GLOSSARY.

1267
building
was nearly completed in 1881, at tho death of the architect, George Edmund
Street, R.A. They were formally handed over to the First
Commissioner of Public Works
m October,
1882, on their completion by his son, Mr. A. E. Street, with Mr. A. Klom-
field.
The journals since that period have illustrated many
portions of this large work
t-oussiNET (Fr.) or Cushion. A stone placed upon the impost of a pier for receiving the
tirst stone of an arch. Its bed is level below, and its surface
above is inclined'' for
receiving the next voussoir of the arch.
The word is also used for the part of the Ionic capital between
the abacus and
quarter round, which serves to form the volute, and it is in the capital thus called
because its appearance is that of a cushion or pillow seemingly
collapsed by the weight
^
over it, and has a band called ba'teus.
Baluster
is the side of the volute.
"
CovK.
Anykiud of concave moulding or vault
; but the term in its usual
acceptation
IS the quadrantal profile between the ceiling of a room and its cornice.
Cove Bracketing.
The wooden skeleton for the lathing of any cove"; but the term is
usually
applied to that of the quadrantal cove, which is placed
beiween the fiat ceilinir
and the wall.
^
CovEK. That part of a slate which is hidden or covered.
See Gauge.
Cover Way. In roofing the recess or internal angle left in a piece of masonry or brick-
work to receive the rooting.
CaviNG. In old buildings, the projection
of the upper story over the lower ones.
Coving of a Fire-place. See Chimney.
Cow-house. See Cattle-shed.
Cowl. See Windguard.
Crab. A species of crane much used by masons for raising largo stones
;
it is a wheel
and axle mounted on a pair of sloping legs, three or four feet apart, the legs being
inserted into a frame at the base, whereon, opposite to the weight to be raised, a load
may be placed for gaining so great an amount of leverage as to overcome the weight to
be raised. The rope for the tackle works round the axle, which is turned by pinion
wlieels to gain power.
Cradle. A name sometimes given to a centering of ribs and lattice for turning culverts.
Cradle Vault. A term used, but improperly, to denote a cylindric vault.
Cradling. The timber ribs and piecesfor sustaining the lathing and plastering of vaulted
ceilings. The same term is applied to the wooden bracketing for carrying the entabla-
ture of a shop front.
Cramp. An iron instrument about four feet long, having a screw at one end, and a move-
able shoulder at the other, employed by carpenters and joiners for forcing mortise and
tenon work together.
Crampern or Cramp Iron, usually called for shortness cramp. A piece of metal bent at
both extremities towards the same side, for fastening stones together. When stones are
to be connected with a greater strength than that of mortar, a chain or bar of iron
with diflferent connecting knobs is inserted in a cavity, cut on the upper side of a course
of stones across the joints, instead of single cramps across the joints of each two stones.
Cramps are commonly employed in works requiring great solidity; but in common works
they are applied chiefly to the stones of copings and cornices, and generally in any
external work upon the upper surface or between the beds of tho stone. All external
^\ork, liable to the injuries which weather inflicts, should be cramped. The mos-t
secure mode of fixing cramps is to let them into the stone their whole thickness, and to
run them with lead ; but in slight works it is sufficient to bed them in plaster, as is
practised in chimney-pieces. In modern buildings iron is chicfiy used for tho cramp.
Tlie practice is bad, from the liability of iron to rust and exfoliate
;
hence cast-iron is
better than wrought, and should be of somewhat larger size than when wrought iron is
employed. Copper cramps are also used in best works. The Eomans wisely used
cramps of bronze, a material far better than either cast or wrought iron.
Crampoons,
Hooked pieces of iron, something like double calipers, for raising timber or
stones.
Crane. (Sax.
Cjian.) A machine for raising heavy weights, and depositing them at some
distance from their original place. The cr-.ine may be constructed of immense power,
and worked by human strength or by steam power.
Ceafaudinb
Doors. Those which turn on pivots at top and bottom.
Creasing or Tile Creasing. Two rows of plain tiles placed horizontally under the
coping of a wall, and projecting about an inch and a half on each side to throw
off tho rain water.
Crkdence.
(It.
Credenza, a buttery or pantry.) The slab whereon, in the sacrifice of the
mass, or
before the Commnnion Service, the elements are deposited previous to tho
'
oblation.
Sometimes a phiin recess, sometimes a shib on a bracket
;
it is in all ca>jc3
placed on the
south side of the altar.
Crenelle.
In Gothic architecture, the opening in an embattled parapet.