SESSION 4

LEVEL IV
NAME: ________________________________________ DATE: _____________________

PRACTICE ABOUT PRESENT PERFECT

1. READ AND ORGANIZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. THESE ARE IN THE 3 FORMS + - ?:
1. finished not have yet. They their meal _______________________________________________
2. been the Tower. already have We to Eiffel ____________________________________________
3. Has yet plane the ? landed __________________________________________________________
4. ? yet you report the haven't Why done _______________________________________________
5. three been Susan already times. married has _________________________________________
6. movie. I seen have that already ______________________________________________________
7. that yet you book Have finished ? ____________________________________________________
8. have not yet. homework I my done __________________________________________________
9. homework not yet. I have finished my ________________________________________________
10. gone have the already I to cinema. _________________________________________________
2. FOR AND SINCE FOR TIME
We often use for and since when talking about time.
for + period
A period is a duration of time, for example: 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. For means "from
thebeginning of the period until the end of the period." For can be used with all tenses.
since + point
A point is a precise moment in time, for example: 9 o'clock, 1st January,
Monday. Since means "from a point in the past until now." Since is normally used with
perfect tenses.

for
a period
(from start to end)
>===<

since
a point
(up to now)
x===>|

for 20 minutes
for three days
for 6 months
for 4 years
for 2 centuries
for a long time
for ever
etc

since 9am
since Monday
since January
since 1997
since 1500
since I left school
since the beginning of time
etc

all tenses

perfect tenses only

3. WRITE FOR OR SINCE ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION:

1. I haven't phoned home______________ Christmas.
2. We've been here ______________ nine o'clock.
3. I have worked for International House ______________ more than eight years.
4. I haven't visited my home town _____________ I left school.
5. I haven't been to the cinema ______________ ages.
6. Johan has been in England ______________more than two weeks now.

4. WRITE IN PRESENT PERFECT THE FOLLOWING TEXT:

This week I took one international order
over the phone. However, I worked for
other sales companies that produce

____________________________________________
____________________________________________

similar lines. Therefore, I was in that kind

____________________________________________

of situation before.

____________________________________________

Everybody in the office tried really hard

____________________________________________

to help me fit in. They made me feel

right at home in my current position. It

____________________________________________

was an amazing experience working for

____________________________________________

such a dynamic company. I learned

____________________________________________

many useful lessons and concepts.

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

RELATIVE CLAUSES
We use relative clauses to give additional information about
something without starting another sentence. By combining
sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent
and you can avoid repeating certain words.
Relative Pronouns (The most common)
Relative
pronoun

Use

who

subject or object pronoun for people

which

subject or object pronoun for animals and

things
referring to a whole sentence

which
that

subject or object pronoun for people,

animals and things in defining relative
clauses (who or which are also possible)

Example
I told you about the
woman who lives next door.
Do you see the cat which is lying
on the roof?
He couldnt read which surprised
me.
I dont like the table that stands
in the kitchen.

1. First, compare the a) and b) sentences:

1. a) An engineer is a person. He or she makes things.
b) An engineer is a person who makes things
2. a) Dinosaurs were animals. They lived millions of years ago.
b) Dinosaurs were animals that / which lived millions of years ago
3. a) A DVD player is a machine. It shows movies.
b) A DVD player is a machine that / which shows movies
2. Combine each pair of sentences to make definitions. Use the relative clauses:
1. Robots are machines. They can build cars
__________________________________________________________________
2. A clown is a person. He / she works in a circus.
__________________________________________________________________
3. Microsoft is a company. It makes computer software.
__________________________________________________________________
4. Aspirin is a medicine. It cures headaches.
__________________________________________________________________
5. Pilots are people. They fly planes.
___________________________________________________________________
6. Snakes are reptiles. They dont have legs.
___________________________________________________________________

3. Relative Pronouns (who / which / that): Write the correct relative pronoun
1. This is the bank _____________ was robbed yesterday.
2. The man ______________ robbed the bank had two pistols.
3. He came with a friend ______________ waited outside in the car.
4. The woman _____________ gave him the money was young.
5. The bag ______________ contained the money was yellow.
6. The people ______________ were in the bank were very frightened.
7. The man ______________ drove the car was nervous.
8. He didn't wait at the traffic lights ______________ were red.

4. Find and write the correct word according to the definition:

1. Person who steals money, things, purses from different places:__________________________
2. A building where you can borrow books: ____________________________________________
3. The time of the day when it is dark outside: _________________________________________
4. A book where you can look at words in another language: ______________________________
5. A person who builds houses: ______________________________________________________
6. A word which has the same meaning as another word: _________________________________
7. A man who serves drinks and food in a restaurant: _____________________________________
8. An insect which has colourful wings: ________________________________________________

5. CHOOSE A PARTNER AND DESCRIBE 6 DIFFERENT PEOPLE AND THINGS AND TELL THEM TO YOUR
CLASSMATES. FOLLOW THE BEFORE EXAMPLES:
1. _______________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________________________

COMPLEMENT INFORMATION
RELATIVE ADVERBS:
A relative adverb is sometimes used instead of a relative pronoun + preposition to make the sentence
clearer. Have a look at this example: This is the day on which I left for France / This is the day when I left for
France.

REMEMBER:
Defining relative clauses:
- have no commas
- can replace who, or which with that
*Choose the best relative pronoun or relative adverb for these sentences.
Sometimes more than one is possible.
1.

I have a daughter who/where/that makes her own clothes.

2.

I met an old man that/which/where had known my grandmother.

3.

My favorite shirt, which/that/where I brought in Edinburgh, was ruined.

4.

I have a cat who/that/whose likes to hide in boxes.

5.

This is the office whose/in which/where I had my first real job.

6.

Whose/Where/Which is that bag lying there on the table?

7. On my last holiday, when/that/where we went to Greece, I learnt how to make the perfect Greek
salad.
8. On the Sundays of my childhood, in which/when/that the afternoons were long and golden, we always
went swimming.
9.

An accountant is often a person which/that/who loves counting money.

10. An old friend, whom/who/that I saw at a recent garden party, has a grandson.