Multi-service radio-over-ber system with multiple base-station

groups enabled by scalable generation of multi-frequency MMWs

Qiaoyan Zhang
a
, Chongfu Zhang
a,n
, Chen Chen
a
, Wei Jin
a
, Kun Qiu
a
, Baojian Wu
a
,
Changchun Li
b
a
Key Lab of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication Networks (Ministry of Education), and School of Communication and Information Engineering,
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
b
Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 4 June 2013
Received in revised form
8 March 2014
Accepted 12 March 2014
Available online 27 March 2014
Keywords:
Radio-over-ber system
Multiple base-station groups
Multi-frequency millimeter wave
Four-wave mixing
Semiconductor optical amplier
a b s t r a c t
In this paper, we propose and verify a novel hierarchical radio-over-ber (RoF) system with multiple
base-station groups (BSGs). The proposed RoF system has a two-stage structure to provide the access of
multiple services for each BS in BSGs, utilizing the scalable generation of multi-frequency millimeter-
waves (MMWs). By using the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect in a semiconductor optical amplier (SOA),
multi-frequency MMWs can be generated with the scalability. The obtained results successfully verify
the feasibility of our proposed multi-service access RoF system with BSGs.
& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
To meet the ever-increasing demand for broadband wireless
multimedia services, the radio-over-ber (RoF) technology has been
considered as a promising solution due to its seamless integration of
the high mobility of wireless communication and the large bandwidth
of optical ber communication [13]. According to the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) announcement, the frequency
bands of 5764 GHz, 7176 GHz, 8186 GHz, and 9295 GHz are
available for commercial ultrahigh-capacity wireless communications
[4,5]. Especially, the 60 GHz RoF system has been widely studied
thanks to the globally available 79 GHz unlicensed bandwidth and
negligible interference with current low radio-frequency (RF). And
several standardization efforts such as IEEE 802. 15. 3c, ECMA and
Wireless-HD have been carried out to promote the global use of
60 GHz wireless technology [6]. Recently, Refs. [710] have reported
the demonstrations of an RoF system for the multi-frequency milli-
meter-waves (MMWs) signals transmission. In Refs. [7,8], the RoF
systems with generation of multi-frequency MMWs based on the four-
wave-mixing (FWM) effect in a semiconductor optical amplier (SOA)
have been proposed and demonstrated. However, in the above-
mentioned schemes, multi-frequency MMWs carry the same single
service to every base station (BS), which hardly focus on different
demands of BSs in different occasions for the RoF system. Moreover,
the simultaneous all-optical frequency up-conversion utilizing a dual-
pump FWM effect has been experimentally demonstrated for the
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based RoF applications
[9,10], with the same frequency MMWs carrying different services
distributed to every BS. In order to meet the demand of multi-services
for BSs in multi-occasions, the RoF system can generate and transmit
multi-service MMWs signals around 60 GHz [11,12], but the genera-
tion of multi-service MMWs lacks scalability. Furthermore, Ref. [13]
focuses on the RoF platform that can transmit single 60 GHz MMW,
2.4 GHz WiFi, and 5.8 GHz WiMAX for an in-building broadband
access system.
In this work, we propose and demonstrate a novel hierarchical
RoF system with multiple base-station groups (BSGs) that can
support the downstream transmission of multi-frequency MMWs-
based multi-service signals. In this system, each BSG consisting of
multiple BSs can support the communication in a region at various
occasions. We further present the scalable generation of multi-
frequency MMWs utilizing the single-pump FWM effect in an SOA.
Multiple wavelengths are generated to carry the original signals,
using a multi-wavelengths generator. We also discuss in detail the
single-pump FWM effect in the SOA to obtain a better performance.
2. Principle
2.1. System scheme description
Fig. 1 shows the principle of the proposed hierarchical RoF
architecture with multiple BSGs. Fig. 1(a) shows a schematic
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom
Optics Communications
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2014.03.027
0030-4018/& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: cfzhang@uestc.edu.cn (C. Zhang).
