Chap. IV. SHADOWS.

825
light, and the remaining parts of such body are said to be in shade. But wlien one
body stands on or before another, and intercepts the sun's rays from the latter, which
is thereby deprived of the action upon it of the rays of light, tlie part so deprived of the
immediate action of the light is said to be in shadow. It seems hardly necessary to ob-
serve, that the ]5arts of any body nearest the source of light will be the brightest in
appearance, whilst tliose furthest removed from it will, unless under the action of reflected
light, be the darkest.
2460. It has been the practice, in architectural drawings, to represent the shadows of
their objects at an angle of forty-five degrees with the horizon, as well on the elevations as
on the plans. The practice has this great convenience, namely, tliat the breadth of the
shadow cast will then actually measure the depth of each jirojecting member which casts
it, and the shadowed elevation may be thus made to supply a ])lan of the external parts of
the building Now, if in the elevation the shadows be csst at an angle of forty-five degrees,
it will on a little consideration be manifest, that, being only projections of a more length-
ened shadow (for those on the plan are at an angle of forty-five degrees), the actual shadow
seen diagonally must be at such an angle as will make its projection equal to forty-five
degrees upon the elevation
;
because all elevations, sections, and ])lans, being themselves
nothing more than projections of the objects they represent, are determined by perpen-
dicular, horizontal, or inclined parallel lines drawn from tlie
points wliich bound them to the plane of projection, and simi-
^
F
larly, a shadow in vertical projection, which forms an angle of
..-'
L'x-
-
'

f.)rty-five degrees with the horizon, can only be the representa-
tion on such ])rojection of an angle, whose measure it is our
business new to determine.
2461. In the cube ABCDEFGII
(/.9.
838.) the line BD,
forming an angle of forty-five degrees with the horizon, is a
j)rojection or representation of the diagonal BII on the ver-
tical plane ABD
;
and our object being to find tlie actual angle
AHB, whereof the angle ADB is the projection, we have the
following method. Let each side of the cube, for example,
p,,, ^jg
n=
] 0. Then (by 907. ) A
D-'
+ DH'^ = A H-'.
That is, 10 X 10+ 10 x 10 = 200= AU'^, consequently AH = 14-142100.
As 15 A II is a right angle, we have by Trigonometry, using a table of logarithms,

As AH
(
= 14-14142100)' or Ar. Co. Log. . 9'494850
To tangent
45"
. .
. . 10-0000000
So AB (=10-00000000) log. . . 1-0000000
To tangent of angle FnB = 35 16'
. =9-8494850
The angle ABH is therefore 54 44'.
Hence it follows, that when shadows are projected on the plan as well as on the eleva-
tion, at an angle of forty-five degrees, the height of the sun v/hich projects them must be
35" 16'.
2462. It is of the utmost importance to the student to recollect this fact, because it will
l)e hereafter seen that it will give him great facility in obviating difficulty where confusion
of lines may lead him astray, being, in fact, not only a check, but an assistance in proving
the accuracy of his v/ork.
2463. We now proceed to submit to the student a series of examples, containing the
most common cases of shadowing, and which, once well understood, will enable him to
execute any other case that may be presented to his notice.
2464. In /?f/. 839. we have on the left-hand side of the diagram the common astragal
fillet and cavetto occurring in the
j^
Tuscan and other pilasters, above in
/-^
|
V
elevation and below in plan. The
i- I I " '
right-hand part shows the same con-
nected with a wall, whereon a shadow
is ca.st by the several i)arls. LL is a
line showing the direction of the light
in projection at an angle of forty-five
degrees. It will on experiment be
found, by a continuation of the line,
or l)y one parallel to it, to touch the
side of the astiagal at a, whence an
horizontal line drawn along it will
determine its line of shade. We here again repeat, to prevent misunderstanding, that
in the matter wc are now attempting to explain we are not dealing with reflected light,
nor with the softening off of shadows ajiparent in convex objects, but arc about to