Performance Analysis of D-Statcom Compensator Using Control Techniques For Load Compensation

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF D-STATCOM
COMPENSATOR USING CONTROL TECHNIQUES

FOR LOAD COMPENSATION
Mr.Ch. VENKATA KRISHNA REDDY, Dr. K.KRISHNA VENI,
Dr.G.TULASIRAM DAS and Dr. SAMPATH.PULLA
ABSTRACT
The majority of power consumption has been drawn in reactive loads, these
excessive reactive power demand increases feeder losses and reduces the active
power flow capability of distribution system where as unbalancing affects the
operation of transformers and generators. DSTATCOM can be used for the
compensation of reactive power and unbalance loading in distribution system.
The performance of the DSTATCOM depends on the control algorithm i.e. the
extraction of the current components. In this project DSTATCOM is controlled
by IRP and SRF theory for compensation of reactive power and unbalance and
these methods are compared with a new Adaline based algorithm. Adaline based
control algorithm An Adaline based control technique has resulted
inconsiderable improved performance of DSTATCOM.
INDEX TERMS DSTATCOM, Extraction of current components,
Reactive power, Control algorithms, Matlab.
I. INTRODUCTION
A power system is said to be well designed only if it provides good voltage
profile. In the early days of power transmission in the late 19th century problems
like voltage deviation during load changes and power transfer limitation were

International Journal of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER)
Vol.1, Issue 2 Dec 2011 149-171
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.,

Mr. Ch. Venkata Krishna Reddy, Dr. K. Krishna Veni, Dr. G. Tulasiram Das
and Dr. Sampath.Pulla

150
observed due to reactive power unbalances. Today these Problems have even
higher impact on reliable and secure power supply in the World of Globalization
and Privatization of electrical system and energy transfer. The development in
fast and reliable semiconductors devices (GTO and IGBT) allowed new power
electronic Configurations to be introduced to the tasks of power Transmission
and load flow control. The FACTS devices offer a fast and reliable control over
the transmission parameters, i.e. Voltage, line impedance, and phase angle
between the sending end voltage and receiving end voltage. On the other hand
the custom power is for low voltage distribution, and improving the poor
quality and reliability of supply affecting sensitive loads. Custom power devices
are very similar to the FACTS. Most widely known custom power devices are
DSTATCOM, UPQC, DVR among them DSTATCOM is very well known and
can provide cost effective solution for the compensation of reactive power and
unbalance loading in distribution system.
The performance of the DSTATCOM depends on the control algorithm i.e.
the extraction of the current components. In this paper we will discuss about
instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory, synchronous reference frame (SRF)
theory and compared with the new algorithm ADALINE based on neural
network.
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Fig. 1 shows the basic circuit diagram of the DSTATCOM system with
lagging power factor loads connected to 3-phase, 3-wire distribution system. The
lagging power-factor load is realized by star connected resistive inductive (R-L)
load. Unbalanced load is realized by disconnecting load from phase-a using
circuit breaker. The three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) working as a
DSTATCOM is realized using six IGBT switches with anti-parallel diodes. At ac
side the interfacing inductors are used to filter out the high frequency
components of the compensating currents.
Performance Analysis of D-STATCOM Compensator using
Control Techniques for Load Compensation

151

Fig. 1 : DSTATCOM connected to 3-Phase System
The DSTATCOM has been developed by Westinghouse as a part of EPRI
(Electric power research institute) custom power program for advanced
distribution system. DSTATCOM is a solid state dc-ac switching power
converter that consists of 3-phase voltage source forced air-cooled inverter based
static compensator connected in shunt with the system. In its basic form
DSTATCOM injects a voltage in phase with system voltage, thus providing
voltage support and regulation of VAR flow .The DSTATCOM is capable of
generating continuously variable inductive or capacitive shunt compensation at a
level up its maximum MVA rating. The DSTACOM is available in rating from 2
to 10MVA in modular 2-MVA increments. DSTATCOM can also behave as a
shunt active filter, to eliminate unbalance or distortions in the source current or
the supply voltage as per the IEEE-519 standard limits.
III. CONTROL ALGORITHMS
The performance of the DSTATCOM depends on the control algorithm i.e.
the extraction of the current components. For this purpose there are many control
schemes which are reported in the literature and some of these are instantaneous
compensation, instantaneous symmetrical components, synchronous reference

