ANALOG SIGNAL ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING BY VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION

ANALOG SIGNAL ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING

BY VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
ROMAN BAICAN, DAN NECSULESCU*
Adam Opel AG, Germany
*University of Ottawa, Canada
Product research, dee!o"#e$t a$d #a$u%actur&$' as (e!! as e)"er&#e$ta!
(or* &$ !a+orator&es re!, o$ data ac-u&s&t&o$ so!ut&o$s %or s,ste# #o$&tor&$', co$tro!
a$d &$stru#e$t character&.at&o$/ A co#"!ete data so!ut&o$ usua!!, co$s&sts o% se$s&$',
s&'$a! co$d&t&o$&$', data ac-u&s&t&o$ a$d "rocess&$', a$a!,.&$', &sua!&.at&o$, re"ort
'e$erat&o$ a$d actuat&$', as sho($ &$ %&'ure 0/
1&'/0 The 'e$er&c structure o% &rtua! &$stru#e$tat&o$
The d&rect !&$* to a$ eo!ut&o$ar, "rocess &s acco#"!&shed +, the se$sors
(h&ch de!&er %or each "ara#eter a$ e!ectr&c s&'$a! 2$or#a!!, a$a!o'3/ A%ter
co$d&t&o$&$' 2a#"!&%&ed, %&!tered, s#oothed, %or#at&o$, etc/3 the s&'$a! (&!! +e ac-u&red
+, a DAQ 2Data Ac-u&s&t&o$ Card3, co$erted +, a A4D 2A$a!o' to D&'&ta! Co$erter3
a$d tra$s#&tted to the #a&$ co#"uter/ 5&th a$ a""ro"r&ate so%t(are, the s&'$a! (&!! +e
a$a!,.ed a$d "rocessed/ To create co#"!ete a$d o"t&#u# data ac-u&s&t&o$ so!ut&o$
(&th&$ a #&$&#u# t&#e, ded&cated hard(are a$d so%t(are too!s are $eeded such that
$ot the dee!o"#e$t t&#e &s reduced +ut a!so the co#"!e) %u$ct&o$a!&t, re-u&red %or
carr,&$' out a!! data ac-u&s&t&o$ tas*s co$curre$t!, &s aa&!a+!e/
67
ROMAN BAICAN, DAN NECSULESCU
Most &#"orta$t &s $o( to %&$d a su&ta+!e so%t(are to dr&e the "rocess/ U$t&!
rece$t!,, to &sua!&.e "rocess "ara#eter a$d to co$$ect s,ste# co#"o$e$t, so%t(are
+ased o$ the sta$dard te)t "ro'ra##&$' !a$'ua'es (as used/
8o(eer, o$ accou$t o% these !a$'ua'e co#"!e)&t,, such "ro'ra#s re-u&re
co#"uter s"ec&a!&sts (h&ch $or#a!!, do $ot hae su%%&c&e$t *$o(!ed'e a+out "rocess
auto#at&o$/ S,ste# #o$&tor&$' a$d co$tro! has toda, $e(, #ore co#"!e),
re-u&re#e$ts resu!t&$' %ro# the $eed %or &$te'rat&$' $u#erous &$stru#e$ts, te!e9
#o$&tor&$' a$d te!e9o"erat&o$, %ast a$d co#"!e) s&'$a! "rocess&$' a$d s&'$a!
a$a!,.&$', %us&$' s&'$a!s %ro# ar&ous &$stru#e$ts etc/ The %u!%&!!#e$t o% these $e(
re-u&re#e$ts &s 'reat!, %ac&!&tated +, the aa&!a+&!&t, o% chea"er a$d #ore ersat&!e
co#"ut&$' %ac&!&t&es/ Mo$&tor&$' a$d co$tro! &s a$ &$te'ra! "art o% co#"uter&.ed
"roduct&o$ a$d %o!!o(s the tre$d to(ards t&'hter s,ste# &$te'rat&o$, &$creased "roduct&&t,
a$d cost reduct&o$/ 8ard(are eo!ut&o$ %ro# #&$&co#"uters to PC 2Perso$a!