Optics Communications 324 (2014) 120126
diagram of the RoF architecture with application of multi-
frequency MMW signals carrying multi-service. The rst stage of
the hierarchical RoF system is from CS to remote nodes (RNs), and
it accomplishes the transmission of all optical signals from CS to
different regions. At a central station (CS), one unmodulated pump
signal (
p
) and optical original signals (
11
,
12
, ,
n(m1)
,
nm
)
modulated with data of n groups are generated. Two polarization
controllers (PC) are used to control the polarization angle
between the pump signal and the original signals to obtain a
better performance. These optical signals are combined and then
sent into an SOA (node I) at CS. Due to FWM effects in the SOA,
new optical components (
11
,
12
, ,
n(m1)
,
nm
) can be
generated on the right side of the pump signal. The optical spectra
diagram of the SOA output (node II) is shown in Fig. 1(b). After
transmission over a long-distance optical ber channel, all optical
signals from CS are divided equally by an optical splitter (OS) into
multiple branches and then sent to multiple remote nodes (RNs)
through a short-distance optical ber channel. After that, the
second stage of the hierarchical RoF system is from RNs to BSGs,
which accomplishes the wavelength assignment based on the
demands of BSs in different occasions. In a region with multiple
occasions (multifunctional building, underground market, freight
station, etc.), there is a BS in each occasion. All these BSs constitute
a BSG, and each BSG is controlled by a corresponding RN. At each
RN, different frequencies of the optical signals are separated by a
de-multiplexer. Two optical signals carrying the same service on
the left and right sides of the pump signal are dened as a group.
According to the demands of different BSs in a BSG, single group or
multiple different groups of the optical signals are chosen and sent
to the corresponding BS. For example, the multifunctional building
(BS 1) requires multiple different groups of the optical signals
(such as node III) to provide the multi-frequency MMWs carrying
multi-service because of crowds congregate and complicated
demand of different users. However, the freight station (BS v)
Pump
SOA
CS
I II
OC
PC1
PC2
OC
RN 1
RN i
RN w
BS 1: multifunctional
building
Bs i: underground
market
BS v: freight
station
BSG 1
BSG i
BSG w
OS
IV
III
f
c
f
n
FWM in
SOA
nm
d
f
n nm
n nm
The original signals
The converted signals
f
c
f d
f
c
f
III
IV
n n
After optical
filter
I
II
signal
servicen
service2
service1
Fig. 1. Principle of the proposed hierarchical RoF architecture with multiple BSGs: (a) schematic diagram of the RoF architecture with application of multi-frequency MMW
signals carrying multi-service, and (b) diagram of optical spectra at each node of the schematic diagram.
Q. Zhang et al. / Optics Communications 324 (2014) 120126 121
needs only single-group optical signals (such as node IV) to
provide a single-frequency MMW carrying one service.
2.2. Theoretical analysis
The theoretical analysis of the converted signals power and the
MMW signals generation is presented as follows. To clarify our
proposal, a theoretical model of the FWM effect in the SOA model
used in our work is described as follows [15]:
dE
s
dz

0
2
1jR
1jE
i
j
2
=I
s
E
s

0
1jR
1jE
i
j
2
=I
s
1=I
s
1jE
i
j
2
=I
s
j
E
2
0
E
n
p
1
where
0
is the unsaturated gain coefcient, jE
i
j
2
is the light
intensity; is the light connement factor, I
s
is the saturation
intensity, is the frequency difference between pump and probe
signals, z is the direction of light propagation, and R is the
linewidth enhancement factor, E
s
is the photoelectric eld of
signal light, E
0
is the photoelectric eld of pump light, and E
p
is
the photoelectric eld of probe light. According to Ref. [14], the
optical power of the converted signal can be then approximated as
P
s
P
p
2
P
o
r
2

p

o
cos
2
; 2
where P
p
and P
o
are the optical power of pump and original
signals, respectively. is the polarization angle between pump and
original signals.
p
and
o
are the angular frequency of pump and
original signals, respectively. From Eq. (2), we can see that if 0,
the power of converted signal takes a maximum value, and if
901, the power of converted signal takes a minimum value. To
obtain optimum performance, we make the polarization of pump
and original signals parallel by adjusting PC
1
and PC
2
as shown in
Fig. 1(a).
