Overview of Seismic Risk for Large Span Buildings Heritage

4. MAIN CONCLUSIONS

This report deals with an investigation about the possibility of using simplified methods of analysis and
simple indexes as indicators for fast screening and decision to prioritize deeper studies in historical
masonry buildings and assess vulnerability to seismic loading. These indexes, both in-plane and out-
of-plane based, are established mostly on the in plan dimensions and height of the buildings.

In general, the longitudinal direction of the buildings (y) exhibits lower vulnerability than the transversal
direction (x).

Indexes γ1 and γ2 do not present a clear trend with respect to seismicity, however a slightly tendency
associates the increase of γ1 and γ2 with PGA growth.

For high seismicity zones, index γ3 is violated by all monuments, in both directions, but also for low
and moderate seismicity zones index γ3 is not entirely fulfilled. This perception constitutes a major
issue regarding seismic safety, thus requiring careful attention and deeper investigation of the
churches and monuments at risk.

A proposal for the usage of simplified methods was made, taking into consideration the simultaneous
violation of two or three of the in-plane indexes. The results show that the need for deeper
investigations ranges between 18% and 37% of the sample (8 and 20 monuments, respectively).

The analysis of the out-of.-plane indexes shows that a logical common trend can be established. For
low and moderate seismicity, indexes do not exhibit a dependency on seismicity. However, for
increasing seismicity, they tend to vary in a quite logical pattern. Furthermore, the observed trend
allowed the proposal of possible threshold criteria for each index.

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5. REFERENCES

Barbat, A.H., Yépez, F., Canas, J.A, Damage scenarios simulation for seismic risk assessment in
urban zones, Earthquake Spectra 1996; 12(3): 371-394.

CEN, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures, prEN 1996-1. Brussels: CEN, 2003a.

CEN, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance, prEN 1998-1. Brussels: CEN, 2003b.

G.N.D.T., Seismic damage and vulnerability of the churches in Umbria (in Italian), CD-Rom,
Presidency from the Ministry Council 1998.

Giuffrè, A., Seismic damage in historic town centers and attenuation criteria. Annali di Geofisica 1995;
38(5-6): 837-843.

ICOMOS, Recommendations for the analysis, conservation and structural restoration of architectural
heritage, 2001.

Langa, K., Bachmanna, H., On the seismic vulnerability of existing buildings: A case study of the city
of Basel, Earthquake Spectra 2004; 20(1): 43-66.

Lourenço, P.B., Computations of historical masonry constructions, Progress in Structural Engineering

and Materials 2002; 4(3): 301-319.

Lourenço, P.B., Roque, J.A., Simplified indexes for the seismic vulnerability of ancient masonry
buildings, Construction and Building Materials, 2004 (submitted).

Meli, R., Structural engineering of historical buildings (in Spanish). Mexico-City: Fundación ICA, 1998.

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Table 1 – In-plane Indexes for the Portuguese monuments (PGA is also included).