Co#"uters3, e#+edded #&cro9co$tro!!ers a$d co#"uter $et(or*s as (e!! as "ro'ra##&$'
eo!ut&o$ %ro# asse#+!, !a$'ua'es, h&'h9!ee! !a$'ua'es, &sua! "ro'ra##&$' to
'ra"h&ca! "ro'ra##&$' !a$'ua'es e$a+!ed $e( co#"uter&.ed &$stru#e$tat&o$ so!ut&o$s/
A #a:or cha$'e occurred, (&th the a""eara$ce o% &rtua! &$stru#e$tat&o$
(h&ch re"!aced "art o% s&'$a! ac-u&s&t&o$, "rocess&$' a$d d&s"!a,, &$ trad&t&o$a!
&$stru#e$ts, +, "erso$a! co#"uter +ased cou$ter"arts/ As a resu!t o% 'ra"h&ca!
"ro'ra##&$' +ased so!ut&o$s, the co#"uter #o$&tor (as tur$ed &$to a re"!ace#e$t o%
the %ro$t "a$e! o% the trad&t&o$a! &$stru#e$ts a$d, &$ %act, (&th e$ha$ced %eatures/ P!u'9
&$ data ac-u&s&t&o$ +oards tra$s%or# "erso$a! co#"uters &$to d&'&ta! de&ce ca"a+!e to
co!!ect s&'$a!s %ro# se$sors a$d to se$d co##a$ds to actuators/
V&rtua! &$stru#e$tat&o$ su""orts a ar&et, o% co#"uter +ased #o$&tor&$' a$d
co$tro! s,ste#s (h&ch, +es&des "!u'9&$ Data Ac-u&s&t&o$ +oards 2DAQ3 &$c!ude
Ge$era! Pur"ose I$stru#e$t Bus 2GPIB3 a$d V;I #a&$%ra#es/
The "rese$tat&o$ o% th&s a""!&cat&o$ coers the %u$da#e$ta! *$o(!ed'e $eeded
%or &$ter%ac&$' se$sors (&th a PC us&$' the $e( %ra#e(or* o% &rtua! &$stru#e$tat&o$/
Th&s a""!&cat&o$ %ocuses o$ the *$o(!ed'e $eeded to a $o$ s"ec&a!&st &$
co#"uters to dee!o" a #oder$ #o$&tor&$' s,ste# &/e/ to co$$ect se$sors to a PC 2or a
La"to"3, co$d&t&o$ the&r s&'$a!s (he$ re-u&red as (e!! as to store a$d "rocess the data
us&$' d&'&ta! s&'$a! "rocess&$' su+rout&$es aa&!a+!e &$ co##erc&a! &rtua! &$stru#e$tat&o$
"ac*a'es/
The "r&$c&"a! %eatures o% th&s a""!&cat&o$ are< a3 Us&$' the 8P VEE a$d
La+VIE5, the t(o #ost &#"orta$t &rtua! "ro'ra##&$' !a$'ua'e, to co$tro! the
&$stru#e$ts, to ac-u&re the s&'$a!s a$d to "rocess the#= +3 S&'$a! ac-u&s&t&o$ +ased o$
DAQ Card= c3 E)ecut&o$ o% s&'$a! ac-u&s&t&o$ %ro# ar&ous se$sors/ The a""!&cat&o$s
co$ta&$s $u#erous "ro'ra##&$' a$d $u#er&ca! e)a#"!es ho( to #easure the
te#"erature, a$'u!ar a$d !&$ear d&s"!ace#e$t a$d &+rat&o$s a$d are or'a$&.ed &$ the
%o!!o(&$' #odu!es<
6>
ANALOG SIGNAL ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING BY VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
Module 1 PCM-DAS16D/1DAQ C!"d-Pul#e !$d DC Vol%!&e Re#'o$#e PCM-DAS16D/1DAQ C!"d-Pul#e !$d DC Vol%!&e Re#'o$#e
1&'/? E)"er&#e$ta! set9u" %or o+ta&$&$' DAQ Card "u!se a$d DC o!ta'e res"o$se
I$ %&'ure @ &s sho($ the DAQ Card res"o$se s&'$a!s %or the &$"uts s&'$a!s
0A8. a$d 0BBA8., a$d &$ %&'ure 6 the DC o!ta'e res"o$se o% the DAQ Card/
The 5or* area o% the Das?/ee "ro'ra# %or card DC o!ta'e res"o$se,
"rese$ted &$ %&'ure C, co$ta&$s the &rtua! %ro$t "a$e! o% the &$stru#e$ts, the d&a!o'
