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ENS/ELT466
TelecommunicationSystemsLab
Fall2013
Week4 Sept.24
PleaseturninLabReport#3&Homework#1now!
The555TimerIC
TelecommunicationSystemsLab(ENS466)
Fall2013
Week4 Sept.24
10/1/2013
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RelaxationOscillators
ElectronicrelaxationoscillatorsareeasilymadeusingRCcircuitswithoutany
inductorsorcrystals.Becauserelaxationoscillationisintrinsicallyanonlineareffect,
itisbestunderstoodinthetimedomain.
Relaxationoscillatorsoccurwhenaphysicalsystemispushedgraduallyawayfromits
equilibriumposition,thenabruptlysnapsback.Examplesaboundineverydaylife,
includingthescreechoftireswhenacarbrakesandthesustainednotesofaviolin.
The555TimerChip
Buttousethechip,itsmorehelpfultoconsiderafunctionalblockdiagram
Relaxationoscillatorsbasedonopampsaretoosimpletoaccomplishmanyofthe
complextimingtasksrequiredbymoderndigitalsystems.The555timerchipisa
morepowerfulsolutionforpulsegeneration,sequentialeventtiming,pulsewidth
modulation,andothertasks.Itsactualschematiclookslikethis:
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control
trigger
threshold
discharge
ground reset
V
CC
output
555BlockDiagram
Whenthetrigger inputgoesbelow V
CC
/3,theflipflopswitchestoLOW,turningthedischarge
transistorOFF(nonconducting)andcausingaHIGHoutputfromtheinvertingoutputamplifier.
Whenthethreshold inputgoesabove thecontrol voltage,theflipflopswitchestoHIGH,the
dischargetransistorturnsON(conducting)andtheoutputfrompin3goesLOW.
Thefunctionalblocksofthe555timerchipareshownbelow:
flipflop
logicgates
comparators
Monostable Operation
Inmonostable operation,asinglepulseisgeneratedwheneveratriggersignalis
received.ThetimeconstantR
A
C
1
determinesthedurationofeachpulse.
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Astable Operation
Inastable operation,bothtriggerandthresholdinputsaredrivenbythecapacitor
voltage,causingspontaneousgenerationofaperiodicpulsetrainwithoutanyinput.
Thetimeconstant(R
A
+R
B
)C
1
determinesthechargingtime,whilethetimeconstant
R
B
C
1
determinesthedischargingtime.
Oscillationinastable modewillbeexploredinlabassignment2.4.
OscillationPeriodfor555Chip(1)
( )
( )
1 2 1
1 2 1
1
1
2
( )
3
2 3
( )
3 2
t
R R C
C CC CC
t
R R C
C CC
V t V V e
V t V e

+
| |
= |
|
\ .
| |
= |
|
\ .
ChargingfromV
CC
/3towardsV
CC
Thecapacitorstopschargingattimet
c
,whenitsvoltagehasreached(2/3)V
CC
,so:
( ) 1 2 1
1
2 2 3
( )
3 3 2
c
t
R R C
C c CC CC
V t V V e

+
| |
= = |
|
\ .
( ) 1 2 1
3
1
2
c
t
R R C
e

+
| |
= |
|
\ .
( )
1 2 1
1
2
c
t
R R C
e

+
=
( )
1 2 1
1
ln
2
c
t
R R C
| |
=
|
+
\ .
( ) ( )
1 2 1
ln 2
c
t R R C = +
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OscillationPeriodfor555Chip(2)
2 1
2 1
1
1
2
( ) 0
3
2
( )
3
t
R C
C CC
t
R C
C CC
V t V e
V t V e

| |
= + |
|
\ .
| |
= |
|
\ .
Thecapacitorstopsdischargingattimet
d
,whenitsvoltagehasreached(1/3)V
CC
,so:
2 1
1
1 2
( )
3 3
d
t
R C
C d CC CC
V t V V e

| |
= = |
|
\ .
( ) ( )
1 2 1
ln 2 2
c d
T t t R R C = + = +
Dischargingfrom(2/3)V
CC
towards0V
2 1
1 2
d
t
R C
e

