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FE Sem2 Manual 2009-10
FE Sem2 Manual 2009-10
FE Sem2 Manual 2009-10
Procedure:
Part A : Standardization of H2SO4
1. Weigh exactly 0.345 gm of K2CO3 on clean watch glass.
2. Dissolve it in water and dilute the solution up to the mark
in a 250 ml volumetric flask, obtain homogeneous solution.
3. Fill burette with 0.02N K2CO3 solution. Take out 10 ml of this
solution in a conical flask.
4. Add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator.
5. Titrate it against given H2SO4 till the colour changes from
yellow to red.
6. Take two more readings by adding 1 ml more in the same
solution i.e. for 11ml and 12ml.
7. Find out exact Normality of H2SO4.
Observation Table 1 :
Burette –1 10 ml 11 ml 12 ml
Burette-2 X1 ml = X2 ml = X3 ml =
Calculations:
K2CO3 = H2SO4
N 1 V1 = N 2 V2
0 .02 x 10
N2 ’ = =
X1
0 .02 x 11
N2’’ = =
X2
0 .02 x 12
N2’’’ = =
X3
N2’ + N2’’ + N2’’’
Mean Normality =
3
Burette reading, ml
End Point C.B.R., ml
I II III
P
M
Calculations:
= ml of sample taken
ml of sample
taken
= mg/L
Theory: Water sample that does not produce lather with soap is
known as hard water. On heating it leaves deposits of scales on the
walls of the container. The hardness is due to the presence of
dissolved bicarbonates, sulphates, chlorides and nitrates of
magnesium and calcium. For determining suitability of water for
domestic and industrial purpose, type of hardness and hence
magnitude of hardness is important. To determine total hardness of
given water sample, Disodium salt of ethylene diamine tetra acetic
acid is used as it forms strong 1:1 complex divalent metal ions.
In this complexometirc titration, Eriochrome black T is used as
an indicator. This indicator forms less (w.r.t. metal ion–EDTA
complex) stable wine red coloured complex with metal ion which
dissociates on titration with EDTA solution.
NaOOC-H2C CH2-COOH
.. .. ..
N-CH2-CH2-N
HOOC-H2C CH2-COONa
It can be shortly written as Na2H2Y.
Procedure :
Part A: Standardization of Na2EDTA solution.
1. Prepare 0.01M ZnSO 4 solution by dissolving and diluting
0.718 gm of ZnSO4 in 250 ml volumetric flask with distilled
water.
2. Fill the burette-1 with 0.01M ZnSO4 and burette-2 with given
Na2EDTA solution.
3. Take 10ml ZnSO4 solution from burette-1 in conical flask.
4. Add 5 ml buffer solution (pH= 10) and 2 - 3 drops of EBT
indicator. Solution will turn wine red.
5. Titrate it against Na2EDTA solution.
6. Colour change will be wine red to blue. Note down this
burette reading as X1 ml.
7. To the same solution in conical flask, add 1ml ZnSO4 solution
from burette-1(total burette reading becomes 11 ml) titrate
this solution against Na2EDTA solution from burette-2 till a
blue colour is obtained. Note down this burette reading as X 2
ml.
8. Again to the same solution in conical flask take out 1ml
ZnSO4 solution from burette-1. Repeat the procedure. Note
down this burette reading as X3 ml.
Observation Table 1:
Burette –1 10 ml 11 ml 12 ml
Burette-2 X1 ml = X2 ml = X3 ml =
Calculations:
ZnSO4.7H2O = Na2EDTA
M 1 V 1 = M2 V 2
0.01× 10
------------ = M2 ’ -------------------------(1)
X1
0.01× 11
------------ = M2”-------------------------(2)
X2
0.01× 12
------------ = M2’”-------------------------(3)
X3
M2 ’ + M2”+ M2’”
M 2 = -------------------- = -----------------------
3
Morality of Na 2EDTA = M2 = M
Burette –1 10 ml 11 ml 12 ml
Burette-2 Y1 ml = Y2 ml = Y3 ml =
Structure:
Calculations:
Part B: Determination of total hardness
1 M of Na 2EDTA = 1 M of CaCO3
1000 ml 1 M Na 2EDTA = 100 g CaCO3 = 105 mg CaCO3
Y ×M
1 2 × 105
Y1 ml M 2 M Na 2EDTA = = ---------- mg
--------------------------
1000
Y2 × M2 × 105
Y2 ml M2M Na2EDTA = --------------------------- = ----------------- mg
1000
Observation Table 3:
Burette –1 10 ml 11 ml 12 ml
Burette-2 V1 ml = V2 ml = V3 ml =
1 M of Na2EDTA = 1 M of CaCO3
1000 ml 1 M Na 2EDTA = 100 g CaCO3
V1 × M2 × 105
V1 ml M 2 M Na2EDTA = -------------------------- = mg
1000
V × M × 105 2 2
V2 ml M 2M Na 2EDTA = = -------------- mg
---------------------------
1000
11ml treated water sample contains = ------------ mg CaCO3
1000ml treated water sample contains = ------------ mg/L CaCO3
Result :
Procedure:
Observation Table 1:
Burette –1 10 ml 11 ml 12 ml
Burette-2 X1 ml = X2 ml = X3 ml =
Calculations:
M 1 V 1 = M2 V 2
0.01× 10
M2 ’ = ------------ -------------------------(1)
X1
0.01× 12
M2 ’” = ------------ -------------------------(3)
X3
M2 ’ + M2”+ M2’”
M 2 = -------------------- = -----------------------
3
Observation Table 2:
Burette –1 10 ml 11 ml 12 ml
Burette-2 Y1 ml = Y2 ml = Y3 ml =
Calculations:
Y1 x M2 x 35.5
Y1 ml M2 Molar AgNO3 = ------------------ = ------------- g of Cl‾ ions.
1000
Y3 x M2 x 35.5
Y3 ml M2 Molar AgNO3 = ------------------ = ------------- g of Cl‾ ions.
1000
Procedure:
Part A: Moisture Content - Take some known quantity of powdered
coal sample in previously weighed porcelain crucible. Heat the
sample in an electric oven at about 1100C for about an hour. Take
out the crucible, cool it in dessicator and weigh it. Repeat the
procedure of heating, cooling and weighing the crucible till constant
weight is obtained. Note down constant weight.
Loss in weight
% of moisture = -------------------------- X 100
Weight of coal
(W2−W3)
= -------------------------- X 100
(W2−W1)
(W5−W6)
= -------------------------- X 100
(W5−W4)
Weight of ash
% of Ash = -------------------------- X 100
Weight of coal
(W9 − W7)
= ------------------- X 100
(W8 − W7)
Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Naphthalen 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
e
Benzoic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
acid
Melt the first sample (pure naphthalene) by placing the test tubes in
the hot liquid paraffin bath. When all the crystals have melted,
remove the test tube from the bath. Wipe it clean Place the test tube
in large boiling tube, which acts as an air jacket. Fix a thermometer
and a stirrer into the tube through the cork. Allow the temperature to
fall slowly. The boiling tube can be clamped in a beaker containing
water to ensure uniform cooling. Stir thoroughly and record the
temperature after every half-minute.
Note the temperature at which crystals begin to separate from the
molten mass. Temperature remains constant at this stage and the
whole mass solidifies. Temperature again starts dropping; continue
Observations:
Diagram:
A B
Temp.
C
Eutectic point
Composition