Digital Image Processing

Introduction, Advantages, and Applications

By:
Syed Muhammad Munavvar Hussain
B.Sc. Electrical Engineering
University College of Engineering and Technology
Bahauddin Zakariya University, ultan
2004-EE-17
1
Table of Contents
Chapter No.
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Introduction to Digital Image Processing 3
Chapter No. "
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Origins of Digital Image Processing
Chapter No. #
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!"e Basics of Digital Image Processing #ystems 12
Chapter No. $
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$%%lications of Digital Image Processing 1
Chapter No. %
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&itations 27
2
&ist of Illustrations
'igure 1: ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((()
'igure 2: (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((*
'igure 3: (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((10
'igure 4: (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((13
'igure ): (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((14
'igure +: (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1)
'igure 7: (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1)
'igure : (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1+
'igure *: (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((17
'igure 10: ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((,,1*
'igure 11: ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((,,20
'igure 12: ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((,,21
'igure 13: ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((,,21
'igure 14: ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((,,22
'igure 1): ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((,,22
'igure 1+: ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((,,24
3
&"a%ter -o,
!ne picture is "orth #ore than ten thousand "ords.
Anony#ous
Introduction of Digital Image
Processing
4
'hat is the Digital Image Processing(
It .ill /e /etter to start /y dictionary definitions of t"e .ords:
Digital) o%erating /y t"e use of discrete signals to re%resent data in t"e
form of num/ers, 021
Image) an image 2from 3atin imago4 or %icture is an artifact5 usually t.o-
dimensional5 t"at "as a similar a%%earance to some su/6ect--usually a
%"ysical o/6ect or a %erson, 011

Processing) to %erform o%erations on data according to %rogrammed
instructions, [2]
!"us t".e definition of t"e digital image %rocessing may /e gi7en as:
$%igital i#age processing is the use of co#puter algorith#s to perfor# i#age
processing on digital i#ages.&
Digital image %rocessing is electronic data %rocessing on a 2-D array of num/ers,
!"e array is a numeric re%resentation of an i#age, 0+1
It is a su/field of digital signal %rocessing5 and digital image %rocessing "as many
ad7antages o7er analog image %rocessing8 it allo.s a muc" .ider range of
algorit"ms to /e a%%lied to t"e in%ut data5 and can a7oid %ro/lems suc" as t"e
/uild-u% of noise and signal distortion during %rocessing, 031
Image %rocessing o%erations can /e roug"ly di7ided into t"ree ma6or categories:
1, Image &om%ression
2, Image En"ancement and 9estoration
3, :easurement E;traction
Image com%ression is familiar to most %eo%le, It in7ol7es reducing t"e amount of
memory needed to store a digital image, 041
5
Interest in digital image %rocessing stems from t.o %rinci%al a%%lications areas:
1. Im%ro7ement of %ictorial information for "uman inter%retation
2. Processing of image data for storage5 transmission5 and re%resentation for
autonomous mac"ine %erce%tion 0)1
$n image nay /e defined as a t.o-dimensional function5 f2;5 y45 ."ere ; and y are
s%atial 2%lane4 coordinates5 and t"e am%litude of f at any %air of coordinates 2;5 y4