=
2 1
1
2
d
t
R C
e

=
( )
2 1
ln 2
d
t R C =
control
trigger
threshold
discharge
ground reset
V
CC
output
ControlPin
Thecontrolinput,pin5,providestheabilitytoadjustthereferencevoltageforthe
thresholdinput,makingthewaveformtimingsvoltageprogrammable.
Useofthecontrolinputwillbeexploredinlabassignment2.4Cand2.4D.
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Summary
The555timerchipisaflexibletoolkitforpulsegeneration,sequentialevent
timing,pulsewidthmodulation,andotherdigitaltiming tasks
Itsinputcomparatorstriggeritsflipflopwhenthetriggerandthresholdinputs
crossspecifiedvoltagethresholds.
Inmonostable operation,asinglepulseisgeneratedwheneveratriggersignalis
received.ThepulsewidthiscontrolledbyanRCchargingtime.
Inastable operation,the555cangenerateaperiodicpulsetrainwithoutanyinput.
Theperiodofthepulsetrainis
Thecontrolinputprovidesvoltageprogrammableadjustmentofthewaveform
timings.
( ) ( )
1 2 1
ln 2 2
c d
T t t R R C = + = +
ENS466/ELT466 Assignmentsdue10/1
LabReport:
Labreport#4willcoverAssignments2.2B&2.4;itisdueatthebeginning ofclass
on10/1.
HomeworkAssignment:
Nonethisweek.
Reading:
ENS466notesonamplitudemodulationandAMradio,topostedonBlackboardon
Thursday.
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Backups/Alternates
TelecommunicationSystemsLab
(ENS466)
Fall2013
TheCosineWave
Muchofcommunicationsengineeringisbuiltaroundthecosinesignal,givenby:
Here,A istheamplitude,f isthefrequency,| isthephase,and e= 2tf istheangular
frequency.Thecosinefunctionisperiodic,repeatingitselfexactlyaftereveryperiod
T = 1/f.TheunitoffrequencyistheHertz(Hz),equivalenttosec
1
.
( ) cos(2 ), also written
( ) cos( ) or ( ) cos[( / ) ]
s t A ft
s t A t s t A t T
t |
e | |
= +
= + = +
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
s
(
t
)
t (sec)
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
s
(
t
)
t (sec)
A =1
f =1Hz
| =0
A =1
f =5Hz
| =0
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LabReports(1)
LabreportsforENS/ELT466shouldbewritteninthestyleofindustryinternaldocuments
(ratherthanscientificresearchpapers).Suchlabreportsarewrittentopresentmanagement
withanswerstotechnicalquestionsinsupportofdecisionmaking,ortodocumentprocedures
andknowledgeforuseinfutureprojects.
ForENS/ELT466,Isuggestorganizingthereportsin5or6sections:
Objective abrief (oneortwosentences)outlineofthetopicsaddressedandthemethods
used.
Introduction oneortwoparagraphsexplainingwhythetopicsareimportantandhowthe
answerswillinformusaboutcommunicationsystemsandotherelectronicapplications.
Procedures/Methods astepbystepdescriptionofhowthestudywasconducted.The
lengthofthissectionmayvaryfromweektoweek.
Results&Discussion thissectiondescribesyourobservations,referringtofiguresand
tablesasnecessary,anddiscusseswhatthoseobservationsmean.
Conclusions learningsfromthestudyarepresentedhere.Usuallyoneortwoparagraphs,
theConclusionsarethetakehomemessagesforthereader.
References listsworkbyothersusedincompletingtheexperimentorreport.Youneed
notlistthelabhandoutsorlecturenotes,butshouldincludeotherreferencesyou
consulted(e.g.,librarybooks,Wikipedia,).Youmightnothavereferencesinevery
report.
LabReports(2)
Labreports,likealltechnicaldocuments,shouldbewrittenwithyourreadersneedsinmind.
Theyshouldtellreaders(i)whatwasstudied;(ii)howthestudywasdone,inenoughdetail
thataskilledworkercouldrepeatit;(iii)whatresultswerefound;and(iv)whatcanbelearned
fromthoseresults.
Reportsshouldbeconcise (i.e.,brief,complete,andwellorganized),theyshouldbeaccurate,
andtheyshouldbereadable (i.e.clear,grammatical,freeoftypographicalerrors).
Gradingcriteria:
20pointsaregrantedforcompletingthelabandhandinginalabreport.Theremaining80
pointsareassignedaccordingtothequalityofthelabreport,asdescribedbelow
Content(32pts) shouldbecomplete,correct,andappropriate
Writing(24pts) shouldbeclearandgrammatical
Organization(16pts) shouldhaveheaders/sectionsasneeded,withaclearlogicalflow
Presentation(8pts) shouldbeneatandhaveminimaltypographicalerrors
Anoteaboutfigures.Figuresareusedtopresentdatadirectlytoyourreaders,buttheyare
not asubstituteforanarrative(text)sectiononResults.Eachfigureortableshouldbe
numbered(Romannumeralsfortablesandregularnumbersforfigures),andeachshouldhave
acaptionbrieflydescribingit.Thetextsectionwillrefertothefigurebynumber,explaining
whattolookforineachone.