To verify the scalable generation of multi-service multi-fre-
quency MMW signals, two optical signals carrying the same
service are selected from the original signals and the converted
signals of the optical signals, respectively. As shown in Fig. 1(b), we
take the service k signals as example where 1rkrn. The i-th
band of the original signals where 1ri rm can be assumed to be
E
o
t E cos f
p
2 f
c
k1f
d
i 1f
0
t
0
g; 3
where E is the amplitude,
p
and
0
are the angular frequency and
the phase term, respectively, and f
0
is the frequency interval
between all optical original signals. f
d
(m1) f
0
is the frequency
range of the optical original signals carrying each service with m
bands. f
c
is the frequency separation between the pump signal (
0
)
and the rst original signal (
11
). Similarly, the j-th band of the
converted signals where 1rj rm can be assumed to be
E
s
t E cos f
p
2 f
c
k1f
d
j 1f
0
t
0
g; 4
and two selected signals are taken to perform the optical hetero-
dyning in a photo-detector (PD) and the current can be described
as
It RjE
o
tE
s
tj
2
2RE
2
cos f22f
c
2k1f
d
j i 2f
0
tg; 5
where R is the responsivity of the PD. As can be seen from Eq. (5),
an MMW signal with a frequency interval of two selected signals
has been generated. From the denition of i, j and k, we can nd
that services of n groups and totally 2 m1 MMWs carrying each
service with different frequencies can be obtained. While the
frequency range of the MMW signals carrying service k is [2f
c
2
(k1)f
d
, 2f
c
2(k1)f
d
(2 m1)f
0
] with a frequency grid of f
0
.
Thus different-wavelength combinations of n(2m1) MMWs can
be sent to different BSs according to the demands of different
occasions.
3. Demonstration setup, results and discussion
3.1. Demonstration setup
Fig. 2 shows the demonstration setup of the proposed RoF
architecture with multiple BSGs for multi-frequency MMW signals
carrying multi-service. To demonstrate and verify this proposal,
VPI transmission-Maker Version 8.3 is used. Meantime, the values
of parameters in the SOA model have been given in our work.
IM
3
EDFA
VOA
2
VOA
3 VOA
4
58 GHz
(a)
(b)
(c) (d)
(e)
(f)
DEMUX
1
DEMUX
2
CS
BS1
OC
OC
PM
MWG
IM
data
1
data
2
MWG
VOA
1
IM
1
193.1 THz
28 GHz
2 GHz
56 GHz
2 GHz
60 GHz
193.07 THz
2 GHz
Service
A
PC
1
OC
PC
2
LD
2
LD
1
SOA
RN
OC
60 GHz
64 GHz
(g)
(h)
OC
OC
DEMUX
3
58 GHz 64 GHz
Service B
Service A
Service A
Service B
BS2
BSG
PD
1
PD
2
PD
3
LPF BERT
BERT
LPF
LPF
EA
EA
EA
Fig. 2. Demonstration setup of the proposed RoF architecture with multiple BSGs for multi-frequency MMW signals carrying multi-service, and the insets show the spectra
at different stages.
Q. Zhang et al. / Optics Communications 324 (2014) 120126 122
These typical values of parameters are generally applicable for the
wavelength conversion of system simulation. Therefore, we adopt
these values of parameters [16] and list their details in Table 1. It
should be noted that the settable parameters of SOA model
provided by VPI software are the device parameters (e.g., SOA
Length, and thickness of the active layer) of a module, without the
performance parameters (e.g. polarization dependent saturated
gain (PDG), the saturation power and the noise gure).
