;s6 THEORY OF ARCIiriECTURE.

Ijuok
H,
edict, Imt as tlicy liave ncitlicr joggles nor dowels, tlicy arc now sometimes
assisted,
especially in uncertain foundations, by plating under tliem a tliin flat bar of wrouglit
iron. Rurtliolomew, in bis Specijications, 1840,
gives some ancient si)ecimens from Roman
sepukluvs, the tiiree lower courses being prevented from sliding by a wedge-sluij)ed
joggle
formed on tlie top bed of one stone, and a corresponding bole cut in the lower bed of
the next stone, to receive it. Firj. G18/. is perliaps the earliest instance of a similar
contrivance, and shows the oversailing portions (Frencb crossetits). ]t is taken from
777
L>):)X<<<J
^
Fig. ei8t.
Fig.
618fc Tig. 61SZ.
Diocletian's palace at Spalato, a building often referred to as exhibiting the germs of
several of the peculiar ornaments afterwards prevalent in the Romanesque and Norman
styles of art (par. 198). The same principle is seen in a semicircular arch of eleven
voussoirs in the lower story of the reputed tomb of Tbeodoric at Ravenna
; in a chinmey-
piece at Conisborough Castle, Yorkshire
;
and at the gate of the Alliambra.
]\Iur|)hy's
BatuUia, gives, in plate 2, two instances of the same kind of construction. ^Vitb double
set-ofis, an example is found in the upjjer ])art of Tbeodoric's tomb. Fii/. 6'18/i., showing
the introduction of tenons of a circular form, is the transom of the Norman west door-
way of Rochester Cathedral. Fii;. 6181. having three tenons to each stone, is from the
mantel of a fireplace in Edlinghani Castle, Northumberland.
I925f.
Serlio, in his Opeie d' Architettura, in Book iv. chap, v., shows two excellent
modes for relieving the weight from a llntei over an opening,
Jips. G18m. and 618. Fi(/.
6\So. is the mode ado])tid by Mylne, in
erecting Blackfriats Bridge, where each
joggle consists of a cube foot of a hard
stone. During the repairs of this structure
in 183.3, the decayed or broken stones were
cut out, and new blocks inserted by the in-
genious arrangement shown in
Jig. 618/j.
A represents the new block let in, in two
parts. B is first fixed, having a hole cut to
receive a jihig C, which is placed in a hole
F's-
6i8.
in
the half U; on this block being inserted
in place, the plug C drops half its length into
the
hole in B and secures the portion 1).
Channels were also cut through the blocks, through
which wiies were placed attached to
the jilug to insure its sliding into its place. These
were cemented up
subsequently. In small works,
copper plugs, or dowels would be more proper than
the large blocks shown in
fi/.
6 1 So., as they require
the removal of less of the substance of the arch
stones as necessary for admitting joggles. Cubes,
and dowels, of slate are now very much employed.
192.5.9.
Another method much practised consists
in joining, by an elbow to each voussoir, a jiortion
of the neighbouring
horizontal course of the work.
This arrangement
will he understood at once by
reference to
T?."?*'-
'5f) and 957; but, however good
it may appear at first sight, it is liable to split at
(he junction of the horizontal portion with the
radial parts, if any irregular settlement takes place.
The rustic channels of arcades wrought in this
form have, however, a good effect.
19'i5/t. From Viollet le Due, Dictionnaire, we
cbtain the use of the crossettea as exemidified in a
chlinncypiecc (Jic/.
6I87.). Fi;/. 618r. is the lintel
to the door on the north side of the Church of St.
Etienne at Beauvais; and
fig.
618s. that of the Church of Villers Saint Paid,
shows the system described by Rondelet, in ])late 27 of bis valuable publication, for ob-
taining the requisite proportion of strength in such flat arches, as they are called. Who-
ever may be interested in the method of supporting and tying together by rods and
bais, the stones of architraves, as formerly piactiscd by the eminent architects of Fr-m'^e,
must be referred to the publications of Rondelet, Patte. D'Aviler, Blondel, and ethers'
of tliat period ;
in fact, the system is still introduced in the modern publications on con-
Btructioflj in the French school of architecture.
Fig. 61