GLOSSARY.

1235
Carpenter's Square. An instrument whose stock and blade consists of an iron plate of
one piece. One leg is eighteen inches long, and numbered on the outer edge from tho
exterior angle with the lower part of the figures adjacent to tho interior eilge. The
other leg is twelve inches long, and numbered from the extremity towards the angle
;
the figures being read from the internal angle, as on the other side. Each of the legs
is about an inch broad. This instrument is not only used as a square, but also as a
level and measuring ride.
Carpentry. (Lat. Carpentum, carved wood.) An assemblage of pieces of timber con-
nected by framing, or letting them into each other, as are the pieces of a roof, floor,
centre, &c. It is distinguished from joinery by being put together, without the use of
any other edge tools than the axe, adze, saw, and chisel, whereas joinery requires the use
of the plane. The leading points that require attention in sound carpentry are,

1. the quality of the timl)er used; 2. the disposition of the pieces of timber, so that
each may be in such direction, with reference to the fibres of the wood, as to be most
capable of performing its oifice properly ; 3. the forms and dimensions of the pieci s
;
4. the manner of framing the pieces into each other, or otherwise uniting them by means
of iron, or other metal.
Carrara Marble The name of a species of white marble obtained at the qtiarries near
the town bearing that name, in the Tuscan States. It was called warmor limense and
Ugnstnim by the ancients, and differs from the Parian marble by being harder in tex-
ture, and less bright in colour.
Carriage. The timber framework on which the steps of a wooden staircase are supported.
Carri UP. See Bring UP.
A^ Caktouch. (Fr.) A name given to the modillion of a cornice used internally.
~l It is also used to denote a scroll of paper, usually in the form of a t;iblet, for
the reception of an inscription. In Egyptian
architecture, it is applied to the
~
1
form enclosing hieroglyphs, as in the annexed
cut.
Carver.
An artificer who cuts wood into various forms
and devices. Carving, generally,
is the art of cutting a body by recession, in order to
pro luce the
representation of ;in
object, eitlier in relief, or recessed within the general
surface. In this s'-nse it equally
applies to the making of intaglios as to that of making
cameos.
Caryatides.
Figures of females used instead of
columns for the support of an entablature. They
were used at the temple of Erechtheus, at Athens,
as shown in the illustration,/^. 1378. See Cane-
PHORJE.
AtLANTBS.
Case.
The outside covering of anything, or that in
which it may be enclosed. It is also a term used to
denote the carcass of a house.
Cask
Bays.
The joists framed between a pair of
girders in naked flooring. When the flooring joists
are framed
with one of their ends let into a girder,
and the
opposite ends let into a wall, they are called
tail hays. The extent of the case-bays should not
exceed ten feet.
Case of a Door. The wooden frame in which a door
is hung.
Case of a Stair. The wall surrounding a staircase.
Cased. A
term signifying th;it the outside of a building
is faced or
covered with materials of a better quality.
Thus, a
brick wall is said to be cased with stone,
or with a brick
superior in quality to that used in the inner part of the wall.
Cased Sash
Frames.
Those which have their interior vertical sides hollow, to admit tho
weights
which balance the sashes hung between them.
Case-hardening.
The process by which the surfaces of soft iron are converted into a
species
of
imperfect steel, sufficiently hard to resist the action of an ordinary file.
Hodgkinson
has proved the fallacy of the assertion that if the hard .skin at the outside
of a cast
iron bar be removed, its strength comparatively with its dimensions will bo
much
reJuced.
Bars planed down on all .sides to an inch square, bore a breaking-weigl\t
quite equal to those of bars cast exactly an inch square.
Casemate. A
hollow
moulding, such as tlie cavctfo.
Casement. A
glazed frame or sash, opening on hinges affixed to the vertical sides of tho
frame
into
wliich it is fitted.
Casing.
See Lining.
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.
, i ^
Casino.
(It.) A
term applied to a small country house, and to a sort of ledge in a park
;
but
formerly
to one capable
of affording defence on a small scale against an attacking force.
Cassinoid.
An
elliptic curve
\vherein the product of any two lines, drawn from the foci
4 K 2