+o)es, the &sua!&.&$' charts, the %&!e $a#e a$d data $u#er&c d&s"!a,/
1&'/@ Card Pu!se Ca!&+rat&o$ 1&'/6 Card DC Vo!ta'e Res"o$se
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PCM-DAS16D/12 Card Pulse Calibration
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Pulse Repetition Frequency f=100KHz
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PCM-DAS16D/12 Card DC Voltage Response
Voltage Supply [V]
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Card Voltage Range 0...+5V
Card Voltage Range 0...+10V
ROMAN BAICAN, DAN NECSULESCU
1&'/C 5or* area o% the Das?/ee "ro'ra# %or card DC o!ta'e res"o$se/
Module S(&$!l A)*u(#(%(o$ +"o, V!"(ou# Se$#o"#
?/0 A$'u!ar Pote$t&o#eter
1&'/E The #easure#e$t +!oc* d&a'ra# 1&'/7 The Vo!ta'e res"o$se s/ A$'!e
CB
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-5
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Angle Sensor
Angle [Degrees]
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ANALOG SIGNAL ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING BY VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
Th&s "ote$t&o#eter t,"e used as a se$sor, co$erts a$'u!ar d&s"!ace#e$t &$to
o!ta'e/
The +!oc* d&a'ra# "rese$ted &$ %&'ure E, co$ta&$s the #easure#e$t sche#e o%
the A$'u!ar Pote$t&o#eter (hose a$'u!ar d&s"!ace#e$t

&s a resu!t o% tur$&$'

#a$ua!!, &ts (&"er/
The Po(er Su""!, co$tro! &s ach&eed +, the INES9GPIB Card/
?/? I$duct&e Se$sor
The &$duct&e se$sor uses ar&a+!e #a'$et&c &$teract&o$ to co$ert #ot&o$ &$to
t&#e ar,&$' o!ta'e/ The +!oc* d&a'ra# "rese$ted &$ %&'ure > co$ta&$s the
#easure#e$t sche#e o% a$ &$duct&e se$sor e)c&ted +, a &+rat&$' #e#+ra$e/
1&'/> The +!oc* d&a'ra# 1&'/D The res"o$se s&'$a! a$d the "u!se
e)c&tat&o$ s&'$a!
The 1u$ct&o$ Ge$erator co$tro! &s ach&eed +, the INES9GPIB Card/ The
&$duct&e se$sor res"o$se &s #easured (&th the GPIB D&'&ta! Sa#"!&$' Osc&!!osco"e/
The &+rat&$' #e#+ra$e e)c&tat&o$ s&'$a! %ro# the 1u$ct&o$ Ge$erator &s #easured +,
the DAQ Card/
?/@ Ther#ocou"!e
The ther#ocou"!e co$ert te#"erature ar&at&o$s &$to a o!ta'e s&'$a!/ I$
%&'ure 0B &s sho($ the +!oc* d&a'ra# to #easure the te#"erature ar&at&o$s o% a 8eat
Source (&th a ther#ocou"!e/
1&'/0B The +!oc* d&a'ra#
C0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
a)Response signal to Pulse excitation f(Rep)=100Hz; Duty factor=5%
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2
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Time [ms]
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Pulse Excitation Signal
ROMAN BAICAN, DAN NECSULESCU
The 8P VEE 5or* Area sho($ &$ %&'ure 00, co$ta&$s the &rtua! &$stru#e$ts/