is called t"e intensity or gray le7el of t"e image at t"at %oint, <"en ;5 y and t"e
am%litude 7alues of f are all finite5 discrete =uantities5 .e call t"e image a digital
image, !"e field of digital image %rocessing refers to %rocessing digital images /y
means of a digital com%uter, $ digital image is com%osed of a finite num/er of
elements5 eac" of ."ic" "as a %articular location and 7alue, !"ese elements are
referred to as %icture elements5 image elements5 %els5 and %i;els, Pi;el is t"e term
most .idely used to denote t"e elements of a digital image, 0)1
>ision is t"e most ad7anced of our senses5 so it is not sur%rising t"at t"e images
%lay t"e single most im%ortant role in "uman %erce%tion, ?o.e7er5 unli@e
"umans5 ."o are limited to t"e 7isual /and of t"e electromagnetic 2E:4
s%ectrum5 imaging mac"ines co7er almost t"e entire E: s%ectrum5 ranging from
gamma to radio .a7es, !"ey can o%erate on t"e images generated /y sources t"at
"umans are not accustomed to associating .it" images, !"us5 digital image
%rocessing encom%asses a .ide and 7aried field of a%%lications, 0)1
*igure )
Electromagnetic s%ectrum arranged according to energy %er %"oton 0)1
6
!"ere is no general agreement among aut"ors regarding ."ere image %rocessing
sto%s and ot"er related areas5 suc" as image analysis and com%uter 7ision5 start,
#ometimes a distinction is made /y defining image %rocessing as a disci%line in
."ic" /ot" t"e in%ut and out%ut of a %rocess are images, !"is is /elie7ed to /e a
limiting and some."at artificial /oundary, 'or e;am%le5 under t"is definition5
e7en t"e tri7ial tas@ of com%uting t"e a7erage intensity of an image 2."ic" yields
a single num/er4 .ould not /e considered an image %rocessing o%eration, On t"e
ot"er "and5 t"ere are fields suc" as com%uter 7ision5 including learning and /eing
a/le to ma@e inferences and ta@e actions /ased on 7isual in%uts, !"is area itself is
a /ranc" of artificial intelligence 2$I4 ."ose o/6ecti7e is to emulate "uman
intelligence, !"e field of $I is in its earliest stages of infancy in terms of
de7elo%ment5 .it" %rogress "a7ing /een muc" slo.er t"an originally antici%ated,
!"e area of image analysis 2also called image understanding4 is in /et.een image
%rocessing and com%uter 7ision, 0)1
!"ere are no clear-cut /oundaries in t"e continuum from image %rocessing at one
end to com%uter 7ision at t"e ot"er, ?o.e7er5 one useful %aradigm is to consider
t"ree ty%es of com%uteriAed %rocesses in t"is continuum: lo.-5 mid-5 and "ig"-
le7el %rocesses, !"e logical %lace /et.een image %rocessing and image analysis is
t"e area of recognition of indi7idual regions or o/6ects in an image, !"us5 ."at is
called t"e digital image %rocessing encom%asses %rocesses ."ose in%uts and
out%uts are images and5 in addition5 encom%asses %rocesses t"at e;tract
attri/utes from images5 u% to and including t"e recognition of indi7idual o/6ects5
as a sim%le illustration to clarify t"ese conce%ts5 consider t"e area of automated
analysis of te;t, !"e %rocess of ac=uiring an image of t"e area containing t"e te;t5
%re%rocessing t"at image5 e;tracting 2segmenting4 t"e indi7idual c"aracters5
descri/ing t"e indi7idual c"aracters in a form suita/le for com%uter %rocessing5
and recogniAing t"ose indi7idual c"aracters are in t"e sco%e of ."at is called
digital image %rocessing in t"is re%ort, 0)1
7
The *uture of Digital Image Processing
!"e digital Image Processing is no. finding .ide range of uses in differenrt
modern a%%lications, 'e. of t"em 2in ."ic" researc"er are trying de7elo%ments 4
include:
E;%ert #ystems
Parallel Processing
-eural -et.or@s 071
$nd many more(
8
&"a%ter -o, "
Things "hich "e see are not 'y the#selves "hat "e see (..
It re#ains co#pletely unkno"n to u
"hat the o')ects #ay 'e 'y the#selves and
apart fro# the receptivity of our senses.
*e kno" nothing 'ut our #anner of perceiving the#.
