where buildings are subject to destructive hurricanes, the prec<tutions to be observed

have been described in the Papers, Sec, of the Corps of Koyal Engineers, new series,
1851, vol. i. The whole of the roof should be fixed down to the wall-plate, and the
wall- plate to the wall; the wall being made strong enough to resist the powerful cur-
rent of air rushing against it. Where buildings are of wood, the framework should be
tied into the ground, or into stone piers fixed in the ground. During the hurricane at
IJarbadoes, on the 11th August. 1831, buildings having substantial partitions at short
intervals, withstood the blast, whilst others without them were blown down. Inside
buttresses would answer the purpose. Shutters should be made to open on pivots at top
and bottom. Joists used in galleries and verandahs, when let into the wall, tend to upset
it. All brickwork should be English bond well grouted throvghout, the bricks having
first been well saturated with water, and the mortitr made of four parts of sand care-
fully selected, mixed with one of coral lime
;
this mixture seis very strong. In the
hurricane mentioned, a small building arched like a gunpowder magazine was uninjured
;
and a hospital building, well tied with iron, also withstood the storm. Eoofs when
reconstructed had diagonal bracing inserted to stiffen the rafters
;
parapet walls were
found to protect roofs. Flat roofs, such as those used in the Mauritius, are perhaps
the best to use.
Hut. a small cottage or hovel, generally constructed of earthy materials.
IIvDRAULics. (Gr. 'TSoip and AvKos, a pipe.) That branch of natural philosophy which
treats of the motion of liquids, the laws by which they are regulated, and the effects
which they produce. By somic authors the term hj/drodynamics is used to express the
science of the motion of fluids ger.erally, whilst the term hydraulics is more particularly
applied to the art of conducting, raising, and confining water, and to the construction
and performance of waterworks.
Hydrostatics. (Gr. 'thtup and Sraw, I stand.) The science which expl.tins the properties
of the equilibrium and pre.'-sure of liquids. It is the application of statics to the pe-
culiar constitution of water, or other bodies, existing in the perfectly liquid form. The
following is the fundamental law wh.ereon the whole doctrine of the equilibrium and
pressure of liquids is foundeil : when a liquid mass is in equilibrium under the action
of forces of any kind, every molecule of the mass sustains an equal pressure in all
directions.
Hvp^aiTHRAL. (Gr. 'Tiro, under, and hiBttp, the air.) A building or temple open to the
air. The temples of this class are arranged by Vitruvius under the seventh order,
which had ten columns on each front, and surrounded by a double portico as in dipteral
temples. The cell was open, whence the name, but it generally had round it a portico
of two ranges of columns, one above the other. See Temple.
Hyperbola. (Gr. 'Tfirep, over, and BaAAoi, I throw.) One of the conic sections, being
that made by a plane cutting the opposite side of the cone produced above the vertex,
or by a plane which makes a greater angle with the base than the opposite side of the
cone makes.
Hyperbolic Conoid, or Hyperboi.oid. A solid formed by the revolution of an hyper-
bola about its axis. See Conoid.
Hyperbolic Cylindroid. A solid formed by the revolution of an hyperbola about its
conjugate axis or line through the centre, perpendicular to the transverse axis.
Hyperthtrum. (Gr. 'Tjrtp and @vpa, a door.) The lintel of the aperture of a doorway.
Hypocaustum. (Gr. 'tiro, undnr, and Kaiw, I burn.) In ancient architecture, a
vaulted
apartment, from which the heat of the fire was distributed to the rooms above by means
of earthen tubes. This contrivance, first used in baths, was afterwards adopted in
private houses, and is supposed to have diffused an agreeable and equal temperature
throughout the different rooms.
HYFoa/t:uM. (Or.) A term applied among the ancients to those parts of a
building
which were below the level of the ground.
Hypopodium. a footstool used in the ancient baths.
Hyposcexium. In ancient architecture, the front wall of the theatre, facing the orchestra
from the stage.
Hypostyle. (Gr.) Work supported by columns
; a covered colonnade, or a pillared hall.
Hypotrachelum. (Gr. "tito, under, and Tpaxr;A.o?, the neck.) The slenderest part of
the shaft of a column, being that immediately below the neck of a capital.
Ice House. A subterranean depot for preserving ice during the winter. The most im-
portant advice that can be given to the builder of an ice house is, that it be .'io tlioroughly
capable of drainage, from the lowest point of its floor, as to permit no water ever
to
collect upon it; this accomplished, no difficulty will, with common precaution,
prevent
the preservation of the ice. The iispcct of such a building should be towards the south-