The to" "art sho(s the d&a!o' +o)es (h&ch "er#&t the se!ect&o$ o% the ac-u&s&t&o$ a$d
a$a!,.&$' "ara#eters o% the DAQ Card/ The +otto# "art sho(s the 'ra"h o% the
ther#ocou"!e out"ut s&'$a! &$ a$ u$s"ec&%&ed u$&ts, the %&!e $a#e, data co!!ector a$d
$u#er&ca! d&s"!a,/
1&'/00 8P VEE (or* area %or te#"erature #easure#e$t (&th a ther#ocou"!e
Module - Me!#u"($& Co$%"ol +o" ./ Co,'o$e$%# C0!"!)%e"(1!%(o$
@/0 81 Pass&e Co#"o$e$ts< Lo(9Pass 1&!ter
A$ &dea! Lo(9Pass 1&!ter &s a "ass&e e!ectr&c $et(or* that a!!o( to "ass
(&thout atte$uat&o$ &$"ut s&'$a!s +e!o( a des&red %re-ue$c, a!ue, ca!!ed cut9o%% %re-ue$c,/
The s&'$a!s (&th the %re-ue$c&es 'reater tha$ the cut9o%% %re-ue$c, are atte$uated/
1&'/0? The +!oc* d&a'ra# 1&'/0@ Tra$s#&ss&o$ s&'$a! s/ %re-ue$c,
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Tra$s#&s s&o$ (&th 1&!ter
Tra$s#&s s&o$ (&thout 1&!ter, T#ea$H0,E6 FdBG
ANALOG SIGNAL ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING BY VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
INES9GPIB Card &s used &$ th&s #easure#e$t a$d co$tro! sche#e 2%&'ure 0?3
%or the &$stru#e$t co$tro! o% the S(ee" Osc&!!ator a$d %or the data ac-u&s&t&o$ (&th the
Po(er Meter/
O$!, tra$s#&ss&o$ &s #easured (&th a$d (&thout %&!ter/ I$ the %&'ure 06 &s
"rese$ted the 8P VEE 5or* Area (&th the &rtua! &$stru#e$ts/ The to" "arts sho(s the
d&a!o' +o) o% the &$stru#e$t co$tro! o% the S(ee" Ge$erator %or the %re-ue$c, ra$'e
%ro# 6 to 0B G8. &$ ste"s o% ?B M8./ The +otto# "art sho(s the d&a!o' +o) o% the
Po(er Meter (&th &$"ut %ro# Po(er se$sor/ The r&'ht ha$d s&de o% the %&'ure co$ta&$s
the data co!!ectors, $u#er&ca! a$d 'ra"h&ca! d&s"!a,/

1&'/06 The 8PVEE 5or* Area (&th the &rtua! &$stru#e$ts
@/? 81 Act&e Co#"o$e$ts< VCO 2Vo!ta'e Co$tro!!ed Osc&!!ator3
VCO "roduce s&'$a!s o% ar&a+!e %re-ue$c,, due to a $o$9!&$ear co#"o$e$t
2%or e)a#"!e a aractor d&ode3 (hose ca"ac&ta$ce &s #od&%&ed +, a$ &$"ut o!ta'e/
Co$se-ue$t!,, the VCO %re-ue$c, &s #od&%&ed &$ a des&red ra$'e/
1&'/0C The +!oc* d&a'ra# to #easure the character&st&cs o% a VCO
C@
ROMAN BAICAN, DAN NECSULESCU
INES9GPIB Card &s used &$ th&s #easure#e$t a$d co$tro! sche#e, sho($ &$
%&'ure 0C %or the &$stru#e$t co$tro! o% the DC Po(er Su""!, a$d %or the data ac-u&s&t&o$
a$d a$a!,s&s (&th the Po(er Meter, 1re-ue$c, Meter a$d S"ectru# A$a!,.er/
The "rocess u$der #easure#e$t a$d co$tro! &s a VCO su""!&ed +, a co$sta$t
0BV DC Po(er Su""!, a$ a ar&a+!e %ro# 0 to 0>V GPIB co$tro!!ed DC Po(er Su""!,/
The test co$s&sts &$ the #easure#e$t o% VCO "o(er a$d %re-ue$c, out"ut ersus
ar&a+!e &$"ut o!ta'e/
1&'/0E The 8P VEE 5or* Area 1&'/07 The VCO Po(er I 1re-ue$c, s/ o!ta'e