Index 1 Index 2 Index 3

Monum. PGA / g
γ1x γ1y γ2x γ2y γ3x γ3y

PT01 0.14 0.18 3.87 5.07 1.88 2.46 0.14

PT02 0.11 0.24 2.15 4.78 1.25 2.77 0.14

PT03 0.12 0.18 2.00 3.00 1.40 2.08 0.14

PT04 0.11 0.24 1.43 3.02 1.00 2.10 0.14

PT05 0.12 0.15 2.78 3.68 1.56 2.06 0.14

PT06 0.09 0.17 2.85 5.59 1.44 2.82 0.14

PT07 0.11 0.16 2.65 3.98 1.46 2.20 0.14

PT08 0.12 0.19 3.06 4.74 1.68 2.60 0.14

PT09 0.11 0.19 3.11 5.48 1.60 2.81 0.14

PT10 0.12 0.17 0.80 1.20 0.97 1.41 0.14

PT11 0.08 0.13 2.34 3.66 2.10 3.29 0.10

PT12 0.09 0.14 2.23 3.37 1.94 2.94 0.10

PT13 0.11 0.15 2.96 4.01 2.24 3.04 0.10

PT14 0.11 0.21 2.51 4.68 2.57 4.78 0.07

PT15 0.10 0.15 3.17 4.81 3.07 4.65 0.07

PT16 0.10 0.22 2.83 6.03 2.65 5.66 0.07

PT17 0.15 0.17 2.72 3.07 4.62 5.20 0.04

PT18 0.13 0.18 2.96 4.18 5.25 7.40 0.04

PT19 0.15 0.18 2.86 3.44 5.30 6.35 0.04

PT min 0.08 0.13 0.80 1.20 0.97 1.41 0.04

PT avg 0.11 0.18 2.59 4.09 2.31 3.51 -----

PT max 0.15 0.24 3.87 6.03 5.30 7.40 0.14

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Table 2 – In-plane Indexes for the Spanish monuments (PGA is also included).

Index 1 Index 2 Index 3

Monum. PGA / g
γ1x γ1y γ2x γ2y γ3x γ3y

SP01 0.06 0.06 0.74 0.69 1.70 1.37 0.04

SP02 0.10 0.08 0.58 0.50 1.85 0.83 0.04

SP03 0.14 0.08 0.66 0.39 1.13 0.56 0.08

SP04 0.11 0.12 1.61 1.80 1.52 1.71 0.04

SP05 0.03 0.14 0.27 1.38 0.13 1.68 0.04

SP06 0.06 0.10 0.57 0.88 0.71 1.07 0.04

SP07 0.04 0.06 0.46 0.65 0.80 0.92 0.04

SP08 0.03 0.04 0.70 0.84 0.55 0.66 0.04

SP09 0.10 0.19 1.18 2.40 1.09 2.29 0.04

SP10 0.06 0.23 0.83 3.10 0.58 3.20 0.04

SP11 0.13 0.08 1.14 0.69 1.62 0.87 0.04

SP12 0.05 0.10 0.47 0.95 0.72 1.65 0.10

SP13 0.04 0.06 0.59 0.86 1.36 1.49 0.04

SP14 0.12 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.73 0.11 0.23

SP15 0.05 0.05 0.55 0.54 0.49 0.43 0.07

SP min 0.03 0.04 0.27 0.39 0.13 0.11 0.04

SP avg 0.07 0.10 0.78 1.08 1.00 1.26 -----

SP max 0.14 0.23 1.61 3.10 1.85 3.20 0.23

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Table 3 – In-plane Indexes for the Italian monuments (PGA is also included).

Index 1 Index 2 Index 3

Monum. PGA / g
γ1x γ1y γ2x γ2y γ3x γ3y

IT01 0.07 0.09 2.77 3.44 1.15 1.42 0.15

IT02 0.10 0.11 2.65 2.85 0.62 0.66 0.25

IT03 0.08 0.06 3.44 2.56 3.98 2.95 0.05

IT04 0.10 0.16 1.66 2.58 0.52 0.81 0.25

IT05 0.14 0.18 1.96 2.39 0.57 0.70 0.25

IT06 0.15 0.15 1.26 1.28 0.53 0.54 0.25

IT07 0.11 0.13 2.87 3.26 0.78 0.88 0.25

IT08 0.13 0.13 2.41 2.49 0.86 0.89 0.25

IT09 0.08 0.09 2.86 3.28 0.43 0.49 0.35

IT10 0.06 0.08 3.06 4.53 1.00 1.48 0.15

IT min 0.06 0.06 1.26 1.28 0.43 0.49 0.05

IT avg 0.10 0.12 2.49 2.87 1.04 1.08 -----

IT max 0.15 0.18 3.44 4.53 3.98 2.95 0.35

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Table 4 – In-plane Indexes for the Indian monuments (PGA is also included).

Index 1 Index 2 Index 3

Monum. PGA / g
γ1x γ1y γ2x γ2y γ3x γ3y

IN01 0.20 0.25 1.65 1.80 1.70 1.60 0.25

IN02 0.25 0.18 2.50 2.23 1.10 1.20 0.25

IN03 0.34 0.30 3.10 2.85 1.67 1.54 0.25

IN04 0.18 0.17 2.70 3.00 2.40 2.30 0.25

IN05 0.15 0.12 2.80 2.30 2.30 2.40 0.25

IN06 0.26 0.30 3.50 4.00 0.75 0.89 0.16

IN07 0.30 0.26 4.00 3.80 0.60 0.80 0.16

IN08 0.30 0.15 2.80 2.60 0.40 0.67 0.16

IN09 0.09 0.10 2.65 2.50 0.30 0.20 0.16

IN10 0.17 0.20 3.40 3.90 0.40 0.56 0.36

IN min 0.09 0.10 1.65 1.80 0.30 0.20 0.16

IN avg 0.22 0.20 2.91 2.90 1.16 1.22 -----

IN max 0.34 0.30 4.00 4.00 2.40 2.40 0.36

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Table 5 – Summary of the in-plane indexes in terms of minimum, average and maximum values,
including the degree of violation for the adopted thresholds.