152
frame (SRF) theory, computation based on per phase basis, and scheme based on
neural network. Among these control schemes instantaneous reactive power
theory and synchronous rotating reference frame are most widely used.
For reactive power compensation, DSTATCOM provides reactive power as
needed by the load and therefore the source current remains at unity power factor
(UPF). Since only real power is being supplied by the source, load balancing is
achieved by making the source reference current balanced. The reference source
current used to decide the switching of the DSTATCOM has real fundamental
frequency component of the load current which is being extracted by these
techniques.
A. Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory
Instantaneous reactive power theory has been initially proposed by Akagi in
1983 The theory is based on the transformation of three phase quantities to two
phase quantities in frame and calculation of instantaneous active and
reactive power in this frame.
INSTANTANEOUS P-Q THEORY
The p-q theory uses
0
transformations and various definitions of
active and reactive powers. The transformation of 3-Phase quantities (a-b-c) of
stationary reference frame into 2-Phase quantities (
0
) stationary
reference frame is achieved by applying Clarks transformation.

1 1 1
2 2 2
0
2 1 1
1
3 2 2
3 3
0
2 2
v
v
a
v v
b
v
v
c
| |
|
( | (
( | (
( | (
( | (
( | (
(
|
|
\
=
(1)

153

1 1 1
2 2 2
0
2 1 1
1
3 2 2
3 3
0
2 2
i
i
a
i i
b
i
i
c
| |
|
( | (
( | (
( | (
( | (
( | (
(
|
|
\
=
(2)
Let the instantaneous real, imaginary and zero sequence power denoted by p,
q and
0
p respectively. Then the three phase instantaneous power is given by

3
P v i v i v i
a a c c
b b
= + +
(3)
Using the transformation
( )
3 0 0
P t v i v i v i

= + +

( ) ( ) ( )
3 0
p t p t p t
= +
(4)
The zero sequence components of the voltages and currents do not
contribute to the instantaneous powers
p
and
q
.The instantaneous imaginary
power,
q
is defined as (5)

( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
1
3
q v i v i i v v i v v i v v
a c b b a c c b a

= = + +
(5)

Fig. 2 : Block Diagram of IRP theory


154
It represents an energy that may be constant or not and that is being
exchanged between the phases of the system. This implies that q does not
contribute to the energy transfer between the source and the load at any time.
From Eq. (2.20)-(2.21), we write p and q as following.

v v
i
p
i
v v q
| |
(
|
(
|
(
|

\
(
=
(

(6)
The instantaneous active and reactive powers p and q can be decomposed
into an average and an oscillatory component
P=P- +P~
q=q- +q~
P_= Mean value of the instantaneous real power. It corresponds to the energy per
time unity that is transferred from the power source to the load, in a balanced
way, through the a-b-c coordinates (it is, indeed, the only desired power
component to be supplied by the power source).
P~ = Alternating value of the instantaneous real power. It is the energy per time
unity that is exchanged between the power source and the load, through the a-0-c
coordinates. Since p does not involve any energy transference from the power
source to load, it must be compensated.
Therefore the reference source currents i s and i s in - coordinate are
expressed as:
The instantaneous currents on the

coordinates,
i
and
i
are divided
into two kinds of instantaneous current components respectively.


155
Finally, through
o
inverse transformation we compute the filter
reference currents in
c b a
phase system

1/ 2 1 0
2
1/ 2 1/ 2 3 / 2
3
1/ 2 1/ 2 3 / 2
i
i fa
o
i i
fb f
i i
fc f
( (
(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
(
( (

=

(7)
Where io is the zero sequence component which is zero in 3- phase 3-wire
system. The extracted current components are followed by hysteresis based
PWM current controller to generate switching pluses and these signals are
applied to DSTATCOM
The p-q theory has the following limitations
The source voltages are unbalanced and non-sinusoidal.
It needs a large number of transducers of measurements and intensive
computation. It tends to make the system operation complex.
Disadvantages of P-Q theory
Delay in computation due LPF used for filtering power signals
This theory uses volt signals to compute instantaneous active and
reactive powers, if any variations in supply voltage causes inaccurate
measurements
It is not applicable for single phase systems and three phase systems
with neutral.
Complete harmonic suppression is not achieved in case of nonlinear
loads.