Immanual Bant
!"e Origins of Digital Image
Processing
+rief history
9
One of t"e first a%%lications of digital images .as in t"e ne.s%a%er industry5
."en %ictures .ere first sent /y su/marine ca/le /et.een 3ondon and -e. Cor@,
Introduction of t"e Bart-lane ca/le %icture transmission system in t"e early
1*20s reduced t"e time re=uired to trans%ort a %icture across t"e $tlantic from
more t"an a .ee@ to less t"an t"ree "ours, #%ecialiAed %rinting e=ui%ment coded
%ictures for ca/le transmission and t"en reconstructed t"em at t"e recei7ing end,
!"e first digital %icture .as %roduced in 1*21 from a coded ta%e /y a telegra%"
%rinter .it" s%ecial ty%e faces, 01
*igure ")
$ digital %icture %roduced in 1*21 from a coded ta%e /y a telegra%" %rinter 0)1
$fter 1*215 t"e ca%a/ility of coding images .as im%ro7ed ra%idly, ?o.e7er5 t"e
/asis for ."at .e call a modern digital signal %rocessing is due to t"e
re7olutionary in7ention of t"e digital com%uter, 011
!"e formal esta/lis"ing of t"e De%artment of Image Processing 2DIP4 at t"e
$stronomical O/ser7atory of B"ar@o7 -ational Dni7ersity s"ould /e referred to
t"e middle of t"e 70-t"s ."ile its origin can /e traced u% to t"e +0-t"s ."en t"e
first attem%ts to correct t"e errors of %"otometry of %lanetary discs for t"e effects
of atmos%"eric /lurring "ad /een underta@en at t"e $O B"-D, Eust at t"at time
t"e %ro/lem of seeing t"roug" t"e tur/ulent atmos%"ere /ecame of great
im%ortance for astronomical studies5 as .ell as for some a%%lied tas@s connected
.it" t"e international safety monitoring, $s a result5 a great num/er of ne.
10
met"ods to o/tain information a/out t"e fine s%atial structure of astronomical
o/6ects "ad a%%eared ."ic" stimulated de7elo%ment of t"e o/ser7ing and
%rocessing tec"ni=ue5 and5 t"at is e7en more im%ortant5 a noticea/le %rogress in
understanding t"e %ro/lem "as /een ac"ie7ed,
*igure #)
!"e first %icture of t"e :oon /y a D,#, spacecraft +anger, ta@en in 1*+4
In7estigation of statistical %arameters of t"e atmos%"ere res%onsi/le for t"e
image degradation .as fulfilled /y t"e DIP staff in 1*74-05 ."ic" "ad "el%ed
t"em to formulate t"e general strategy to reac" t"e "ig" angular resolution in
ground-/ased o/ser7ations 0*1,
$%%lication of interferometeric tec"ni=ue to telesco%ic o/ser7ations /ecame an
im%ortant ste% in o7ercoming t"e natural limit of resolution %osed /y t"e
atmos%"ere, ?o.e7er5 all t"ese met"ods needed a rat"er %o.erful image
%rocessing tec"ni=ue, But at t"at time a digital %rocessing tec"ni=ue could not
%ro7ide %rocessing of "ig"-informati7e astronomical images in a reasona/le time,
In addition5 no digital lig"t detectors e;isted at t"at time, !"at is ."y a co"erent
o%tical %rocessor /ecame t"e most natural instrument to fulfill image %rocessing
in t"e +0-t"s5 ."en t"e first industrial lasers a%%eared,
11
!"e first attem%t to a%%ly a co"erent o%tical de7ice for %rocessing astronomical
images .as underta@en at t"e $O B"-D in 1*70, By 1*73 a co"erent o%tical
%rocessor .it" t"e e;cellent tec"nical %arameters "ad /een created /y t"e efforts
of t"e DIP staff5 035415 and for long /ecame t"e main instrument for sol7ing a
.ide range of %ro/lems connected .it" image %rocessing, 0*1
:any of t"e tec"ni=ues of digital image %rocessing5 or digital %icture %rocessing
as it .as often called5 .ere de7elo%ed in t"e 1*+0s at t"e Eet Pro%ulsion
3a/oratory5 :I!5 Bell 3a/s5 Dni7ersity of :aryland5 and a fe. ot"er %laces5 .it"
a%%lication to satellite imagery5 .ire%"oto standards con7ersion5 medical
imaging5 7ideo%"one5 c"aracter recognition5 and %"oto en"ancement,
011
But t"e
cost of %rocessing .as fairly "ig" .it" t"e com%uting e=ui%ment of t"at era, In
t"e 1*70s5 digital image %rocessing %roliferated5 ."en c"ea%er com%uters and
dedicated "ard.are /ecame a7aila/le, Images could t"en /e %rocessed in real
time5 for some dedicated %ro/lems suc" as tele7ision standards con7ersion, $s
general-%ur%ose com%uters /ecame faster5 t"ey started to ta@e o7er t"e role of
dedicated "ard.are for all /ut t"e most s%ecialiAed and com%ute-intensi7e
o%erations,
<it" t"e fast com%uters and signal %rocessors a7aila/le in t"e 2000s5 digital
image %rocessing "as /ecome t"e most common form of image %rocessing5 and is
generally used /ecause it is not only t"e most 7ersatile met"od5 /ut also t"e
c"ea%est, 0101
12
&"a%ter -o, #
There-s #ore to it than #eets the eye.