Index 1 Index 2 Index 3

PGA / g
γ1x γ1y γ2x γ2y γ3x γ3y

min. value 0.03 0.04 0.27 0.39 0.13 0.11 0.04

avg value 0.12 0.15 2.13 2.81 1.50 2.01 -----

max. value 0.34 0.30 4.00 6.03 5.30 7.40 0.36

Index
18.5 5.6 35.2 29.6 42.6 35.2 -----
violation (%)

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0.3 0.3
Index 1 (Y dir) Index 1 (Y dir)
Index 1 (X dir) Index 1 (X dir)

0.2 0.2

SP index 1
PT index 1

0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

0.3 0.3
Index 1 (Y dir)
Index 1 (X dir)

0.2 0.2
IN index 1
IT index 1

0.1 0.1
Index 1 (Y dir)
Index 1 (X dir)

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

0.3 0.3
Threshold
Index 1 (Y dir)
All indexes 1

0.2 0.2
All indexes 1

0.1 0.1

Threshold
Index 1 (X dir)
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

Figure 2 – Relationship between Index 1 and PGA/g (by country and grouped together).

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6.0 6.0
Index 2 (Y dir) Index 2 (Y dir)
Index 2 (X dir) Index 2 (X dir)
4.5 4.5

SP index 2x
PT index 2x

3.0 3.0

1.5 1.5

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

6.0 6.0
Index 2 (Y dir)
Index 2 (Y dir)
Index 2 (X dir)
Index 2 (X dir)
4.5 IN index 2x 4.5
IT index 2x

3.0 3.0

1.5 1.5

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

6.0 6.0
Threshold Threshold
Index 2 (X dir) Index 2 (Y dir)
4.5 4.5
All indexes 2 x

All indexes 2 x

3.0 3.0
c

1.5 1.5

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

Figure 3 - Relationship between Index 2 and PGA/g (by country and grouped together).

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8.0 8.0
Index 3 (Y dir) Index 3 (Y dir)
Index 3 (X dir) Index 3 (X dir)
6.0 6.0
PT index 3 x

SP index 3 x
4.0 4.0

2.0 2.0

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

8.0 8.0
Index 3 (Y dir) Index 3 (Y dir)
Index 3 (X dir) Index 3 (X dir)
6.0 6.0
IN index 3 x
IT index 3 x

4.0 4.0

2.0 2.0

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

8.0 8.0
Threshold Threshold
Index 3 (X dir) Index 3 (Y dir)
6.0 6.0
x
x
All indexes 3

All indexes 3

4.0 4.0

2.0 2.0

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

Figure 4 - Relationship between Index 3 and PGA/g (by country and grouped together).

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Table 6 – Out-of-plane Indexes for the Portuguese monuments (PGA is also included).

Out-of-plane indexes
Monum. PGA / g
(λ)col (e/h)col (e/h)wall

PT01 36.00 1/9 1/9 0.14

PT02 - - 1/6 0.14

PT03 61.33 3/46 2/23 0.14

PT04 60.00 1/15 5/78 0.14

PT05 - - 1/7 0.14

PT06 - - 1/9 0.14

PT07 28.31 1/7 3/32 0.14

PT08 58.29 2/29 1/9 0.14

PT09 35.20 1/9 1/7 0.14

PT10 68.89 5/86 3/38 0.14

PT11 34.29 1/9 3/44 0.10

PT12 48.00 1/12 1/13 0.10

PT13 - - 7/80 0.10

PT14 - - 1/9 0.07

PT15 - - 1/8 0.07

PT16 - - 1/8 0.07

PT17 - - 1/7 0.04

PT18 70.22 2/35 1/7 0.04

PT19 - - 1/8 0.04

PT min 28.31 2/35 5/78 0.04

PT avg 50.05 3/34 1/9 -----

PT max 70.22 1/7 1/6 0.14

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Table 7 – Out-of-plane Indexes for the Spanish monuments (PGA is also included).

