Professional Documents
Culture Documents
College Algebra Tutorial 54A: Sequences
College Algebra Tutorial 54A: Sequences
College Algebra
Tutorial 54A:
Sequences
Learning Objectives
Introduction
In this tutorial we will mainly be going over sequences. We will start by going
through some basic terminology associated with sequences. Arithmetic and
geometric sequences are special forms that are touched on lightly here, but are
looked at more in depth in Tutorial 54C: Arithmetic Sequences and Series
and Tutorial 54D: Geometric Sequences and Series. We will be looking at
sequences forwards and backwards. In some cases, you will be given the
formula for the nth term, and you will need to come up with the term and in
other cases you are shown the pattern of the terms in the sequence and you will
need to come up with the formula. Once you are able to go back and forth, then
that means you have sequences down. Enough chit chat, let's get started.
Tutorial
Sequence
Sequences of math are a string of numbers that are tied together with some sort
of consistent rule, or set of rules, that determines the next number in the
sequence.
Terms
a represents the functional or output value and n represents the input value of
term number.
Arithmetic Sequence
The sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, ... is an example of an arithmetic sequence - the
pattern is that we are always adding a fixed number of three to the previous term
to get to the next term.
Be careful that you don't think that every sequence that has a pattern in addition
is arithmetic. It is arithmetic if you are always adding the SAME number each
time.
Geometric Sequence
The sequence 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, .... is an example of a geometric sequence. The
pattern is that we are always multiplying by a fixed number of 2 to the previous
term to get to the next term.
Be careful that you don't think that every sequence that has a pattern in
multiplication is geometric. It is geometric if you are always multiplying by the
SAME number each time.
Fibonacci Sequence
A basic Fibonacci sequence is when two numbers are added together to get
the next number in the sequence.
A finite sequence is a sequence whose domain consists of the set {1, 2, 3, ...
n} or in other words the first n positive integers.
Infinite Sequence
Factorial
!
Most, (if not all), of you will have a factorial key on your calculator. It
looks like this: !
If you have a graphing calculator, it will be hidden under the MATH menu
screen and then select your Probability screen - there you should find !
So, what are we going to plug in for n to find the 1st term? If you said
1, give yourself a pat on the back. What about the 2nd term? I hope
you said you would plug in 2 for n.
Since we have to go from 1 < n < 5, this means we need to find 5 terms
and we will be plugging in 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 for n.
*1st term, n = 1
*2nd term, n = 2
*3rd term, n = 3
*4th term, n = 4
*5th term, n = 5
Note how we had -1 raised to n, which changes value, and the signs of the terms
alternated.
The five terms of this sequence are -1/3, 1/5, -1/9, 1/17, and -1/33.
Example 2: Find the first six terms and the fifteenth term of the infinite
sequence with the nth term of .
Note how there is no bound for n like there was in example 1. This
means the sequence goes on and on or in other words it is an infinite
sequence. We still approach finding terms the same way we did in
example 1. n is our term number and we plug the term number into the
function to find the value of the term.
*1st term, n = 1
*2nd term, n = 2
*3rd term, n = 3
*4th term, n = 4
*5th term, n = 5
*6th term, n = 6
The first six terms are 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, and 11.
Example 3: Find the first six terms and the tenth term of the infinite
*1st term, n = 1
*2nd term, n = 2
*3rd term, n = 3
*4th term, n = 4
*5th term, n = 5
*6th term, n = 6
Example 4: Write a formula for the nth term of the infinite sequence
.
When n = 1, then
n = 2, then
n = 3, then
n = 4, then
an so forth.
Sometimes you have to play around with it before you get it just right.
You can always check it by putting in the n values and seeing if you
get the given sequence. This one does check.
Example 5: Write a formula for the nth term of the infinite sequence
-1, 8, -27, 64, ....
This time there isn’t anything constant, but there are two things that
change.
Sometimes you have to play around with it before you get it just right.
You can always check it by putting in the n values and seeing if you
get the given sequence.
Recursive Formulas
Example 6: Find the first three terms and the fifth term of the infinite
sequence given by the recursive formula .
We are giving the first term, . Using that we can find the
second term and so forth.
Practice Problems
These are practice problems to help bring you to the next level. It will allow
you to check and see if you have an understanding of these types of problems.
Math works just like anything else, if you want to get good at it, then you
need to practice it. Even the best athletes and musicians had help along the
way and lots of practice, practice, practice, to get good at their sport or
instrument. In fact there is no such thing as too much practice.
To get the most out of these, you should work the problem out on your own
and then check your answer by clicking on the link for the
answer/discussion for that problem. At the link you will find the answer as
well as any steps that went into finding that answer.
2a.
(answer/discussion to 2a)
3a.
(answer/discussion to 3a)
There were no good websites found to help us with the topics on this page.
All contents copyright (C) 2002, WTAMU and Kim Peppard. All rights reserved.
Last revised on March 27, 2004 by Kim Peppard.