In the CS, a continuous-wave laser-diode (LD
1
) at 193.1 THz
with 3 dBm launch power and 10 MHz linewidth is used as the
optical pump source, as shown in Fig. 2(a). Meanwhile, multi-
wavelengths generation (MWG) [17] is shown in Fig. 2(b). LD
2
at
193.07 THz with 1 MHz linewidth is modulated by a cascaded
phase modulator (PM) and intensity modulator (IM
1
) driven by a
2 GHz sinusoidal RF source and a variable optical attenuator
(VOA
1
) is used to control the peak-to-peak voltage of PM driven
signal. Fig. 3 shows optical spectra of multiple wavelengths
generated by the MWG at peak-to-peak voltage of 6 V. These
multiple wavelengths with a frequency of 2 GHz are used to carry
multiple services and four of them are used to carry two services,
as shown in Fig. 3. A de-multiplexer (DEMUX
1
) is used to select
these four wavelengths with a frequency interval of 2 GHz. The
two selected wavelengths at 193.066 THz and 193.068 THz are
sent into IM
2
and modulated with 1.25 Gbit/s electrical non-
return-to-zero (NRZ) baseband signal (data
1
), thus the original
signals carrying service A are generated. Similarly, the other
selected wavelengths at 193.070 THz and 193.072 THz are sent
into IM
3
and modulated with 1.25 Gbit/s electrical NRZ baseband
signal (data
2
), thus the original signals carrying service B are
generated. Then the optical pump signal and the coupled optical
original signals carrying service A and B are combined by an
optical coupler (OC), as illustrated in Fig. 2(c). The VOA
2
is used to
adjust the initial power difference (P
0
) between the pump signal
and the original signals, while PC
1
and PC
2
are used to control the
polarization angle between the pump signal and the original
signals. The combined signals via VOA
3
can adjust the power of
the input signals and then input to the SOA. After the SOA, four
converted signals are generated due to the FWM effect, as shown
in Fig. 2(d). All optical signals from CS are then transmitted over
the optical ber channel consisted of an erbium-doped optical
ber amplier (EDFA) and a 20 km standard single mode ber
(SSMF). Meanwhile the VOA
4
with 15 dB attenuation is used
following the 20 km SSMF to emulate a 1:32 optical splitter. After
transmission over a 5 km SSMF, all optical signals are then
demultiplexed by DEMUX
2
at RN. Two wavelengths carrying
service A with a frequency of 58 GHz (Fig. 2(e)) are also combined
to BS1, while two wavelengths carrying service B with a frequency
of 64 GHz and two wavelengths carrying service A with a fre-
quency of 60 GHz (Fig. 2(f)) are combined to BS2. BS1 and BS2
constitute a simple BSG. At each BS, two wavelengths carrying the
same service are selected out and sent into the PD to generate the
MMW by optical heterodyning. The MMW signal is pre-amplied
by an electrical amplier (EA) before sending it into an antenna for
wireless broadband transmission. According to Eq. (5), in this
demonstration, we can totally obtain three MMW signals carrying
service A with a frequency of [562(k1)] GHz (k1, 2, 3) and
three MMW signals carrying service B with a frequency of [642
(k1)] GHz (k1, 2, 3). Our demonstration setup is just a simple
demonstration and the proposed RoF system architecture can be
expanded based on the demand of various regions.
3.2. Results and discussion
In this part, some methods for optimizing system performance
are discussed and analyzed. Firstly, Fig. 4 shows the variation
tendency of signal-to-noise (SNR) and conversion efciency as the
initial power difference (P
0
) varies. From Fig. 4, we can nd the
optimal value of the initial power difference (P
0
) to get a better
system performance. Secondly, Eq. (2) provides foundation for us
to use PC
1
and PC
2
to make the power of converted signal take a
maximumvalue. Fig. 6 is used to verify the result of Eq. (2) directly
and shows the variation tendency of the converted signal power
with increasing relative polarization angle. Thus we can nd the
optimal value of the relative polarization angle. The detail discus-
sions and analysis are as following.
The relationship of signal-to-noise (SNR) and conversion ef-
ciency versus P
0
is shown in Fig. 4. In general, increasing of
Table 1
The parameter values of SOA in this work.