156
A larger filter inductance is required to filter the harmonics
B. Synchronous rotating frame theory
The synchronous reference frame theory is based on the transformation of
the currents in synchronously rotating d-q frame. Fig.3. explains the basic
building blocks of the theory. If is the transformation angle, then the currents
transformation from - to d-q frame is defined as:

Fig. 3 : Block Diagram of SRF theory
The 3-Phase load currents of system i.e.
La, Lb, Lc, i i i
of stationary
reference system in a-b-c coordinates are transformed to two phase system with
- coordinates, this can be done by algebraic transformation, known as Clarks
transformation which also produces a stationary reference system again these
currents are transformed to synchronously rotating reference frame by Parks
transformation. The voltage templates (sine and cosine) are generated using
phase locked loop (PLL) and then we calculate the
d, q , i i
which are passed
through LPF which filter out the harmonics in current signals and again these two
phase currents in rotating reference frame are transformed to two phase
stationary reference frame using reverse parks transformation and then
transformed to three phase coordinates which are called as the reference current
signals

157

(
(
=
(
(
i
i
i
i
q
d

cos sin
sin cos
(8)
SRF isolator extracts the dc component by low pass filters (LPF) for each id
and iq realized by moving averager at 100Hz. The extracted DC components
iddc and iqdc are transformed back into - frame as shown below:

(
(
=
(
(
i
i
i
i
qdc
ddc
dc
dc

cos sin
sin cos
(9)
From here the transformation can be made to obtain three phase reference
currents in a-b-c coordinates using Reverse Parks transformation and Clarks
transformation. The reactive power compensation can also be provided by
keeping iq component zero for calculating reference currents.
Disadvantages of SRF theory:
The generation of voltage templates (sin and cosine terms is crucial)
PLL (phase locked loop) is used generation of templates. The operation
of PLL is slow and also imposes some of amount of delay in
computation
Effect of delay due to LPF used for filtering signals in d- q frame
Mathematical computations are more and not suitable for 3-phase 4-
wire system.
C. Adaline based control algorithm
ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Element) is a single layer neural network. It
was developed by Professor Bernard Widrow and his graduate student Ted

158
Hoff at Stanford University in 1960. It is based on the McCullochPitts neuron.
It consists of a weight, a bias and a summation function.
The basic theory of the proposed decomposer has been based on Least Mean
Square (LMS) algorithm and its training through Adaline, which tracks the unit
vector templates to maintain minimum error. The block diagram of Adaline
based control algorithm is given in Fig 4.. The basic concept of theory used here
can be understood by considering the analysis in single-phase system which is
given as under
The supply voltage may be expressed as:
Vs=V1Sinwt (10)
Load current is made up of active current (ip), reactive current (iq) for
positive sequence and negative sequence current (i) can be decomposed in parts
as:
The control algorithm is based on the extraction of current component in
phase with the unit voltage template. To estimate fundamental frequency positive
sequence real component of load current, the unit voltage template should be in
phase with the system voltage and should have unit amplitude further it must be
undistorted.

159

Fig. 4 : Block diagram of the ADALINE theory
For calculation of templates the voltage at Pcc is sensed. The sense voltage
is filtered through a band pass filter and the instantaneous rms value is computed.
The sensed three phase voltages are divided by this instantaneous rms value to
get three phase voltage templates.
The initial estimates of active part of current for single phase can be chosen
as:
i p = W p u p (11)
Where weight (Wp) is estimated using Adaline. The weight is variable and
changes as per the load current and magnitude of phase voltage. Algorithm for
estimating weights corresponding to fundamental frequency real component of
current (for three phase system), based on LMS algorithm tuned Adaline tracks
the unit voltage templates to maintain minimum error
L(K) p(K) p(K)
i w u

P ( k + i ) = WP ( k ) +{iL(k) -WP ( k ) up(k) }u P(k) (12)


160
The value of (convergence coefficient) decides the rate of convergence and
accuracy of estimation. The practical range of convergence coefficient lies in
between 0.1 to 1.0. Three-phase source reference currents corresponding to
positive sequence real component of load current may be computed as:
IV. MATLAB BASED MODEL OF DSTATCOM SYSTEM
Fig. 5 shows the basic simulation model of the DSTATCOM system. The
considered load is a combination of resistance and inductance connected in
series for each phase. The load is star connected 32kVA at 0.8pf The
DSTATCOM model is simulated with above described p-q theory, SRF theory
and Adaline based theory. Figs. 6(a)-(c) show the simulation models for these
theories. The model assembled using mathematical blocks of SIMULINK block-
set. The simulation is carried out in continuous mode at maximum step size of
1*10-6 with odel5s (stiff/NDF) solver