F1*t" century %ro7er/
!"e Basics of Digital Image
Processing #ystems
13
*undamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
!"ere are se7eral different ste%s in7olc7ed 7in t"e image %rocessing8 listed a fe.
of t"em are:

*igure $)
'undamental ste%s in digital8 image %rocessing
14
*igure %)
Im%ortant ste%s in7ol7ed in digital image %rocessing
15
Image ,nhancement
Image defects ."ic" could /e caused /y t"e digitiAation %rocess or /y faults in t"e
imaging set-u% 2for e;am%le5 /ad lig"ting4 can /e corrected using Image
En"ancement tec"ni=ues, 0111
*igure -)
Image En"ancement and 9estoration
!"e image at t"e left of 'igure ) "as /een corru%ted /y noise during t"e
digitiAation %rocess, !"e GcleanG image at t"e rig"t of 'igure ) .as o/tained /y
a%%lying a median filter to t"e image,
*igure .)
$d6usting t"e image "istogram to im%ro7e image contrast
16
$n image .it" %oor contrast5 suc" as t"e one at t"e left of 'igure +5 can /e
im%ro7ed /y ad6usting t"e image "istogram to %roduce t"e image s"o.n at t"e
rig"t of 'igure +,
*igure /)
&orrecting for a /ac@ground gradient
Components of an Image Processing System
$s recently as t"e mid-1*0s5 numerous models of image %rocessing systems
/eing sold t"roug"out t"e .orld .ere rat"er su/stantial %eri%"eral de7ices t"at
attac"ed to e=ually su/stantial "ost com%uters, 3ate in t"e 1*0s and early in t"e
1**0s5 t"e mar@et s"ifted to image, 011
17
*igure 0)
&om%onents of a digital image %rocessing sytem
18
&"a%ter -o, $
.or a long ti#e, I li#ited #yself to one color////
as a for#of discipline.
Pa/lo Picasso
$%%lications of Digital Image
Processing #ystems
19
1pplications)
There is a 2ide range of applications of the digital image processing3
all of 2hich may not be discussed in this short report. That is 2hy 2e
shall enlist them and discuss only a fe2 in detail in this section later.
