1212

GLOSSARY.
ifs name from a girl having pointed out to some soldiers the sources of the stream from
which it was collected, was brought to Konie by an aqueduct 14,105 paces in length,
12,865 of which were under ground, and 700 on arches, the remainder being above
ground. The Aqua Alsietina, called also Augusta, was 22,172 paces from its source to
the city, and 358 paces of it were on arcades. The seven aqueducts above mentioned
being found, in the time of Caligula, unequal to the supply of the city, this emperor, in
the second year of his reigu, began two Others, which were finished by Claudius, and
opened in the year of the city 803. The first was called Aqua Claudia, and the second
Anio Novus, to distinguish it from one heretofore mentioned. The first was 46,406
Roman paces, of which 10,176 were on arcades, and the rest subterranean. The Anio
Novus was 58,700 paces in length, 9,400 whereof were above ground,
6,491 on archew,
and the rest subterranean. Some of the arches of tliese are 100 Roman feet high. All
the aqueducts we have mentioned were on different levels, and distributed accordingly
to those parts of the city which suited their respective elevations. The following is the
order of their heights, the highest being the Anio Novus, 159 feet above level of Tiber;
Aqua Claudia, 149 feet; Aqua Julia, 129 feet; Aqua Tepula, Aqua Martia, 125 feet;
Anio Vetus, Aqua Virgo, 34 feet ; Aqua Appia, 27 feet ; and the Aqua Alsietina on the
lowest level. The Tiber at Rome being 9r5 feet above the level of the Mediterranean,
the mean fall of these aqueducts has been ascertained to be about 0-132 English inches
for each Roman pace (58'219 English inches), or 1 in 441. Vitruvius directs a fall of
1 in 200, but Scamozzi says the practice of the Romans was 1 in 500. The quantity
of water furnished by six of the aqueducts, as given by Frontinus from a measurement
at the head of each aqueduct, is as follows
:

Anio Yetus -
4,398 quin. I Aqua Tirgo - 2,524 quin. I Aqua Claudia - 4,607 qnin.
fAqua Martia
-
4,690
|
Aqua Julia - 1,368
|
Auio Novus - 4,738
The whole supplj is given as 14,018 quinarise, after much fraudulent diversion of the
water by iudividuals
;
but the diminished quantity is supposed to have been 27,743,100
English cubic feet, or, estimatirg the population of Rome at one million of inhabitants,
27"74 cubic feet per diem for each inhabitant, or about 170 gallons English.
*
These
were used for the street and sewer flushings, the baths, and scenic representations,
f
This was used for drinking purposes, and is still so used.
Parker, Aqueducts
of
Rome, says 24,805 quin. was the exact quantity of water daily
poured into Rome in Trajan's time, equal to a stream 20 feet wide by 6 feet deep
constantly running in, at a fall six times as rapid as that of the river Thames. He
calculated that when the Trajan and the Aurelian .aqueducts were finished, the daily
supply was quite 332^ millions of gallons, or at least 332 gallons per head.
There are remains of Roman aqueducts in other parts of Europe even more magnificent
than those we have mentioned. One, or the ruins of one, still exists at Metz, and another
at Segovia in Spain, with two rows of arcades, one above the other. This last is
about 100 feet high, and passes over the greater part of the houses of the city. The
Romans do not appear to have been aware of the fact of water rising at a distance to
its level at the fountain head.
Arabesque. The term is commonly used to denote that sort of ornament in Saracenic
architecture consisting of intricate rectilinear and curvilinear compartments and mosaics
which adorn the walls, pavements, and ceilings of Arabian and Saracenic buildings. It
is capricious, fantastic, and imaginative, consisting of fruits, flowers, and other objects, to
the exclusion in pure arabesques of the figures of animals, which the religion forbade.
This sort of ornament, however, did not originate with the Arabians ; it was understood
and practised by the ancients at a very early period. Foliage and griffins, witii orna-
ments not very dissimilar to those of the Arabians, were frequently employed on the
friezes of temples, and on many of the ancient Greek vases, on the walls of the baths
of Titus, at Pompeii, and at many other places. To Raffaele, in more modern tim(!s,
we are indebted for the most elaborate and beautiful examples of a style of decoration
called Arabesque, which he even dignified, and left nothing to be desired in it. Since
the time of that master it has been practised with vai-ying and inferior degrees of
merit, especially by the French in the time of Louis XVI. Arabesques lose tlieir cha-
racter wlien applied to large objects, neither should they be employed where gravity in
the style is to be preserved.
Arabian Architecture. See Saracenic Architecture.
Arabo-Tedksco. a term used chiefly by the Italians. An example of this style may be
quoted in the baptistery at Pisi
(fig.
152),
erected by Dioti Salvi in 1152. It is a
circular edifice, with an arcade in the second order composed of columns with Corintliian
capitals and plain round arches. Between each arch rises a Gothic pinnacle, and above
it is finished by sharp pediments enriched with foliage, terminating in a trefoil.
Ar^ostyle. (Gr. Apaior, wide, and otvXos, a column.) One of the five proportions used bv