1*38

GLOSSARY.
dry and cUan, the floor level and with sufficient drains to receive the ordure, and to be
readily flushed. There should be good provision of air holes in the roof; ard, if the
Duilding have gables, a window should be placed in each as high as possible with
movable lujfer-boards, which may be easily opened and shut. A cubical space is
required of not less than 1000 feet for each animal, whether there are inhabited rooms
over the shed or not. The cattle plague first broke out in the central districts of
London, where the space allotted did not exceed 450 cubic feet. Many of the model
farms and stockbreeiers now use iron cow-stalls, to assist in preventing the spread of
rinderpest. A bullock averages 7 feet 6 inches in length, 5
feet in height, and
2 feet 6 inches in width. The stall should be 5 feet wide for each milch cow, or 6 feet
if kept indoors all the year, the building being 16 feet wide; the top of the manger
not more than from 12 to 18 inches above the floor, 18 inches broad, and 12 inches deep,
with three divisions, for moist and dry food and water. See BrLi.ocK Shed.
The infectious effluvia from the private slaughter-houses often causing contagious
maladies in their neighbourhood, the French government in 1811 removed all such
buildings from the heart of their capital. For this purpose five open airy spots were
selected in the outskirts of the city ; those at Menilmontant and Montmartre are the
most considerable and extensive. These five establishments were later mergel into
one large abattoir. Happe was the architect of the former; anl the cost was some-
thing above 120,000^.
The Metropolitan Cattle Market was des'gned by the late Mi-. J. B. Bunning, City
Architect, and opened in 1855. Several additions have since been made by the late
Sir Horace Jones, City Architect. A market and abattoir was dt-signed 1870-71, at
Deptford, by the same architect, for the City of London, where foreign cattle are lauded,
inspected, sold, and slauglitered. The cost of the market, including 95,000/. paid for
the site of 22 acres, was 210,000/.
Of late years several such buildings have been erected, as at Glasgow, Edinburgh,
and Bradford;
and a carcase market with butchers' slaughter-houses adjoining, at
Manchester. A description of this building, erected from the designs of Mr. A Darby-
ehire, was read by him at the Royal Institute of British Architects, Feb. 1, 1875;
and
as it is considered a well- arrange I structure for its purposes, a few details will be given.
It is in the shape of the letter
\_.
In the long side fronting Water Street are the
entrances, and the carcase market, 418 feet long and 55 ftet 6 ineiies wide, javed with
asphalte. Behind this are the wholesale slaughter-houses, twenty-one in number, each
being 24 feet by 17 feet 6 inches inside, with a lair attached in roar, 22 feet by 17
feet
6 inclies. Both of these are open to the roof, but entirely separated, and the former
well lighted by rows of glass slates, which light is superior to side windows for the
several operations necessary. The former has a glazed enamelled brick dado, 5 feet
high, and a plentiful supply of water. They are paved with Yorkshire stone. In rear
of part of the above are placed nineteen retail slaugiiter-h<auses similar to the above.
In rear of these latter is the condemned meat department, consisting of a lair, slaughter-
house, meat store, and boiling-house. The blood department consists of a storing-
room, drawing-olFroom, and drying-room. The pig slaughtering department is adjacent,
and contains a large pig slaughter-house, open j'ard, and piggeries. The two lodges
at the gates (through
which all cattle must enter the abattoir) contain residences for
the porter and the inspector, with rooms for the convenience of the markets committee.
The site also contains a large general lair for cattle, a manure pit, and a common room for
drovers and others
;
suitable conveniences at various points
;
and a stable and
gig-house
for the inspector. The total cost was somewhat over 30,000/. Space prevents us from
following the author through his explanation in detail of the uses to which the various
buildings are applied, but one very important feature remains to be noticed. A
simple
and eflfectual apparatus has been provided by the engineer, Mr. John Meiklejohn,
of
Dalkeith,
by which the carcase when ready is placed on a hoist, and moved along rails
across the roadway into the market, or placed into the carts
;
this apparatus also allows
the seller to detach any particular carcase from the others, and deposit it in the cart
of the buyer, without in any way disturbing the other carcases hanging on the beams.
A considerable
amount of manual labour is saved
;
and, in addition, the meat intended
for human food receives as little handling as possible after being dressed, and is
not
transferred
at any time to the dirty and greasy backs and shoulders of the
slaughterers.
The private
slaughter-houses have the same hoisting apparatus, but the carcase is
placed
at once in carts and removed to the butcher's shop. At the Edinburgh
abattoir a
central crane and semicircular hanging beam is in operation
;
while at Bradford
an
hydraulic lifting
power is in use.
A. very
interesting discussion followed the reading of the piper, in reference
to
private
slaughter-houses
;
the best mode of lighting; the paving
;
the use of a tripery
at tile abattoir
; blood stores
;
a place for salting hides
;
and other
apparatuses.
An
important
fact was stated, tending to the greater introduction of killing animals
in