This document summarizes key concepts in science including particle theory, flow rate and viscosity, mass weight and volume, density, buoyancy, pressure, hydraulics, pneumatics, the Cartesian diver experiment, and compressing water and gas. It explains that all matter is composed of particles, density is calculated as mass divided by volume, viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow, and gases are more compressible than liquids or solids.
This document summarizes key concepts in science including particle theory, flow rate and viscosity, mass weight and volume, density, buoyancy, pressure, hydraulics, pneumatics, the Cartesian diver experiment, and compressing water and gas. It explains that all matter is composed of particles, density is calculated as mass divided by volume, viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow, and gases are more compressible than liquids or solids.
This document summarizes key concepts in science including particle theory, flow rate and viscosity, mass weight and volume, density, buoyancy, pressure, hydraulics, pneumatics, the Cartesian diver experiment, and compressing water and gas. It explains that all matter is composed of particles, density is calculated as mass divided by volume, viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow, and gases are more compressible than liquids or solids.
- all matter is composed of particles - particles are in constant motion - there are forces of attraction among particles Flow Rate and Viscosity - How quickly a fluid flows in a given amount of time - If a fluid has higher viscosity, there is a lower flow rate - Viscosity is the resistance that a fluid has to flowing and movement - Chocolate factories, pouring syrup or ketchup out of a ottle - !he flow rate can e an indicator of the viscosity - Helium alloons float in air ecause their density is less than that of air Mass, Weight, and Volume - mass is the amount of matter in an o"ect - weight is the measurement of the force of gravity pulling on the o"ect - weight is measured in #ewtons - Volume is the measure of the amount of space occupied y matter Density - density is the mass of a sustance per unit of volume of that sustance - it is calculated through this formula$ % & '(V - when there is less space etween particles, this means the density is greater - when a fluid is cooled, it ecomes denser ecause the particles slow down and grow closer together - when a fluid is heated, the opposite happens - water ecomes less dense if it is heated and also if it is cooled - when a gas is heated, it ecomes less dense Buoyancy - the upward part of the force e)erted y fluids is called uoyancy - if the force of uoyancy is greater than the force of gravity, then the o"ect will float, and the reverse - Archimedes Principle$ the crown appeared to weigh less in water than a ar of pure gold with the same mass* greater uoyant force on the crown* the crown displaced more water than the gold ar* the volume of the crown was greater than the gold ar* the crown had a lower density and was not made of pure gold - +ositive uoyancy if it rises, negative uoyancy if it sinks, neutral uoyancy if it remains level in the fluid - ,allast is any material carried on ships, sumarines, hot air alloons, or dirigiles -air ships. that acts as weight and alters uoyancy Pressure - gases are very compressile - liquids are only very slightly compressile - its state can e changed if enough pressure if applied ydraulics and Pneumatic systems - Hydraulics is the word we give to confined, pressuri/ed systems that use moving liquids - 0ses liquids under pressure to move things - 1iquid used in a hydraulic system is called hydraulic fluid - 2il from a tank is sent along a conductor to a pump where it is pushed into a cylinder which resemles a giant syringe and the oil pushes up the piston like a plunger - heart - +neumatics is the name for confined pressuri/ed systems that use moving air or other gases such as caron dio)ide - lunges The !artesian Di"er - the eyedropper had air in it - when pressure was applied water entered and the air inside was compressed - the water caused the eyedropper to sink Marshmallow Ma#ia - the marshmallow has air inside of it - when pressure was applied to it -pushing. it shrunk and the air inside of it was compressed - when pressure was pulled away, it grew ecause the air was eing pulled !ompressing water and gas - water is almost uncompressile - gas is easily compressed