1. &om%uter 7ision
2. 'ace detection
3. 'eature detection
4. 3ane de%arture .arning system
5. -on-%"otorealistic rendering
6. :edical image %rocessing
7. :icrosco%e image %rocessing
8. :or%"ological image %rocessing
9. 9emote sensing 0131
Images from 4arious 1pplications
. ,ngineering
*igure 5)
20
Engineering a%%lication
". Medicine 6M7 Image8
*igure )
$ :edical a%%lication---:agnetic resonance imaging
$ magnetic resonance imaging instrument 2:9I scanner4 uses %o.erful magnets
to %olarise and e;cite "ydrogen nuclei 2single %roton4 in .ater molecules in
"uman tissue5 %roducing a detecta/le signal ."ic" is s%atially encoded resulting
in images of t"e /ody, In /rief5 :9I in7ol7es t"e use of t"ree @inds of
electromagnetic field: a 7ery strong 2of t"e order of units of teslas4 static magnetic
field to %olariAe t"e "ydrogen nuclei5 called t"e static field8 a .ea@er time-7arying
2of t"e order of 1 @?A4 for s%atial encoding5 called t"e gradient field2s48 and a
.ea@ radio-fre=uency 29'4 field for mani%ulation of t"e "ydrogen nuclei to
%roduce measura/le signals5 collected t"roug" an 9' antenna,
21
*igure ")
P"otogra%"y and Digital Image Processing
*igure #)
Digital Image Processing in $stronomy
22
*igure $)
'ingure Prints Detection
*igure %)
3icense Plate 9eaders
23
Digital camera images
Digital cameras generally include dedicated digital image %rocessing c"i%s to
con7ert t"e ra. data from t"e image sensor into a color-corrected image in a
standard image file format, Images from digital cameras often recei7e furt"er
%rocessing to im%ro7e t"eir =uality5 a distinct ad7antage digital cameras "a7e
o7er film cameras, !"e digital image %rocessing is ty%ically done /y s%ecial
soft.are %rograms t"at can mani%ulate t"e images in many .ays, 0121
Computer vision
Computer vision is t"e science and tec"nology of mac"ines t"at see, $s a
scientific disci%line5 com%uter 7ision is concerned .it" t"e t"eory for /uilding
artificial systems t"at o/tain information from images, !"e image data can ta@e
many forms5 suc" as a 7ideo se=uence5 7ie.s from multi%le cameras5 or multi-
dimensional data from a medical scanner,
$s a tec"nological disci%line5 com%uter 7ision see@s to a%%ly t"e t"eories and
models of com%uter 7ision to t"e construction of com%uter 7ision systems,
E;am%les of a%%lications of com%uter 7ision systems include systems for:
&ontrolling %rocesses 2e,g, an industrial ro/ot or an autonomous 7e"icle4,
Detecting e7ents 2e,g, for 7isual sur7eillance or %eo%le counting4,
OrganiAing information 2e,g, for inde;ing data/ases of images and image
se=uences4,
:odeling o/6ects or en7ironments 2e,g, industrial ins%ection5 medical
image analysis or to%ogra%"ical modeling4,
Interaction 2e,g, as t"e in%ut to a de7ice for com%uter-"uman interaction4,
1nimal Trac9ing
In order to collect s%atial information a/out an animalGs mo7ement /y means of
digital image %rocessing tec"ni=ues t"e information "as to /e collected
24
se=uentially, !"is can /e ac"ie7ed /y analyAing su/se=uent image frames of a
digitiAed 7ideo, By means of e;tracting t"e H- and C- coordinates re%resenting
t"e %osition of a mouse for eac" indi7idual image frame5 t"e %at" can /e
measured, Ideally5 time as an additional information5 s"ould /e included, If t"e
images are ca%tured and analyAed at a constant framerate or5 alternati7ely5 t"e
e;act time for eac" coordinate %air is e;tracted simultaneously5 7alua/le
information li@e s%eed5 sto%s5 etc, can /e calculated from t"e data, !al@ing a/out
timelines5 it "as to /e noted t"at de%ending u%on t"e framerate 2time resolution4
t"e total %at"lengt" may 7ary to a great e;tend,
*igure -)
$ mouse is digitiAed to c"ec@ its mo7ements 0131
Medical imaging
:edical imaging refers to t"e tec"ni=ues and %rocesses used to create images of
t"e "uman /ody 2or %arts t"ereof4 for clinical %ur%oses 2medical %rocedures
see@ing to re7eal5 diagnose or e;amine disease4 or medical science 2including t"e
study of normal anatomy and %"ysiology4,
