THEORY OF

AIICIIIIELTURE. lioo*
II.
deterinine the mere boundaries of shade and shadow of those under consideration, 'llie
rest must be learned from observation, for the circumstances under wiiich tliey are seen
must constantly vary. 'I'liis, however, we think, we may safely state, that if the bound-
aries of shade and shadow only be accurately given in a drawing (however complex),
the satisfaction they will afford to the spectator will be sufficient, without further refine-
ment. Ikit it is not to be understood from this that we discountenance the refine-
ment of finish in architectural subjects
;
all that we mean to say is, that it is not necessary.
'I'o return to tlie diagram

it is manifest that if the boundary of sitade be at a from that
point jiarallel to the direction of the light a line ab will determine the bound;ny of shadow
on the fillet at b, and that from the lower edge of such fillet at f a line again parallel to
the direction of the light will give at c the boundary of the shadow it casts upon the
sliaft S. As, in the foregoing ex])lanation, a was the upper boundary of shade, so by pro-
ducing the horizontal line wliicli it gave to a on the right-hand side of the diagram we
obtain there a coiresponding point whence a line aa' parallel to the direction of the light is
to be drawn indefinitely
;
and on the plana line aa, also jiarallel to the direction of the light,
cutting the wall WW whereon the shadow is cast at n. From the point last found a vertical
line from a, where the shadow cuts the wall on the plan, cutting aa in a', will determine the
point a' in the shadow. The point e, by a line therefrom parallel to the direction of the light,
will determine similarly the situation e' by obtaining its relative seat on the diagonal cd,
which perhaps will be at once seen by taking the extreme point d of the projection of the
astragal, and therefrom drawing dd' parallel to the direction of the light. From the line
dd, drawn similarly ])arallel to the direction of the light, and cutting WW in d, we have the
l>oundary of the shadow on the ])!an, and from that point a vertical dd being drawn, the
boundary of shadow of the extreme jirojection of the astragal is thus obtained. 'J'he
boundary of shadow of the fillet on the right-hand side at h, similarly by means of bb,
and by the vertical bb . gives the boundary point of the shadow from b. The same
operation in respect of cc gives the boundary of shadow from c to c' in the latter jjoint.
We have not described this process in a strictly mathematical manner, because our desire
is rather to lead the student to think for himself a little in conducting it ; but we cannot
suppose the matter will not be perfectly understood by him even on a simple inspection of
the diagram.
216,5. In the diagram
(f(/.
840.)

is represented a moulding of com-

\
F
mon occurrence in architectural sub-
jects, and, as before, the right-hand
side is the apjiearance of its shadow
on the wall WW on the jilan. It
will be immediately seen that LL
being the projected representation
of the rays of liglit, the line aa de-
teruiines the boundary of shadow
on the ovolo, and that at b, the
boundary of its shade, is also given
by a line touching that point parallel
to the rays, or rather projected rays,
of light. On the right-hand side
of the figure oo', drzwn indefinitely
parallel to the direction of the light,
and determined by a vertical from a", the intersection by a"a" with the wall, will give oa",
the line of shadow of oa'. The line aa determines the shadow on the ovolo, and this
continued to a' horizontally gives also a like termination to a" in the shadow
; b, the boun
dary upwards of the ovolo's shade,
is represented to the right by b', and
^
to the right on the jilan by b, whence
by a vertical cutting the line b'b" in
b", the boundary of shadow which
b' will cast is obtained, cc on the
plan is in projection the distance
of the line of shade c' from the
wall whereon the shadow is cast,
and its place in the shadow is at
c", ee"b" being the length of hori-
zontal shadow produced by the cir-
cumstances.
In
fr;.
841., which, it will be seen,
is a common fillet and cavetto, I^L
is, as before, the diicctiou of the