CaraMenghitung Tangki

B t k Bertekanan
SriHandayani
April2010
srih pap april2010
Mainpressurevesselcomponentsand
configurations. configurations.
1.Usethisandfollowingoverheadsto
describe main pressure vessel describemainpressurevessel
componentsandshapes.
2.Shellisprimarycomponentthat
contains pressure Curved shape containspressure.Curvedshape.
3.Vesselalwaysclosedbyheads.
4.Componentstypicallywelded
together together.
5.Vesselshellmaybecylindrical,
spherical,orconical.
6 Multiple diameters thicknesses or 6.Multiplediameters,thicknessesor
materialsarepossible.
7.Saddlesupportsusedforhorizontal
ddrums.
Spreadsloadovershell.
Onesupportfixed,otherslides
srih pap april2010
Mainpressurevessel
componentsandshapes. p p
1.Mostheadsarecurved
h f h hi shapeforstrength,thinness,
economy.
2 Semielliptical shape is 2.Semiellipticalshapeis
mostcommonheadshape.
3.Smallverticaldrums
typicallysupportedbylegs.
Typicallymaximum2:1ratio
ofleglengthtodiameter.
Number,size,and
attachment details depend on
VerticalDrum
onLegSupports
attachmentdetailsdependon
loads.
srih pap april2010
TallVerticalTower
1.Nozzlesusedfor:
Pipingsystems
Instrumentconnections
Manways
Attachingotherequipment
2 Ends typically flanged may 2.Endstypicallyflanged,may
bewelded.
3.Sometimesextendinto
vessel.
srih pap april2010
VerticalReactor
1.Skirtsupportstypicallyusedfor
tallverticalvessels:
Cylindricalshell
Typicallysupportedfromgrade
2 General support design (not just 2.Generalsupportdesign(notjust
forskirts)
Designforweight,wind,
h k earthquake.
Pressurenotafactor.
Temperaturealsoa p
considerationformaterial
selectionandthermalexpansion.
srih pap april2010
SphericalPressurizedStorageVessel
1 S h i l t 1.Sphericalstorage
vesselstypically
supported on legs supportedonlegs.
2.Crossbracing
typicallyusedto
absorbwindand
h k l d earthquakeloads.
srih pap april2010
VerticalVesselonLugSupports
1.Vesselsizelimitsfor
lugsupports:
1 10 ft di t 1 10ftdiameter
2:1to5:1
height/diameter ratio height/diameterratio
2.Vessellocatedabove
grade. g
3.Lugsboltedto
horizontalstructure.
srih pap april2010
DefinescopeofASMECodeSection
VIII S f ASME C d S i VIII VIII:ScopeofASMECodeSectionVIII
SectionVIIIusedismostwidelyusedcode
Objective:Minimumrequirementsforsafe
construction and operation Assures safe constructionandoperationAssuressafe
design.
Di ision 1 2 and 3 Three di isions ha e Division1,2,and3Threedivisionshave
differentemphasis.
srih pap april2010
SectionVIIIDivision1
15 psig < P 3000 psig 15psig<P3000psig
Appliesthroughfirstconnectiontopipe
Other exclusions Otherexclusions
Internals(exceptforattachmentweldto
vessel) vessel)
Firedprocessheaters
P t i i t l ith hi Pressurecontainersintegralwithmachinery
Pipingsystems
srih pap april2010
SectionVIII,Division2,AlternativeRules
Differences between Division 1 and 2
ScopeidenticaltoDivision1butrequirements
DifferencesbetweenDivision1and2.
differ
Allowablestress
Stresscalculations
Design Design
Qualitycontrol
Fabricationandinspection
ChoicebetweenDivisions1and2basedon
economics
srih pap april2010
ScopeofDivision3 :AlternativeRules
Hi h P V l HighPressureVessels
Applicationsover10,000psi
Pressure from external source process Pressurefromexternalsource,process
reaction,applicationofheat,combination
of these ofthese
Doesnotestablishmaximumpressure
limitsofDivision1or2orminimumlimitsfor
Division3.
srih pap april2010
Structureof
Section VIII SectionVIII,
Division1
SubsectionA
PartUGappliestoallvessels
SubsectionB
Requirementsbasedonfabrication
method
PartsUW,UF,UB
SubsectionC
Requirementsbasedonmaterialclass
PartsUCS,UNF,UHA,UCI,UCL,UCD,
UHT ULW ULT UHT,ULW,ULT
MandatoryandNonmandatory
Appendices
srih pap april2010
Primaryfactorsthatinfluencepressure
l i l l i vesselmaterialselection
Strength Strength
CorrosionResistance
i d k ResistancetoHydrogenAttack
FractureToughness
Fabricability
srih pap april2010
Materialstrengthand
l d pressurevesseldesign
Determinesrequiredcomponentthickness
Overallstrengthdeterminedby:
Yi ld St th YieldStrength
UltimateTensileStrength
Creep Strength CreepStrength
RuptureStrength
Strength: Materials ability to withstand imposed Strength:Material sabilitytowithstandimposed
loading.