Description Symbol Value Unit
Injection current I [200,300] mA
SOA length L 500 m
Width w 3 m
Height d 0.08 m
Connement factor 0.15
Internal losses a
s
4000 m
1
Transparency carrier density Ntr 1.4 1024 m
3
Linewidth enhancement factor 5
Differential gain g
0
2.781020 m
2
Linear recombination coefcient A 1.43 108 s
1
Bimolecular recombination coefcient B 1.0 1016 m
3
/s
Auger recombination coefcient C 3.01041 m
6
/s
Fig. 3. Optical spectra of multiple wavelengths generated by the MWG.
Q. Zhang et al. / Optics Communications 324 (2014) 120126 123
conversion efciency will enhance the received SNR. But increas-
ing conversion efciency will also accompany with the rise of the
amplied spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, and the variation
trend of the SNR is not always consistent with that of the
conversion efciency. Moreover, the noise gure of the SOA will
affect system performance. However, for the SNR in Fig. 4, a high
noise gure will reduce the value of SNR but not affect the
variation tendency of SNR as the initial power difference (P
0
)
varies. Although there exists SOA noise in system simulation, we
can obtain Fig. 4 and nd the optimal value of the initial power
difference (P
0
) from the gure.
As can be seen in Fig. 4, three different bias current values of
200, 250 and 300 mA are set, the pump signal power is set to
2.4 dBm and the original signal power adjusted by VOA
2
is always
less than the pump signal power. Thus P
0
varied as the original
signals power varied. That is, the power of SOA input signals is not
more than 2.4 dBm and in a low power range. As we know, when
the power of SOA input signals is kept in a reasonable range, the
power of SOA output signals does not generally reach saturation
power. In our work, we have done some tests to get a reasonable
input power. Therefore, this saturation output power has a little
effect on the measured signal-to-noise (SNR) and conversion
efciency in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, at low P
0
, the conversion efciency
is increased obviously with increasing P
0
, which shows a strong
dependence on the original signals power. However, at high P
0
starting from about 18 dBm, the conversion efciency is increased
slowly with increasing P
0
, which shows less dependence on the
original signals power since the pump power is higher than the
original signal power. Moreover, the SNR is increased and then
decreased slightly with P
0
increasing. The optimized P
0
to obtain
the highest SNR, for SOA currents 200 mA is about 18 dBm. While
the optimized P
0
for both the cases of SOA currents 250 and
300 mA is about 20.3 dBm. For SOA current from 200 to 300 mA,
the optimized P
0
is all equal or greater than 18 dBm. These indicate
that there exist the optimum power difference levers (P
0
) between
the pump signal and the original signals for better system
performance.
The optimized SNR of 19.8 dBm can be then achieved for P
0
of
20.3 dBm when the SOA current is set as 300 mA in this work. The
spectrum of SOA input signals is shown in Fig. 5(a) and it also
shows that the optimized power difference P
0
between the pump
signal and the original signals is 20.3 dBm. The spectrum of SOA
output signals is shown in Fig. 5(b). In Fig. 5(b), we can nd that
the SNR of the converted signals reaches 19.8 dBm.
In the above optimal case, according to Eq. (2), we can know
that the optical power of the converted signal decreases with
increasing relative polarization angle between the pump signal
and the original signals. Fig. 6 veries the result of Eq. (2) and
shows the above variation tendency. The insets (a)(d) in Fig. 6
show the corresponding eye diagrams for the relative polarization
angles of 0, 301, 601 and 901, respectively. It can be seen that the
performance of the eye diagram is degraded with the optical
Fig. 4. Optical SNR of the converted signals and the conversion efciency versus
the initial power difference (P
0
) between the pump signal and the original signals
for different SOA currents.
Fig. 5. Corresponding spectra of (a) SOA input signals and (b) SOA output signals.
Fig. 6. Optical power of the converted signal with the relative polarization angle
between the pump and the original signals. The insets show the corresponding eye
diagrams for the relative polarization angles of (a) 01, (b) 301, (c) 601 and (d) 901.
Q. Zhang et al. / Optics Communications 324 (2014) 120126 124
power of the converted signal decreasing. From Fig. 6, we can
know that adjusting the relative polarization angle controlled by
PC
1
and PC
2
can impact the system performance, and the ideal
relative polarization angle is 0. In addition, the PDG can really
impact the value of the converted signals power (Y axis) in Fig. 6,
but will not impact the general variation tendency of the
converted signals power with increasing relative polarization
angle in Fig. 6. With the effect of PDG on system, we can still
see the optimal relative polarization angle from Fig. 6, and the PDG
has a little effect on nding the optimal relative polarization angle.