Fig. 5 : MATLAB based model of DSTATCOM System


161

Fig. 6(b) - MATLAB Model of IRP theory

Fig. 6(b) : MATLAB Model of SRF theory

Fig. 6 (c) : MATLAB Model of ADALINE theory

162
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The performance of DSTATCOM is studied for all three methods of control
techniques. The following observations are made based on these results.
A. Control of DSTATCOM by p-q Theory
Fig. 7 shows the dynamic performance of DSTATCOM using the p-q theory
based current extractor. The considered load is reactive at 0.8 lagging power
factor. The iref is the real part of the load current. The load has been increased
from 16kVA to 32kVA at 0.12sec and unbalanced is introduced at 0.18 sec.
After 0.24 sec the dynamics are shown in reverse sequence. The operation of
DSTATCOM controlled by the p-q theory is shown in Fig. 8. The dynamics and
unbalance conditions are simulated as per the previous case. The delay in
compensation can be seen from source current waveforms. This delay is due to
the low pass filter (LPF) used for filtering power signals. Moreover, p-q theory
uses voltage signals to compute instantaneous active and reactive powers, any
distortion and unbalance in voltage will lead to inaccurate calculation of
reference source currents which should contain only real fundamental frequency
component of load current.
B. Control of DSTATCOM by SRF Theory
Fig. 9 shows the extraction of real fundamental current component of load
current by SRF theory and the performance of the DSTATCOM is controlled by
SRF theory is presented in Fig. 10. The simulation is carried out for similar load
changes and unbalanced conditions as of previous case. The effect of delay due
to LPF used for filtering signals in d-q frame can be seen in extracted reference
currents waveform in Fig. 9. The generation of voltage templates (sine and
cosine) plays an important role in calculation of reference source currents. These
templates are generated using PLL and therefore the tuning of PLL is crucial.

163
The operation of PLL slows and it also imposes some amount of delay in
computation.
C. Control of DSTATCOM by Adaline based Algorithm
Extraction of reference currents by Adaline based current DSTATCOM is
shown in Fig. 12. It can be observed that the DSTATCOM controlled by the
Adaline is able to meet the load changes within one cycle of the sine wave. The
advantage of the Adaline based extractor is that it requires less computation
efforts and therefore the implementation of this technique is much simpler.
Moreover, the inherent linearity of Adaline makes it as a fast technique. The
speed of convergence can be varied by varying the value of (convergence-
coefficient).

Fig.7 : Reference current extraction using P-Q theory

164

Fig. 8 : Dynamic performance of DSTATCOM controlled by P-Q theory

165

Fig. 9 : Reference current extraction using SRF theory

166

Fig.10 : Dynamic performance of DSTATCOM controlled by SRF theory

167

Fig. 11 : Reference current extraction using ADALINE theory

168

Fig. 12 : Dynamic performance of DSTATCOM controlled by ADALINE
theory
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The mathematical derivation of the p-q and SRF theory has been employed
to demonstrate the behavior of DSTATCOM.
An Adaline based control technique has resulted in considerable improved
performance of DSTATCOM. The Adaline based technique utilizes LMS
algorithm to calculate the weights, and all the calculations are performed online
therefore the algorithm is able to extract reference current components in case of
varying load condition which otherwise is not possible with other neural network

169
based current extraction techniques. MATLAB based results have verified the
effectiveness of these control algorithms.
VII. APPENDIX
Voltage Source converter: DC link capacitor Cdc=1000F, AC
inductor=4mH, Ripple Filter: C=10F and R=8, fs=20kHz. Supply voltage
415V, Line frequency-50HZ

170
VIII. REFERENCES
1. Acha, V.G. Agelidis, O. Anaya-Lara and T.J.E. Miller, Power Electronic
Control in Electrical Systems, England, Newnes, 2002.
2. Ghosh and G.Ledwich, Power quality enhancement using custom power
devices, London, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
3. V.R. Dinavahi, M.R. Iravani and R. Bonert, Real-time digital simulation
and experimental verification of a D-STATCOM interfaced with a digital
controller, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,
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4. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa and A. Nabae, Generalized theory of the
instantaneous reactive power in three-phase circuits, in Proc. of IEEE
IPEC, 1983, pp. 821-827.
5. D.M. Divan, S. Bhattacharya and B. Banerjee, Synchronous Frame
Harmonic Isolator using Active Series Filter, in Proc. of European Power
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6. G.D. Marques, A comparison of active power filter control methods in
unbalanced and non-sinusoidal conditions, in Proc. of IEEE IECON, Vol.
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7. V. Soares, P. Verdelho and G. D. Marques, Active Power Filter Control
Circuit Based on Instantaneous Active and Reactive Current id-iq Method,
in Proc. of IEEE PESC, 1997, pp. 106-1101.
8. P. K. Dash, D.P. Swain, A.C. Liew and S. Rahman, An adaptive linear
combiner for on-line tracking of power system harmonic, IEEE Trans. on
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9. N. Pecharanin, An application of neural network to harmonic detection in
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IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 63, 1975, pp-719-720.

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COMPENSATOR USING CONTROL TECHNIQUES

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