The 8P VEE 5or* Area 2%&'ure 0E3 co$ta&$s the d&s"!a, o% the resu!ts o% the
S"ectru# A$a!,.er, Po(er Meter a$d 1re-ue$c, Meter as (e!! as a co$tro! +!oc*, 1or
Ra$'e, %or ar&a+!e o!ta'e DC Po(er Su""!, %ro# 0 to 0>V &$ ste"s o% 0B #V/
Module 2 S(&$!l P"o)e##($&
6/0 S&'$a! Ge$erat&o$JRa#" Patter$
1&'/0> 1ro$t Pa$e! 1&'/0D The B!oc* D&a'ra#
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ANALOG SIGNAL ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING BY VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
The La+VIE5 1ro$t Pa$e! 2%&'ure 0>3 %or the Ra#" Patter$ "ro'ra# Ra#"/&
co$ta&$s co$tro!s %or Sa#"!es, E$d a$d Start as (e!! as a$ &$d&cator %or d&s"!a,&$'
'ra"h&ca!!, the Ra#" Patter$/ The +!oc* d&a'ra# 2%&'ure 0D3 &s ce$tered arou$d the
Ra#" Patter$/& V&rtua! I$stru#e$t a$d the corres"o$d&$' &co$s %or the co$tro!s a$d
&$d&cators/
6/? Mathe#at&ca! O"erat&o$ o% S&'$a!s J D&%%ere$t&at&o$ I I$te'rat&o$ o% a %u$ct&o$
1&'/?B The 1ro$t Pa$e! 1&'/?0 The B!oc* D&a'ra#
The 1ro$t Pa$e! 2%&'ure ?B3 sho(s the 'ra"h&ca! resu!ts o% the d&%%ere$t&at&o$
a$d &$te'rat&o$ o% a %u$ct&o$ '&e$ &$ 1or#u!a %or the a!ues +et(ee$ StartHB to
E$dH0B (&th Nu#+er o% "o&$tsH6B/ The +!oc* d&a'ra# 2%&'ure ?03 &s ce$tered arou$d
D&%%ere$t&at&o$/& a$d I$te'rat&o$/& V&rtua! I$stru#e$ts a$d co$ta&$s the &co$s
corres"o$d&$' to the co$tro!s a$d &$d&cators %ro# the 1ro$t Pa$e!/
6/@ 1&!ter&$' J S#ooth&$'
1&'/?? The 8P VEE 5or* Area o% the s#ooth/ee "ro'ra#
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ROMAN BAICAN, DAN NECSULESCU
A$other e)a#"!e o% S&'$a! Process&$' &s a s#ooth/ee "ro'ra# %or %&!ter&$'
the $o&s, out"ut o% the "re&ous!, "rese$ted a$'u!ar "ote$t&o#eter s&'$a!/
The 5or* Area 2%&'ure ??3 co$ta&$s the 1ro# 1&!e +!oc* (&th data address, the
#ea$ S#ooth +!oc* o% the 1&!ter 2(&th the s!&d&$' (&$do(s o% CB sa#"!es3 a$d t(o
Str&" Charts to re"rese$ts the $o&s, a$d %&!tered s&'$a!s/
The a""!&cat&o$ &s s"ec&%&ca!!, addressed to se$&or u$der'raduate stude$ts &$
e$'&$eer&$' a$d sc&e$ce as (e!! as %or "ract&c&$' e$'&$eers a$d researchers (&th
&$terest &$ us&$' co#"uter +ased &$stru#e$tat&o$/ Th&s a""!&cat&o$ &s a$ &$troduct&o$ +,
&!!ustrat&e e)a#"!es to the use o% V&rtua! I$stru#e$tat&o$ +ased o$ 8P VEE a$d
La+VIE5/
A co#"!ete "rese$tat&o$ o% 8PVEE a$d La+VIE5 ca$ +e %ou$d &$ the
re%ere$ces F09CG/
RE/ERENCES
0/ 8P VEE Gra"h&ca! Pro'ra##&$' Too!, 8e(!ett9Pac*ard
?/ R/8e!se!, V&sua! Pro'ra##&$' (&th 8P VEE, Pre$t&ce 8a!!, 0DDE
@/ La+VIE5, Data Ac-u&s&t&o$ Bas&cs Ma$ua!, Nat&o$a! I$stru#e$ts, 0DD>
6/ R/B&sho", Lear$&$' (&th La+VIE5, Add&so$ 5es!e,, 0DD>
C/ R/Ba&ca$, D/Necsu!escu, A""!&ed V&rtua! I$stru#e$tat&o$, 5IT Press, ?BBB
CE