Higherstrengthmaterialthinnercomponent.
Describepropertiesthatareusedtodefinestrength.
srih pap april2010
Importanceofcorrosionresistancein
i l l i materialsselection.
Deterioration of metal by chemical action Deteriorationofmetalbychemicalaction
Mostimportantfactortoconsider
Corrosionallowancesuppliesadditionalthickness
Alloyingelementsprovideadditionalresistanceto
corrosion
Corrosion is thinning of metal. Corrosionisthinningofmetal.
Addingextracomponentthickness(i.e.,corrosion
allowance)ismostcommonmethodtoaddress
corrosion corrosion.
Alloymaterialsareusedinserviceswherecorrosion
allowancewouldbeunreasonablyhighifcarbonsteel
d wereused.
srih pap april2010
ResistancetoHydrogenAttack
At300 400F,monatomichydrogenformsmolecular
hydrogeninvoids
Pressurebuildupcancausesteeltocrack
Above600F,hydrogenattackcausesirreparabledamage
throughcomponentThickness
LowtemperatureH2attackcancausecracking.
HighertemperatureH2attackcausesthroughthickness
strength loss and is irreversible. strengthlossandisirreversible.
H2attackisafunctionofH2partialpressureanddesign
temperature.
Increased alloy content (i e Cr) Increasedalloycontent(i.e.,Cr)
increasesH2attackresistance.
ReferenceAPI941forNelsonCurves.
Hydrogenattackcandamagecarbonandlowalloysteel.
srih pap april2010
MaximumAllowableStress
Stress:Forceperunitareathatresistsloads p
inducedbyexternalforces
Pressurevesselcomponentsdesignedto
keepstresswithinsafeoperationallimits
Maximumallowablestress:
Includes safety margin Includessafetymargin
Varieswithtemperatureandmaterial
ASMEmaximumallowablestresstablesfor
permittedmaterialspecifications
srih pap april2010
ASMEMaximumAllowableStress
srih pap april2010
srih pap april2010
Designconditionsandloadingstobeconsideredin
l h i l d i pressurevesselmechanicaldesign.
Determinevesselmechanicaldesign
Designpressureandtemperature,other g p p ,
loadings
Possiblymultipleoperatingscenariosto y p p g
consider
Considerstartup,normaloperation, p, p ,
anticipateddeviations,shutdown
Worstcaseoperatingscenariodetermines p g
mechanicaldesign.
srih pap april2010
DesignPressure
srih pap april2010
TemperatureZonesinTallVessels
Designtemperatureasamechanical
designcondition
1 Margin required between 1.Marginrequiredbetween
operatingtemperatureanddesign
temperature.
2 M i d i 2.Maximumdesigntemperature
neededtodetermineallowable
stressandthermalexpansion p
considerations.
3.CETneededformaterialselection
consideringbrittlefracture.
4.Theremaybeawidetemperature
variation between the bottom and variationbetweenthebottomand
topofatalltower.
srih pap april2010
AdditionalLoadings
h f l d l d Weightofvesselandnormalcontentsunder
operatingortestconditions
S i d t ti ti f i ht f Superimposedstaticreactionsfromweightof
attacheditems(e.g.,motors,machinery,other
vessels piping linings insulation) vessels,piping,linings,insulation)
Loadsatattachedinternalcomponentsorvessel
supports supports
Wind,snow,seismicreactions
Highlight other loads that must be considered in the Highlightotherloadsthatmustbeconsideredinthe
mechanicaldesign.
These other loads may govern the mechanical design Theseotherloadsmaygovernthemechanicaldesign
inlocalareas.
srih pap april2010
*Cyclicanddynamicreactionscausedbypressureorthermal
variations,equipmentpressureorthermalvariations,
equipment mounted on vessel and mechanical loadings equipmentmountedonvessel,andmechanicalloadings
*Testpressurecombinedwithhydrostaticweight
*Impactreactions(e.g.,fromfluidshock)
*Temperaturegradientswithinvesselcomponentand
differential thermal expansion between vessel components differentialthermalexpansionbetweenvesselcomponents
WeldJointCategories
srih pap april2010
WeldJointCategories
WeldType
srih pap april2010
Weldjointefficiencyvs.JointType,
Category Radiographic Examination Category,RadiographicExamination.
1.Weldjointefficiency,E,isameasureofweldquality j y, , q y
andaccountsforstressconcentrations.
