muslim world to Europe. The modern form of chess emerged in Europe in the 15th century. Chess grew increasingly popular and competitive over subsequent centuries. Major tournaments and championships developed, with the world championship recognized by FIDE since 1948. Chess is now played widely for both recreation and competition.
Chess is a two-player strategy board game that originated in India and evolved from earlier games like chaturanga. It spread through Persia and the Muslim world to Europe. The modern form of chess emerged in Europe in the 15th century. Chess grew increasingly popular and competitive over subsequent centuries. Major tournaments and championships developed, with the world championship recognized by FIDE since 1948. Chess is now played widely for both recreation and competition.
Chess is a two-player strategy board game that originated in India and evolved from earlier games like chaturanga. It spread through Persia and the Muslim world to Europe. The modern form of chess emerged in Europe in the 15th century. Chess grew increasingly popular and competitive over subsequent centuries. Major tournaments and championships developed, with the world championship recognized by FIDE since 1948. Chess is now played widely for both recreation and competition.
Matric No: 2013675096 Course: AC110 Semester: 2 CHESS INTRODUCTION Chess is a two-player strategy board gameplayed on achessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. It is one of the world's most popular games, played by millions of people worldwide at home, in parks,clubs, online, bycorrespondence, and in tournaments. Each player begins the game with 6pieces! one king, onequeen, two rooks, twoknights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the si" piece types mo#esdifferently. $ieces are used to attack and capture the opponent's pieces, with the ob%ecti#e to 'checkmate' the opponent's king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. In addition to checkmate, the game can be won by the #oluntary resignation of the opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears una#oidable. & game may also result in a draw in se#eral ways, where neither player wins. 'he course of the game is di#ided into three phases! opening,middlegame, and endgame. HISTORY Predecessors () *hess is belie#ed to ha#e originated in Eastern India during the +upta empire. () ,rom the 6 th century is was known as chaturanga, it represented by the pieces that would e#ol#e into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respecti#ely. () In 6--, the e#idence of e"istence of chess is found in the neighboring .assanid $ersia, where the game came to known by the name chatrang. () *hatrang is e#oked in three epic romances written in $ahla#i /0iddle $ersian1. *hatrang was taken up by the 0uslim world after the Islamic conquest of $ersia /6223441, where it was then named shatranj, with the pieces largely retaining their $ersian names. () In .panish 4shatran%4 was rendered as ajedrez /4al-shatran%41, in $ortuguese asxadrez, and in +reek as 56789:;<= /zatrikion,which comes directly from the $ersian hatran!1,but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by #ersions of the $ersian sh"h /4king41, which was familiar as an e"clamation and became the English words 4check4 and 4chess4. 0urray theori>ed that 0uslim traders came to European seaports with ornamental chess kings as curios before they brought the game of chess. Origins of the modern game !"""#!$%"& '( &round ?--, the rules of shatran% started to be modified in southern Europe. () &round 4@A, se#eral ma%or changes made the game essentially as it known today. () In the B th century, the center of European chess life mo#ed from .outhern European countries to ,rance. () &s the C th century progressed, chess organi>ation de#eloped quickly. 0any chess clubs, chess books, and chess %ournals appeared. ()In the Bth century, the center of European chess life mo#ed from the .outhern European countries to ,rance. 'he two most important ,rench masters were ,ranDois- &ndrE Fanican $hilidor, a musician by profession, who disco#ered the importance of pawns for chess strategy, and later Gouis-*harles 0ahE de Ga Hourdonnais, who won a famous series of matches with the Irish master &le"ander 0cFonnell in B24. )irth of a s*ort !$%"#!+,%& () 'he first modern chess tournament was organi>ed by Ioward .taunton, a leading chess player, and was held in Gondon in BA. () 'he tournament won by an unknown +erman &dolf &nderssen, who was hailed as the leading chess master and his brilliant, energetic attacking style. () &n &merican $aul 0orphy, and e"traordinary chess prodigy, won against all important competitors /e"cept Ioward .taunton, who refused to play1, including &nderssen, during his short career between BA@ and B62. () &fter $aul 0orphy there was a great players like him such as $rague-born Jilhelm .teinit>, a +erman master Kohannes Lukertort and a young player a +erman mathematician Emanuel Gasker. ()&fter the end of the C th cnetury, the number of master tournaments and matches held annually quickly grew. () .ome sources state that in C4 the title of chess +randmaster was first formally conferred by 'sar Micholas II of Nussia to Gasker, *apablanca, &lekhine, 'arrasch, and0arshall, but this is a disputed claim. () &le"ander &lekhine, a strong attacking player who died as the Jorld champion in C46. Ie briefly lost the title to Futch player 0a" Euwein C2A and regained it two years later. Post#-ar era !+,% and .ater& '( &fter the death of &lekhine, a new Jorld *hampion was sought. ,IFE, who ha#e controlled the title since then /e"cept for one interruption1, ran a tournament of elite players. () 'he winner of theC4B tournament, Nussian 0ikhail Hot#innik, started an era of .o#iet dominance in the chess world. () Ontil the end of the .o#iet Onion, there was only one non-.o#iet champion, &merican Hobby ,ischer /champion C@?3@A1. () 'here was a champion after another in a certain year such as C4B, CA, CA4 /Hot#innik1 CA@ /.myslo#1 CAB /Hot#innik1 C6- /'al1 C6 /Hot#innik1 C62, C66 /$etrosian1 C6C /.passky1 C@? /,ischer1 C@A, C@B, CB, CB4 /Parpo#1 CBA, CB6, CB@,CC- /Pasparo#1 .plit title *lassica l CC2 , CCA /Pasparo# 1 ?--- , ?--4 /Pramnik 1 ,IFE CC2 , CC6 , CCB /Parpo# 1 CCC /Phalifman 1 ?--- /&nand 1 ?--? /$onomario# 1 ?--4 /Pasimd>hano# 1 ?--A /'opalo# 1 ,IFE ?--6 /Pramnik 1 ?--@ , ?--B , ?-- , ?-? /&nand 1 ?-2 /*arlsen 1 ?-4 Pre#modern '( In the 0iddle &ges and during the Nenaissance, chess was a part of noble cultureQ it was used to teach war strategy. () *hess was often used as a basis of sermons on morality. &n e"ample is #iber de moribus hominum et o$$iiis nobi%ium si&e su'er %udo sahorum /'Hook of the customs of men and the duties of nobles or the Hook of *hess'1, written by an Italian Fominicanmonk Kacobus de *essolis c. 2--. Modern ()Furing the &ge of Enlightement, chess was #iewed as a means of self-impro#ement. ()Hen%amin ,ranklin, in his article R'he 0orals of *hessS /@A-1, wrote! THy playing *hess then, we may learn! ()I/ 0oresight1 which looks a little into futurity, and considers the consequences that may attend an action ()II/ Circums*ection1 which sur#eys the whole *hessboard or scene of action ()III/ Caution1 not to make our mo#es too hastily Jith these or similar hopes, chess is taught to children in schools around the world today. 0any schools host chess clubs, and there are many scholastic tournaments specifically for children. 'ournaments are held regularly in many countries, hosted by organi>ations such as the Onited .tates *hess ,ederation and the Mational .cholastic *hess ,oundation. Refrences (iki'edia) *Adjusted+
The Exploits and Triumphs, in Europe, of Paul Morphy, the Chess Champion - Including An Historical Account Of Clubs, Biographical Sketches Of Famous Players, And Various Information And Anecdote Relating To The Noble Game Of Chess