PHL 100

Instructor: Arun Kumar

Lecture - 5
Electromagnetic Waves and Quantum Mechanics
1
2
1/2
2
, 1 1
2
r i
k k

= +




K is complex
0
0
exp( z) exp[ ( )]
exp( z) exp[ ( )]
i r
i r
E E k i k z t
B B k i k z t

=
=


Real part of k determines the wavelength, phase velocity
and refractive index:
2
r p r
r p
c
k v n k
k v

= = =
EM Waves in conductors:
Recap:
3
Poor conductor
<<
r
k
2
i
k

Skin depth is Independent of frequency

Good conductor >>
,
2
r i
k k

1 1
2
i r
d
k k

= = =
and
1
i
d
k
=
Skin Depth
4
Skin depth for silver at optical frequencies
0 0
7 1 15
,
10 ( ) , ~ 10 m Hz

= >>
2
1 2
10
o
i
d A
k
=
5
Skin depth for salt water at radio frequencies
2
1 d cm

0
10 2 2
1
6 10 /
5( ) , 10
C N m
m GHz

=
= << >
Acoustic communication or direct cable link to sea
surface is required
6
0
0

exp( z) exp[ ( )]

exp( z) exp[ ( )]
i r
i r
E x E k i k z t
k
B y E k i k z t

=
=

Relation between E and B fields:

Since k is complex
1
tan
i
r
k
k

=


i
k k e

=
This means E and B are not in phase B E
=
0
0

exp( z) cos[ ( )]

exp( z) cos[ ( )]
i r E
i r E
E x E k i k z t
k
B y E k i k z t

= +
= + +

7
E and B are not in phase
8
Reflection/ Transmission at conducting surface
i
E

1 1
,
2 2
, ,
t
E

r
E

0 1
0
1
1

exp[ ( )]

exp[ ( )]
i i
i
i
E x E i k z t
E
B y i k z t
v

=
=

x y
z
Incident beam
Reflected beam
Transmitted beam
0 1
0
1
1

exp[ ( )]

exp[ ( )]
r r
r
r
E x E i k z t
E
B y i k z t
v

=
=

0 2
2
0 2

exp[ ( )]

exp[ ( )]
t t
t t
E x E i k z t
k
B y E i k z t

=
=

8
k
2
is complex valued
Dielectric
Conductor
9
Boundary conditions
E-parallel condition at boundary z = 0
0 0 0 i r t
E E E + =
H-parallel condition at boundary z = 0
2
0 0 0
1 1 2
1
( )
i r t
k
E E E
v
=
Solve simultaneous equations to get reflected and
transmitted field amplitude in terms of incident field.
10
Solve simultaneous equations
1 1
2
2
v
k

=
Define
0 0 0 0
1 2
,
1 1
r i t i
E E E E

= =

+ +

2 2
,
2
r i
k k

is large for
good conductor
0 0 0
, 0
r i t
E E E
Almost all the energy
is reflected
11
0
0

exp( z) cos( )

exp( z) cos( )
i r
i r
E x E k k z t
k
B y E k k z t

=
= +

Energy Density of E.M. waves in Metals:

Energy Density:
2 2
2 2
0
2
2 2
0
2
1 1
[ ]
2
exp( 2 z) cos ( )
2
1
exp( 2 z) cos ( )
2
E i r
B i r
U E B
U E k k z t
k
U E k k z t

= +
=
= +
12
Energy Density:
( )
( )
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
exp( 2 z)
4
1
1
exp( 2 z)
4
1 exp( 2 z)
4
E i
B i
i
U E k
U E k
E k

=
+
=
= +
For good conductors, magnetic contribution dominates:
2
0
1
exp( 2 z)
4
B i
U E k

13
0
2
1
( )

exp( 2 z) cos( ) cos( )

i r r
S E B
k
z E k k z t k z t

=
= +

Poynting Vector in Metals:
2cos( ) cos( )
cos{2( ) } cos( )
r r
r
k z t k z t
k z t


+
= + +
Using
0
0
2
2
1

( ) exp( 2 z) cos
2

exp( 2 z) cos
2
i
r
i r
k
S E B z E k
k
S z E k where k k

= =
= =

14
Problem: As the wave propagates in a metal, the energy
density decreases because of the attenuation factor
exp( 2 z)
i
k
Where does this lost energy go? This energy is equal to the
J oule Heating in the mediumdue to the current density
generated by the electric field of the EMWave.
The above was also discussed in the class.
15
Free electrons in metals and plasma
2
0
2
exp( )
q E
d x d x
i t
d t m
d t
+ =

2
2
total driving damping
F F F
d x d x
m q E m
d t
d t

= +
=

Steady state solution
0
( ) exp( ) x t x i t =

2
0
0 0
q E
x i x
m
=

0
0
2
/ q E m
x
i
=
+

16
0
( ) exp( ) x t x i t =

0
0
2
/ q E m
x
i
=
+

Current Density:
( )
d x
J N f q
d t
=

2
/ N f q m
J E
i

=

J and E are
not in phase
0 0
0
/ /
exp( )
q E m q E m
d x
i x i t i
d t i i


= = =
+

2
/ N f q m
i

Conductivity