ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BARS

Mushtaq A. Khan
and
Justine Herrera
Norfolk State University
700 Park Avenue
Norfolk, Virginia 23504
Tele!one 757"#23"$5%2
e"&ail &ak!an'nsu(edu
Elasti Bu!lin" #$ Bars
B%
&r. Mushtaq Khan
&e'art(ent #$ Mathe(atis
N#r$#l! State Uni)ersit%
A*strat
)any stru*tures are *onstru*ted using girders, or +ea&s, and t!ese +ea&s defle*t or
distort under t!e influen*e of so&e e,ternal for*e( T!e +u*kling analysis of taered
*olu&n, in -!i*! t!e &o&ent of inertia of t!e *ross se*tion varies a**ording to a o-er
of t!e distan*e along t!e +ar, is *arried out +ot! analyti*ally and nu&eri*ally( )o&ent of
inertia ./,0 is aro,i&ated +y a *ontinuous fun*tion of ,( T!e resulting differential
e1uation is analyti*ally solved and t!e for&ula for t!e *riti*al load is derived( T!e sa&e
ro+le& is solved nu&eri*ally, using 2inite 3ifferen*e s*!e&e(
.t see&s to +e t!at t!e )et!od of 4eig!ted 5esiduals /)450 is a natural fit for t!is
ro+le&( T!e 6alerkin )et!od is used, sin*e t!is &et!od results -!en t!e -eig!ting
fun*tion is *!osen to +e t!e +asis fun*tion( T!e +ases fun*tions are for&ally re1uired to
+e t!e &e&+ers of a *o&lete set of fun*tions( T!e re1uire&ent of *o&leteness allo-s
an alternative interretation of t!e 6alerkin for&ulation i(e( a *ontinuous fun*tion &ust
+e 7ero if it is ort!ogonal to every &e&+er of a *o&lete set( So t!e 6alerkin )et!od *an
+e vie-ed as a s*!e&e in -!i*! t!e residual is for*ed to 7ero in t!e sense t!at it is &ade
ort!ogonal to t!e *o&lete set of fun*tions( T!is s*!e&e is used to derive t!e for&ula for
t!e *riti*al load for a taered *olu&n(
T!e results of +ot! &et!ods are *o&ared fro& a arti*ular ro+le& and it is deter&ined
t!at t!e *riti*al ressure value fro& t!e for&ula is -it!in t!e &argin of error of t!e values
of t!e finite differen*e s*!e&e( T!is 8ustifies t!e validity of t!e for&ula derived using
6alerkin9s )et!od(
Intr#+uti#n
)any stru*tures are *onstru*ted using girders, or +ea&s, and t!ese +ea&s defle*t or
distort under t!e influen*e of so&e e,ternal for*e( .n t!e eig!teent! *entury :eon!ard
;uler -as one of t!e first &at!e&ati*ians to study an eigenvalue ro+le& in analy7ing
!o- a t!in elasti* *olu&n +u*kles under a *o&ressive a,ial for*e(
<onsider a long slender verti*al *olu&n of unifor& *ross"se*tion and lengt! :( :et y/,0
denote t!e defle*tion of t!e *olu&n -!en a *onstant verti*al *o&ressive for*e, or load,
P is alied to its to, as s!o- in 2igure = /a0 and /+0 +elo-(
/a0 /+0
2igure /=0
T!e follo-ing differential e1uation reresents t!e defle*tion of t!e *olu&n derived +y
*o&aring t!e +ending &o&ents at any oint along t!e *olu&n(
0
2
2
= + Py
dx
y d
EI
4!ere ; is >oung9s &odulus of elasti*ity and . is t!e &o&ent of inertia of a *ross"se*tion
a+out a verti*al line t!roug! its *entroid( Sta+ility analysis of t!is ro+le& -as dis*ussed
+y :agrange(
Bars ,ith C#ntinu#usl% -ar%in" Cr#ss Seti#n
A *ase of *onsidera+le ra*ti*al i&ortan*e, in -!i*! t!e &o&ent of inertia of t!e *ross
se*tion varies a**ording to a o-er of t!e distan*e along t!e +ar, is *onsidered in t!is
reort( <onsider t!e figure 2 +elo-(
2igure /20
4!ere
0 /x I I =
is interolated for t!e a+ove *olu&n as follo-(
=
= 2
0 / 2
0 / I x
l
I I
x I
a
+

= 2or
2
0
l
x
And
0 2 /
0 / 2
0 /
= 2
= 2
I I x
l
I I
x I
b
+

= 2or
l x
l

2
3ifferential e1uations governing t!e ro+le&s are?
0 0 /
=
2
=
2
= + Py
dx
y d
x EI
a
, 2or
2
0
l
x
and
0 0 /
2
2
2
2
= + Py
dx
y d
x EI
b
,
l x
l

2

And t!e +oundary *onditions to +e satisfied are?
0
2
/ 0
2
/
0 0
2
/ 0
2
/
0 0 /
0 0 0 /
2 =
2 =
2
=
l
y
l
y
l
y
l
y
l y
y
=
=

=
=
&eri)ati#n #$ Critial .ressure F#r(ula Usin" Galer!in/s
Orth#"#nailit% C#n+iti#n
:et y A
x
l
=
= s i n

and y A
x
l
2
= s i n

, +e t!e solution of t!e a+ove differential e1uations(
T!ese solutions satisfy +ot! t!e differential e1uations and all t!e +oundary *onditions(
6alerkin9s ort!ogonality *ondition for t!e -eig!t fun*tion
0 sin/ 0 / x
l
x F

