Chap. V. TECHNICAL SCHOOL BUILDINGS.

1093
discliargcd iiito the open air in an exposed position, and shall not be connected with the
soli drain or rain-water pipes, eitlier directly or inilirictly, but sliall act as detectors.
"
6. All sinks, baths, lavatories, and urinals shall be trapped with suitable traps, and the
discharges from them sliall be carried outside the walls of the house, and shall not be con-
nected directly with any soil drain, nor shall they be introduced under tlie gritingof any
trap, but they shall terminate in the open air, and not nt-ar any window or other opening.
"
7. All water-closets, urinals, and slop sinks shall be provided with suitable
flushing cisterns, and the flushing pipe for any closet shall not have a less internal
diameter than
1^
inches, and the height of the flushing cistern above the closet, urinal,
or slop sink shall not be less than 4 feet. It shall be impossible to draw water from
any cistern used for flushing purposes for any other purpose than that of flushing.
'
8. The cisterns used for general purposes shall be easily accessible, and shall be pro-
vided witli covers ventilated into the open air outside tiie liouse by a rising pipe other
than the overflow pipe, and no pipe from them shall be connected in any way with any
soil pipe, drain, or with any pipe receiving the discharge from any bath, lavatory, urinal,
sirk, or flushiug cistern.
"
9. No rain-water pipe used to receive the waste from any bath, lavatory, sink, or
urinal sliall be placed near a window or other opening; and no rain-water drain sliall
cc'unect directly with a soil drain
;
and no rain-water pipe shall be used as or connected
wiih the soil pipe, nor as a ventilating pipe.
"
10. No cesspit shall be constructed in such a manner, nor placed in such a position,
ns to endanger the water supply
;
and every cesspit shall bo ventilated by an inlet air
pipe and by an outlet ventilating pipe rising to an elevation above the ground level of not
less than 20 feet, and having a clear sectional area of not less than 10 square inches, tlie
area of the inlet pipe being double that of the outlet ventilating pipe."
Sect. XI.
TECHNICAL SCHOOL AND COLLEGE BUILDINGS.
3037. The remarkable movement in fivour of more efl^cient technical training has called
for an exact treatise on the peculiarities of plan and structural arrangements and flttings of
liiiildings required for its development. Foreign nations have been beforehand with us in
this matter, and have long since provided noble buildings, specially created and admirably
fitted up for the purpose, and well stored with singularly complete industrial and fine art
collections.
3038. Mr. E. C. Robins, F.R.T.B.A., F.S.A., has, besides the lectures delivered by
him. brought together a large amount of information on the subject of technical edu-
cation as taught both in England and abroad, and on the adaptation of architecture to
the rrquirements of this teaching. This new volume is entitled, A Treaiise on the Design
and Constriwtio)i
of
Ap2)lied Science and Art Biiihlings, and, their suitable Fittings and
Sanitation, ivith a Chapter on Ttchnical Eilncation, 4to. 1887. It contains full descrip-
tions of such institutions as the Bonn, Berlin, and Munich chemical laboratories
;
Dii
Biiis-Reymond's Physiological Institute at Berlin; the laboratories at Charlottenburg,
Zurich, Paris, Strassburg. Most of these are accompanied with cuts and diagrams, so
that their interior arrangements may be studied in minutest detail. Descriptions of the
laboratories at South Kensington, Finsbury, Leeds, Bristol, Manchester, Huddersfield,
Oxford, Cambridge, and other English cities, are given; with chapters devoted to the
fittings of these buildings, giving detailed information concerning the hundred and one
minor things which go to make up the perfect laboratory
;
as the working benches, demon-
stration tables, drawing rooms, and so on. The heating, ventilation, and sanitation of
applied sciei\ce buildings are also elaborately treated and profusely illustrated. An
appendix gives statistics as to the technical schools in Great Britain : as particulars of
the area occupied by buildings, their cubical contents, the cost of land, cost of flttings,
annual expense of maintenance, number of students, and so forth. One chapter embraces
the planning of schools for middle class education generally, as at South Ilampstead,
Gravesend, Sevenoaks, Caterham, Battersea, Wapping, Haverstock Hill, Stepney, with
the Camden School for Girls, and the North Londo:i Collegiate School for Girls
3039. It has lately been pointed out that technical education was not meant to be a
substitute for apprenticeship. The object is rather to teach boys and young men how to
learn a trade rather than to teach them the trade itself. As a comparison of the views
held by some continental states, and by England, on this subject, it has been stated that
the Finsbury College, London, cost 37,000^. to build, and requires 6,000^. per annum
from the City Guilds for maintenance
;
and that the City and Guilds Central Institute
cost 90,000^. to build, and receives 10,000^. per annum ; while at Berlin, a building has
been erected twice the size of Buckingham Palace, which cost 690, 000^ to build, and it
receives 37,380?. oer annum from the state!