$s a disci%line and in its .idest sense5 it is %art of /iological imaging and
incor%orates radiology 2in t"e .ider sense45 radiological sciences5 endosco%y5
25
2medical4 t"ermogra%"y5 medical %"otogra%"y and microsco%y 2e,g, for "uman
%at"ological in7estigations4,
:easurement and recording tec"ni=ues ."ic" are not %rimarily designed to
%roduce images5 suc" as electroence%"alogra%"y 2EEI4 and
magnetoence%"alogra%"y 2:EI4 and ot"ers5 /ut ."ic" %roduce data susce%ti/le
to /e re%resented as ma%s 2i,e, containing %ositional information45 can /e seen as
forms of medical imaging, 0141
,lectron microscopy
!"e electron microsco%e is a microsco%e t"at can magnify 7ery small details .it"
"ig" resol7ing %o.er due to t"e use of electrons as t"e source of illumination5
magnifying at le7els u% to 250005000 times,
Electron microsco%y is em%loyed in anatomic %at"ology to identify organelles
.it"in t"e cells, Its usefulness "as /een greatly reduced /y immun"istoc"emistry
/ut it is still irre%lacea/le for t"e diagnosis of @idney disease5 identification of
immotile cilia syndrome and many ot"er tas@s
*luoroscopy
'luorosco%y %roduces real-time images of internal structures of t"e /ody in a
similar fas"ion to radiogra%"y5 /ut em%loys a constant in%ut of ; rays5 at a lo.er
dose rate, &ontrast media5 suc" as /arium5 iodine5 and air are used to 7isualiAe
internal organs as t"ey .or@, 'luorosco%y is also used in image-guided
%rocedures ."en constant feed/ac@ during a %rocedure is re=uired, $n image
rece%tor is re=uired to con7ert t"e radiation into an image after it "as %assed
t"roug" t"e area of interest, Early on t"is .as a fluorescing screen5 ."ic" ga7e
.ay to an Image $m%lifier 2I$4 ."ic" .as a large 7acuum tu/e t"at "ad t"e
recei7ing end coated .it" cesium iodide5 and a mirror at t"e o%%osite end,
E7entually t"e mirror .as re%laced .it" a !> camera,
26
Nuclear medicine
Images from gamma cameras are used in nuclear medicine to detect regions of
/iological acti7ity t"at are often associated .it" diseases, $ s"ort li7ed isoto%e5
suc" as
123
I is administered to t"e %atient, !"ese isoto%es are more readily
a/sor/ed /y /iologically acti7e regions of t"e /ody5 suc" as tumors or fracture
%oints in /ones,
Pro:ection radiography
9adiogra%"s5 more commonly @no.n as ;-rays5 are often used to determine t"e
ty%e and e;tent of a fracture as .ell as for detecting %at"ological c"anges in t"e
lungs, <it" t"e use of radio-o%a=ue contrast media5 suc" as /arium5 t"ey can also
/e used to 7isualiAe t"e structure of t"e stomac" and intestines - t"is can "el%
diagnose ulcers or certain ty%es of colon cancer,
;ltrasound
:edical ultrasonogra%"y uses "ig" fre=uency /road/and sound .a7es in t"e
mega"ertA range t"at are reflected /y tissue to 7arying degrees to %roduce 2u% to
3D4 images, !"is is often used to 7isualiAe t"e fetus in %regnant .omen, Ot"er
im%ortant uses include imaging t"e a/dominal organs5 "eart5 male genitalia5 and
t"e 7eins of t"e leg, <"ile it may %ro7ide less anatomical detail t"an tec"ni=ues
suc" as &! or :9I5 it "as se7eral ad7antages ."ic" ma@e it ideal in numerous
situations5 in %articular t"at it studies t"e function of mo7ing structures in real-
time5 emits no ioniAing radiation5 and contains s%ec@le t"at can /e used in
elastogra%"y, It is 7ery safe to use and does not a%%ear to cause any ad7erse
effects5 alt"oug" information on t"is is not .ell documented, It is also relati7ely
ine;%ensi7e and =uic@ to %erform, Dltrasound scanners can /e ta@en to critically
ill %atients in intensi7e care units5 a7oiding t"e danger caused ."ile mo7ing t"e
%atient to t"e radiology de%artment, !"e real time mo7ing image o/tained can /e
used to guide drainage and /io%sy %rocedures, Do%%ler ca%a/ilities on modern
scanners allo. t"e /lood flo. in arteries and 7eins to /e assessed, 0171
27
&"a%ter -o, %
*hen so#ething can 'e read "ithout effort,
0reat effort has gone into its "riting.
Enri1ue 2ardiel 3oncela
&itations
28
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