III.

CARPENTRY. 6,'57
STAKSTOX. N()i:folh
the underside of the principal rafters, descending low down on the wall; the arched brace
springs directly
from this to the collar-beam, uniting them both with the principal. It is
held that it would be impossible for this roof to spread until it had broken the curved
braces. The va-
rioustimbersare
h\\ effectively
moulded. The
))rlncipal rafters,
12 inches by 10
inches; common
rafters, 6 inches
by
3^
inches
;
collar-beam, 14
inches by
8^
inches ; ridge
l)iece, 8 inches
by 8 inches;
piirline, 8 inches
by 0^ inches
;
w.dl ])iece, 10
Fig 70lo. i'ciiiam, noiifolk. lig. toi;).
inches by
8^ inches. Width between centres of trusses, 6 feet 2 inches; and depth of cornice
3 feel 2 inches. Of class II. is the roof over the nave of Starston Church, Norfolk
(_/?</.
lOlp
). The angle formed is 100. At the apex of the roof is a strut 15, about 9 inches
square, which hangs down 2 feet ; its four sides are morticed, two to receive the ends of
.
the braces where they are pinned, thus preventing the possibility of its dropping
;
and the
other two on the op])osite sides, to receive the arched ridge braces, as shown at C. This ar-
rangement tends to prevent the roof either spreading outwards, or rocking from east to west.
The span is 21 feet 10 in. The principal rafters are 10 in. by 9 in. ; common rafters, 6 in.
by 4 in.
; wall piece, 10 in. by 7^ in.; purline, 6^ in. by Sj in.
;
and cornice, 1 1 in. by 10 in.
2052s. IV. Hammer-heam roofs are always double-fiamed roofs, the rafters being sup-
ported by a skeleton framing of purlines and ridge, resting on, or framed into, the principal
trusses. Among the many varieties of this description of roof may be noticed:

(1) Those
with collar-beams and no struts, the collars, princii'als, and hammer-beams being united
with curved braces;
(2)
Those in which the collar-beam is omitted, the curved braces
being carried up almost to the ridge, and framed at the apex of the arch into a strut, which
receives also the upper ends of the principals;
(3)
Those with no collars or struts, the
whole of the truss being connected together and stiffened with curved braces only
;
in this
instance the arched braces are formed of three
pieces of timber, one on either side of the
roof, tenoned into the hammer-beam and prin-
cipal, and reaching up as far as the purline,
the centre piece forming the apex of the arch,
being tenoned into each princijial, itself acting
as a brace, and to a certain extent as a collar
beam; and
(4) Those having hammer-beams,
collars, and struts, connected together with
curved braces. ( See />ar. 2052/.)
2052t. An example of the first sort is the
roof of Capel St. Mary's Church, SuHblk
{fig. 70I7.). The angle formed is 87, and
it is very seldom that a hammer-beam roof
has a steeper pitch. The span is 18 feet 3
inches. The principal rafter is 10 inches by
8 inches; common rafter,
6 inches by 3 inches; hammer-beam, 10 inches by 8 inches
; collar-
beam, 10 inches by 8 inches
;
purlins, 6 inches by 5 inches
; ridge piece, 6 inches by G inches.
The trusses are
6 feet apart from centre to ctntre. The second sort is shown in
fig.
701r.,
the nave roof of Trunch Church, Norfolk. The intermediate trusses are the same, excei)t
that instead of the long wall- piece and brace, the wall-piece is stopped at the crown of the
arch of the clearstory window, and a very depressed brace connects it with the hammer-
beam. The spandrils are filled in with perforated tracery. The span is 19 feet. Tiie prin-
cipal rafter is 10 inches by 9 inches; common rafter, 6 inches by 4 inches; hammer-beam,
10 inclies by 10 inches; purline, 8 inches by 5 inches; ridge piece, 10 inches by 10 inches.
The trusses are 5 feet 6 inches apart. The third sort is shown in
fig.
701s., frorn the nave of
Wymondliam Church, Norfolk. The hammer-beams project rather more than a quarter
the width of the nave, and are carved into figures; the intermediate trusses have also
similar figures, but made subordinate to those of the main trusses. At the intersections of
the purlines and ridge braces arc large carved flowers standing out in bold relief. Of the
Fig. '0\q. CAPEL ST. MAIIY, SUFFOLIC