Fig. 7 shows the MMW signals spectra diagram obtained by
beating of the optical signals in a PD, where the MMWs of 56, 58
and 60 GHz carrying service A and the MMWs of 64, 66 and
68 GHz carrying service B have been shown.
The bit error rate (BER) and eye diagrams performances of the
downstream multi-service signals with multi-frequency MMWs for
BS 1 and BS 2 in this RoF system are also shown in Figs. 8 and 9,
respectively. Fig. 8 shows the BER performance and eye diagrams for
1.25 Gbit/s downstream MMW signals for BS 1. We take the cases of
58 GHz as example to verify the performance of our proposal. The
power penalty and the receiver's sensitivity at a BER of 10
9
after
25 km SSMF transmission are about 0.32 dB and 19.5 dBm, respec-
tively. The corresponding eye diagrams for back to back (B-T-B) and
25 km SSMF transmission are shown in Fig. 8(a) and (b) respectively.
The BER performance and eye diagrams for 1.25 Gbit/s downstream
MMW signals for BS 2 are also shown in Fig. 9. Here we take the
cases of 60 GHz and 64 GHz as example. After transmission over
25 km SSMF, the power penalties at a BER of 10
9
for the 1.25 Gbit/s
MMW signals 60 GHz and 64 GHz are 0.28 dB and 0.48 dB, respec-
tively. The receiver's sensitivities at a BER of 10
9
for 60 GHz and
64 GHz are 18.1 dBm and 15.8 dBm, respectively. The corre-
sponding eye diagrams for B-T-B and 25 km SSMF transmission are
shown in Fig. 9(a)(d) respectively. In this scheme, the data rate for
multi-frequency MMWs is limited due to the limited 2 GHz channel
spacing, but higher data rate can be obtained by employing the other
high-order modulation for a signal such as M-PSK or M-QAM.
The above results verify the feasibility of the proposed system,
and also indicate that the effects of the PDG, the saturation and the
noise gure on our system are acceptable. In general, the PDG, the
saturation power and the noise gure will impact the system
performance such as SNR, BER and receiver's sensitivities. But
these properties have little effects on the variation tendency of
Figs. 4 and 6 under the reasonable condition. Thus we can still
obtain the optimal value from Figs. 4 and 6 with the effects of
these properties. Due to these properties, in further experiment
study, we will discuss how the properties of a commercially
available SOA impact system performance in detail.
4. Conclusions
In the proposed hierarchical RoF architecture with multiple
BSGs RoF system, the downstream multi-service signals with
Fig. 7. Electrical MMW signals spectra obtained in a PD.
Fig. 8. BER for the downstream multi-frequency MMW signals and the corre-
sponding eye diagrams at BS 1.
60 GHz B-T-B
60 GHz 25 km
64 GHz B-T-B
64 GHz 25 km
0.8ns 0.8ns
0.8ns
0.8ns
Fig. 9. BER for the downstream multi-frequency MMW signals and the corresponding eye diagrams at BS 2.
Q. Zhang et al. / Optics Communications 324 (2014) 120126 125
multi-frequency MMWs for each BS can be effectively supported,
while a feasible method for the generation of multi-frequency
MMW signals carrying multi-service has been presented. In
addition, the single-pump FWM effect in the SOA is thoroughly
discussed, and the optimized initial power difference between the
pump signal and the original signals for different SOA currents as
well as the optimized polarization of the pump and the original
signals has been found to obtain a better performance of the
proposed RoF system.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of
China (No. 61171045), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in
University (No. NCET-13-0099), Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities (No. ZYGX2013J005), National Key Technology R
& D Program (No. 2012BAH06B03), Open Fund of Key Lab on Local
Fiber-Optical Communication Networks and Advanced Optical Com-
munication Systems at SJTU (No. 2013GZKF031301).
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