=
re1uires
t!at
0 0 / @ 0 / A
=
2
0
2
=
2
= +

dx x F py
dx
y d
x EI
l
a
/=0
and
0 0 / @ 0 / A
2
2
2
2
2
= +

dx x F py
dx
y d
x EI
l
l
b
/20
Using t!e e,ressions for
=
y ,
0 /x I
a
and
0 /x F
in e1uation /=0, -e get

= +

2
0
2
0
2
2
=
2
2
3
= 2
2
0 sin 0 / sin
0 / 2
l l
dx
l
x
l
E I A
Ap dx
l
x
x
l
I I E A
/30
4!ere using t!e integration +y arts, it is deter&ined t!at
2
2 2 2
0
2
4 =%
sin

l l
dx
l
x
x
l
+ =

/40
and

=
2
0
2
4
sin
l
l
dx
l
x
/50
Using e1uations /40 and /50 in e1uation /30 and solving t!e resulting e,ression for
p
,
-e get t!e follo-ing for&ula for t!e *riti*al ressure
2
= 2 2 =
2
2
0 / 4 0 /
l
I I E I I E
p
+ +
=

/%0
Using t!e e,ressions for
2
y ,
0 /x I
b
and
0 /x F
in e1uation /20, and using t!e sa&e
ro*edure as a+ove, -e found t!e sa&e e,ression for t!e *riti*al ressure(
Nu(erial S#luti#n
T!e a+ove &at!e&ati*al &odel governing t!e ro+le& is nu&eri*ally solved using
2inite"3ifferen*e )et!od(
0 0 /
=
2
=
2
= + Py
dx
y d
x EI
a
, 2or
2
0
l
x
/70
Boundary *onditions to +e satisfied are
0 0 0 / = y
0 0
2
/ =
l
y
4!ere

=
= 2
0 / 2
0 / I x
l
I I
x I
a
+

=
)et!od involving finite differen*es for solving +oundary"value ro+le&s rela*es ea*!
of t!e derivatives in t!e differential e1uation +y aroriate differen*e"1uotient
aro,i&ations( T!e follo-ing aro,i&ations at t!e interior &es! oints are used to
solve t!e a+ove +oundary"value ro+le&(
h
y y
x y
i i
i
2
0 /
= = +

=
and
2
= =
2
0 /
h
y y y
x y
i i i
i
+
+
= for
n i ,((((((((( 2 , = =
T!e use of t!ese aro,i&ation for&ulas in e1uation /70 results in t!e e1uation
0
2 0 / 2
2
= =
=
= 2
= +

+
+
i
i i i
i
py
h
y y y
I x
l
I I
E
/#0
A 2inite"3ifferen*e &et!od -it! trun*ation error of order 0 /
2
h O results +y using
e1uation /#0 toget!er -it! a+ove +oundary *onditions(
2or node = = i , -e get

( ) 0 2
2 = = =
= + + y A y p A /$0
-!ere

=
= =
= 2
2
=
0 / 2
I x
l
I I
h
E
A
/=00
2or nodes 2 = i t!roug!
n
, -e get
0 0 2 /
= =
= + + +
+ i i i i i i
y A y p A y A
/==0
4!ere

=
2
= 2
2
0 / 2
I x
l
I I
h
E
A
i i
/=20
2or nt! node
( ) 0 2 2
=
= + +
n n n n
y p A y A
/=30
4!ere

=
2
= 2
2
0 / 2
I x
l
I I
h
E
A
n n
/=40
T!e resulting syste& of e1uations is e,ressed in t!e tridiagonal N C N Syste& -it! t!e
follo-ing *oeffi*ient &atri,(

+
+
+
+
+

P A A
A P A A
A P A A
P A A
A P A
n n
n n n
2 2 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 2
= = =
3 3 3
2 2
= =
T!e *riti*al ressure is t!e first ositive value of P for -!i*! t!e deter&inant of t!e
*oeffi*ient &atri, is 7ero(
Results
Using )ale, -e evaluated t!e values of *riti*al ressure P for different n"values, to get
t!e follo-ing results for =50 = l , $0
=
= I , =40
2
= I and 2$000 = E (
<riti*al ressure value results for =50 = l , $0
=
= I , =40
2
= I and 2$000 = E , +y using
t!e for&ula derived a+ove
2
= 2 2 =
2
2
0 / 4 0 /
l
I I E I I E
p
+ +
=

is
7# ( =5$= = p
(
C#nlusi#n
T!e *riti*al ressure value fro& t!e for&ula is -it!in t!e &argin of error of t!e values of
t!e 2inite 3ifferen*e )et!od( T!is 8ustifies t!e validity of t!e for&ula(
Re$erenes
=( Ti&os!enko, P( Ste!en, T!eory of ;lasti* Sta+ility, )*6ra-"Dill Book
<o&any, =$%=
2( Burden, :( 5i*!ard, Nu&eri*al Analysis, BrooksE<ole Pu+lis!ing <o&any, =$$7
3( :aidus, :eon and Pinder, 2( 6eorge, Nu&eri*al Solution of Partial 3ifferential
;1uations in S*ien*e and Te*!nology
n .
0 1023.145465
17 1064.37505302
10 1063.252687
87 1060.830492