Out-of-plane indexes
Monum. PGA / g
(λ)col (e/h)col (e/h)wall

SP01 59.81 1/15 3/64 0.04

SP02 77.65 5/97 6/83 0.04

SP03 54.69 3/41 1/46 0.08

SP04 44.44 1/11 3/22 0.04

SP05 - - 1/25 0.04

SP06 28.07 1/7 2/23 0.04

SP07 36.69 6/55 1/9 0.04

SP08 20.75 16/83 1/18 0.04

SP09 - - 6/35 0.04

SP10 - - 1/7 0.04

SP11 15.83 24/95 2/19 0.04

SP12 14.25 16/57 4/31 0.10

SP13 38.15 2/19 1/16 0.04

SP14 35.56 9/80 2/31 0.23

SP15 29.00 4/29 1/14 0.07

SP min 14.25 5/97 1/46 0.04

SP avg 37.91 7/52 5/57 -----

SP max 77.65 16/57 6/35 0.23

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Table 8 – Out-of-plane Indexes for the Italian monuments (PGA is also included).

Out-of-plane indexes
Monum. PGA / g
(λ)col (e/h)col (e/h)wall

IT01 17.36 1/5 5/68 0.15

IT02 20.21 6/35 4/75 0.25

IT03 23.17 5/29 1/31 0.05

IT04 13.63 7/24 - 0.25

IT05 18.92 5/19 3/38 0.25

IT06 12.80 10/37 6/79 0.25

IT07 - - 3/49 0.25

IT08 - - 2/29 0.25

IT09 26.86 7/47 1/16 0.35

IT10 12.34 16/57 1/19 0.15

IT min 12.34 7/47 1/31 0.05

IT avg 18.16 20/89 1/16 -----

IT max 26.86 7/24 3/38 0.35

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Table 9 – Out-of-plane Indexes for the Indian monuments (PGA is also included).

Out-of-plane indexes
Monum. PGA / g
(l)col (e/h)col (e/h)wall

IN01 - - 3/44 0.25

IN02 - - 1/7 0.25

IN03 38.89 7/68 1/15 0.25

IN04 92.31 1/23 2/45 0.25

IN05 - - 2/25 0.25

IN06 - - 13/77 0.16

IN07 55.56 1/14 11/50 0.16

IN08 42.78 3/32 12/77 0.16

IN09 53.33 3/40 - 0.16

IN10 32.22 1/8 1/4 0.36

IN min 32.22 1/23 2/45 0.16

IN avg 52.51 4/47 2/15 -----

IN max 92.31 1/8 1/4 0.36

Table 10 – Summary of the out-of-plane indexes in terms of minimum, average and maximum values.

Out-of-plane indexes
PGA / g
(λ)column (e/h)column (e/h)wall

min. value 12.34 1/23 1/46 0.04

avg value 39.33 2/15 1/10 -----

max. value 92.31 7/24 1/4 0.36

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80 80

60 60
PT col

SP col
40 40

20 20

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

80 80

60 IN col 60
IT col

40 40

20 20

0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

80

60
col

40
All

20

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g

Figure 5 - Relationship between Index 4 and PGA/g (by country and grouped together).

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0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2
PT (e/h)col c

SP (e/h)col c
0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2
IT (e/h)col c

IN (e/h)colx

0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

0.3

0.2
All (e/h)col c

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g

Figure 6 - Relationship between Index 5 and PGA/g (by country and grouped together).

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0.20 0.20

0.15 0.15

SP (e/h)wall c
PT (e/h)wall c

0.10 0.10

0.05 0.05

0.00
0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

0.20 0.20

0.15 IN (e/h)wall c 0.15

IT (e/h)wall c

0.10 0.10

0.05 0.05

0.00 0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g PGA/g

0.20

0.15
All (e/h)wall c

0.10

0.05

0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA/g

Figure 7 - Relationship between Index 6 and PGA/g (by country and grouped together).

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