2.Eisneededincomponentthicknesscalculations.
srih pap april2010
SummaryOfASMECodeEquations
srih pap april2010
ASMECodeequationsforvarious
d i l componentsunderinternalpressure.
Ci f ti l t i i i d Circumferentialstressgovernsminimumrequired
componentthicknessinmostcases.
Longitudinal stress may govern local thickness in Longitudinalstressmaygovernlocalthicknessin
somecases(e.g.,underwindorearthquake
loads).
i S d i f i l ReviewASMECodeequationsforinternal
pressuredesign.
* May calculate required thickness permitted Maycalculaterequiredthickness,permitted
pressure,componentstress.
* Must account for corrosion allowance. Mustaccountforcorrosionallowance.
srih pap april2010
Differenttypesofclosureheadsmaybeused
The 2:l semi The2:lsemi
ellipticalheadis
themostcommon.
srih pap april2010
Hemispherical
Head to Shell Transition
Thicknesstransitionat
HeadtoShellTransition
ahemisphericalhead.
1.Requiredthicknessof
ahemisphericalheadis
about half that of the abouthalfthatofthe
connectedcylindrical
shell.
2 M t h t d 2.Musthaveatapered
thicknesstransitionin
theheadtoendup
matchingtheshell
thickness.
srih pap april2010
Sample
Problem to Problemto
illustrate
calculation
ofrequired
shelland
head
thicknessfor
internal internal
pressure.
srih pap april2010
SampleProblem1 Solution
1 Th i 1.Thecorrosion
allowance(C=
0.125in.)must )
beaddedto
obtainthe
inside radius insideradius.
2.Thecorrosion
allowancemust
beaddedtothe
calculated
thickness thickness.
srih pap april2010
1. Review the relevant 1.Reviewtherelevant
equationfora
hemisphericalhead.
2. Note the sources for 2.Notethesourcesfor
therelevant
parametersandhow
corrosionallowanceis
accountedfor.
srih pap april2010
DesignForExternalPressureand
C i S CompressiveStresses
Compressive forces caused by dead weight wind Compressiveforcescausedbydeadweight,wind,
earthquake,internalvacuum
Cancauseelasticinstability(buckling) y ( g)
Vesselmusthaveadequatestiffness
Extrathickness
Circumferentialstiffeningrings
Bucklingofashellunderexternalpressureor
i f i l t l compressiveforcesisanalogoustocolumn
bucklingunderacompressiveforce.
Addition of stiffener rings reduces effective Additionofstiffenerringsreduceseffective
bucklinglength.
srih pap april2010
ASMEproceduresforcylindricalshells,heads,
conical sections Function of: conicalsections.Functionof:
Material
Diameter Diameter
Unstiffened length
Temperature p
Thickness
(Parametersthataffectcompressivestrength)
1.Highlightthemainparametersthataffect
b kli t th bucklingstrength.
2.ASMECodehasdesignprocedureforeachtype
of shell or head. ofshellorhead.
srih pap april2010
StiffenerRings
1.Stiffenerringsreducethebucklinglengthofashell
d b ith i id t id andmaybeeitherinsideoroutside.
2.Stiffenerringsarenotusedforheads.
srih pap april2010
SampleProblemtoillustratecalculationofrequired
li d i l h ll thi k f t l cylindricalshellthicknessforexternalpressure.
srih pap april2010
1.Corrodedshelldiameterand
thicknessareusedinthecalculations.
2 Th iff d l h f h h ll 2.Theunstiffened lengthoftheshell
mustincludepartoftheheaddepth.
1. Note how Factor A is determined from these curves. 1.NotehowFactorAisdeterminedfromthesecurves.
2.AfterdetermineFactorA,gotoapplicablematerialchart.
srih pap april2010
Factor A Figure 4.12 FactorA Figure4.12
srih pap april2010
1.Differentmaterialchartsareusedfordifferent
materialtypes.Thisischartusedformostcarbon
andlowalloy steels.
f 2.IfAisundercurves:
Moveuptointersectwithtemperatureline.
MoverighttogetB.
Bisthenusedtocalculateallowableexternal
pressure.
3.SinceAistoleftofcurvesinourcase,mustuse
lt t d alternateprocedure.
srih pap april2010
1. Paiscalculatedusing
indicatedequation q
becauseAisnot
undercurves.
2.MustuseEfrom
curvesatdesign
temperature.
srih pap april2010
Exercise2 Required
h k f l ThicknessforInternalPressure
Inside Diameter 10 6 InsideDiameter 10 6
DesignPressure 650psig
Design Temperature 750F DesignTemperature 750 F
Shell&HeadMaterial SA516Gr.70
C i All 0 125 i CorrosionAllowance 0.125in.
2:1SemiEllipticalheads,seamless
100%radiography
Vesselinvaporservice
srih pap april2010
srih pap april2010