1204

GLOSSAE\.
out- and one forced two
inches into the wood required 530 lbs. to extract it. In this
last' experiment the nail was forced into the wood by a hammer of cast-iron weighing
6-275 lbs. falling from a
height of twelve inches, four blows of which were necessary to
force the nail an inch and a half into the wood. It required a pressure of 400 lbs. to
force the nail to the same depth. A sixpenny nail driven one inch into dry elm across
the grain or fibres requirtd 327 lbs. to draw it out by direct force
;
driven endwise into
dry elm, or
parallel with the grain, it required only 257 lbs. to extract it. The same
sort of nail driven into dry Christiania deal was extracted by a force equal to 257 lbs.,
and by one of 87 lbs. from a depth of an inch. The adhesion, therefore, of a nail driven
into elm across the grain, or at right angles to the fibres of the wood, is greater than
when it is driven with the grain, or parallel with the fibres, in the proportion of 100 to
78, or 4 to 3. And under the same circumstances, in dry Christiania deal, as 100 to 46,
or nearly 2 to 1. The comparative adhesion of nails in elm and deal is between 2 and
3 to 1. To extract a sixpenny nail driven one inch into green sycamore reqiiired 312 lbs.
;
from dry oak, 507 lbs. ; and from dry beech, 667 lbs. A common screw of one-fifth of
an inch had an adhesion about three times as great as that of a sixpenny nail. A
common sixpenny nail driven two inches in dry oak would require more than half a ton
to extract it by pressure.'
AuiT (Lat. Adeo), or Aditus. The approach or entrance to a building, &c. Among
the ancients the aditus theatri, or adits of a theatre, were doorways opening on to the
stairs, by which persons entered the theatre from the outer |)or</co, and thence descended
into the seats. Upon tlie same principle were the adits of a circus.
Adjacent Angle, in geometry, is an angle immediately contiguous to another, so that one
side is common to both angles. This expression is more particularly applied to denote
that the two angles have not only one side in common, but likewise that the other two
sides form one straight line.
Adytum. (Gr. k'SvTov, a recess.) Tlie secret dark chamber in a temple to which none
but the priests had access, and from which the oracles were delivered. Seneca, in his
tragedy of Thyestes says

"Hinc orantibus
Ttesponsa dantnr certa, dum ingenti sono
La.xantur adylo fata."
Among the Egyptians the secos was the same thing, and is described by Stralio. The
only well-preserved ancient adytum that has come to our knowledge is in the little
temple at Pompeii; it is raised some steps above the level of the temple itself, and is
without light.
ADZE or Addice. An edged tool used to chip surfaces in a horizontal direction, the
axe being employed to chop materials in vertical positions. The blade, which is of
iron, forms a small portion of a cylindric surface, in both its sides, and has a wooden
handle fixed into a socket at one of its extremities, in a radial direction, while the other
extremity, parallel to the axis of the cylinder, and therefore atright angles to the handle
is edged with steel, and ground sharp from the concave side. The adze is cliiefly em-
ployed for taking oflFthin chips from timber or boards, and for paring away irregulari-
ties at which the axe cannot come. It is also used in most joinings of carpentry,
particularly when notched one upon another, scarfings, thicknesses of flooring boards
opposite to the joists, &c.
Aerial Perspective. The relative apparent recession of objects from the foreground
owing to the quantity of air interposed between them and the spectator. It accompanies
the recession of the perspective lines.
JEsTHETics. (Gr. Aio-erjTi/cos, having the power of perception by means of the senses."I It
is in the fine arts that science which derives the first principles from the eflPect which
certain combinations have on the mind as connected with nature and right reason. See
pp.
795 and 922.
JEtiaiol (Gr. Aeros, an eagle.) The name given Ity the Greek architects to the slabs
forming the face of the tympanum of a pediment. This word occurs in the Atlienian
inscription now in the British Museum, brought to England by Dr. Chandler, and
relating to the survey of some temple at Athens.
JEtoma, or ^Tos. (Gr. Aerox.) A name given by the Greek architects to the tympanum
of a pediment. It seems derived from the custom of decorating the apex or ridge of the
ri;of with figures of eagles, and that the name thence first given to the ridgo was aftcr-
waiTls transferred to the pediment itself.
Am Drains, or Dry Areas. Cavities between the external walls of a building protected
by a wall towards the earth, which is thus prevented from lying against the said walls
and creating damp. They may be made with the walls battering against the ground, and
covered over with paving stones, or with their walls nearly perpendicular, and arched
on the top. This covering should be above the ground, and sloped to throw off the
wet. The bottoms should be paved, and the areas should be well ventilated.