6,jS TlIKOr.Y OF ARCHITECTURE. Eook II.

work of arrangements of modern sanitation. If the client be willing to carry out these
elaborate notions, there can be no objeeliou to his having them; but tor the larger class
tbx; lollowiug 'A'ill, in ordinary cases, be sufficient to arrest danger
;
first supposing that
the water closets, sinks, and cisterns, are in a proper state of repair, and that the drains
or other pipes are all clear.
1888.
"
Take up the paving of the front area where the main drain runs throu;ih to
tlie sewer. Cut out a length or so of the drain, and build, in 9 inch brickwork, a shaft
3 leet by 2 feet. Render it inside in Portland cement. At the bottom let iu a half
drain pipe, and at the sewer side fix a syphon trap. Connect with the shaft two 4-inch
drain pipes, one on either side of the shafc; or carry up a 4-inch galvanize I iron pipe a
short distance to form inlets. If a rain-water pipe be near at hand, the joints may be
caulked, and it may be connected with ihe shaft by one of the pipes; carry it well up
above the roof, and treat it as the outlet ventilator. If a rain-water pipe is not ni'ar at
hand, carry up from the shaft, and well above the roof, a sep.irate 4-iiich galvanized iron
Ventilating pipe. Cover the shaft With a York stone, or iron cover, ai.d the drain job is
done. As regards the water supjily, tlie cistern should be well cleaned out periodically, say
once a month, and there will not be much to fear in that direction."Woodward, Loudan
as it is and as it might be, read at Royal Institute of Britisii Architects, and printed in
2'ransactions, new series, vol. ii.
p.
46.
Skct. II.
BRICKLAYING AND TILING.
1889.
Bricklaying, or the art of building with bricks, or of uniting them by cement or
mortar into various forms, includes, in the metropolis, and mostly in tho proviuces, the
business of walling, tiling, and paving with bricks or tiles, and sometimes plistering; but
this last is rarely, if ever, undertaken by the-London bricklayer; though in the country
tlic trades of bricklaying and plastering are usually united, and not unfrequently that of
masonry also. The materials used have been described in a previous part of the woik, to
which the reader is referred (181L et seq^.).
]889rt. It is ad visible that the student should be acquainted with the mechanical prin-
ciples involved in the construction of shores, and the nature of the forces which are
brought into play. G. H. Blagrove, in Shoring and its Application,
1887,
writes :
"
Though the student has to learn the principles of Shoring, the practising architect
has to apply them, often in the utmost haste, to prevent the most disastrous conse-
quences, and occasionally surroundt-d with the most perplexing difficulties. Viollet-le-
Duc sajs: 'Nothing enhances the respect of workmen for the architect like his being
ready to shore properly . . . and nothing is more satisfying to the eye than a
system of shoring well combined and well executed.'
"
The author divides his beok
into Raking, Elying and Dead Shoring, Needling, Centreing, Timbering for Excavations,
Underpinning, and Straightening Walls. In Raking Shores is explained the danger
of using timber
unnecessarily heavy for the purpose, and the danger of the vertical
sinking of a wall, causing the shores to separate it; also the advantage of shoring
ao-aiust the floors, and the proper precautions to be taken for shoring, of a more per-
manent and efficient kind than the rough and ready shoring so often resorted to. In
the case of Flying Shores there is the risk of their sagging, though this may generally
be obviated by using trusse.s, pirticularly when the flying stores are in more than one
height. Little has to be said about
"
detd shores," but the rough way in wiiich they are
often put in is
detrimental to the building. In the chapter on Needling the necessary
precaut'ous are carefully stated, but the proper calculation of the strength of the needles
is not urged. The dt vices which have be n put in practice at times to save expense,
viz., the iron frames which enable the bretsummer to be rolled in lengthwise, the case
where the bressummerhas to be enclosed in the frames, then got in para lei and rolled end
on to its place, and where it is only put in parallel, are also explained. Two devices are
not noticed : one where the middle of a wall has to be removed, but where an arch can be
turned
;
the arch form is marked in chalk on both sides of the wall, holes beginning at
the skewbacks are successively cut to the shape of the arch by men working on both
sides, and the segments are then built in and wedged up, until the whole arch is turned
without using needling, and, when the cement has set, the brickwork below ha cut
away.
The other is executed thus : narrow iron girders, not exceeding one- fourth of the thickness
of the wall, are cut in, and fixed on both sides, then York stone is pinned in on the top of