PROGRESS ON DEVELOPING

ADAPTIVE OPTICS-OPTICAL
COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOR
IN VIVO RETINAL IMAGING:
MONITORING AND CORRECTION OF
EYE MOTION ARTIFACTS
PRESENTED BY
SWETHA.P
S7 EC1
ROLL NO.67
Retinal Imaging Modalities

Fundus camera


Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (SLO)


Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
FUNDUS CAMERA

Provide magnified view of fundus

Low power microscope with an attached camera

Reflected light pass through eyepiece

Button is pressed to take a picture
Normal fundus photographs of left
eye (right image)
SCANNING LASER OPTHALMOSCOPE (SLO)

Technique of confocal laser scanning microscopy for
diagnostic

Combined with adaptive optics technology to provide sharper
images

Uses horizontal and vertical scanning mirror
SLO Retinal image of a left eye
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY

Optical signal acquisition and processing method

Three-dimensional images from within optical scattering
media (e.g., biological tissue)

The principle of OCT is white light or low coherence
interferometry

Captures micrometer-resolution, three-dimensional images

Ultrashort pulsed lasers and supercontinum lasers are used



A- SCAN AND B-SCAN

A-SCAN

Determine eye length for calculation of intraocular lens
Performed using ultrasonic wave
It gives the information in the form of one dimensional

B SCAN

Brightness scan
Produce a two-dimensional, cross-sectional view of the eye
Adaptive optics

Makes necessary optical correction
Permit faster modulation (higher frame rates)

FEATURES

Reduced speckle size
Increased lateral resolution



Components of Adaptive optics

Wavefront sensor

Wavefront corrector

Control system
The wavefront sensor and corrector measure and correct the
eye's wave aberrations
The AOcontroller controls the interaction between the
wavefront sensor and the corrector element
Interprets the wavefront sensor data and computes the
appropriate wavefront corrector drive signals.
AO systems operating in closed-loop
Measured wavefront is the error signal that gets fed back to the
controller
AO-OCT
OCT design configurations have been combined with AO

Assessed using -standard AO and OCT metrics

More accurate and clear image
Point-spread functions achieved by
different retinal imaging systems
Comparison in resolution

OCT axial resolution z
depends only on the
coherence properties of the
light source

SLO system depends on the focusing
geometry of the beam used for
imaging
Transverse resolution (x) in OCT and SLO depends on the light source wavelength and
NA of the imaging optics.
DRAWBACKS OF TRANSVERSE RESOLUTION

Limited depth range over which the retinal structures remain in
focus

Structures in focus show high contrast

Out-of-focus areas appear similar to those in the low lateral
resolution OCT scan
MOTION ARTIFACTS

Micro saccadic jerks - constant move of eye from one feature
to other

Slow drift of the eye

High frequency micro tremors - involuntary movement due
muscle contraction

determination of motion artifacts

Co-register the b-scans

Co-register the b-scans to maximize the cross-correlation
between each adjacent pair

Real-time hardware-based correction

Additional light beam is used to determine distance to cornea


advanced SYSTEM
Yellow rays-AO-OCT path
Blue rays-AO-SLO path
Red rays-common path for both systems.
Hslo-slo horizontal scanner
HOCT-OCT horizontal scanner
V-vertical scanner
D-dichroic mirror
Dm-deformable mirror for adaptive optics
Pbs-pellicle beam splitter
Lf-low-pass optical filter,
SHWFS-shack-Hartman wavefront sensor.

AO-OCT Data Acquisition

OCT use 836 nm light with a bandwidth of 112 nm

For SLO use 683.4 nm light with a bandwidth of 8.2 nm

SLO and OCT beams share the same path

Hslo,Hoct-separate SLO light from OCT light for the
horizontal scanning mirrors



Both AO-OCT volume and AO-SLO image cover the same
lateral area of the retina

B-scan acquisition is repeated for different positions of the
OCT horizontal scanner

AO-SLO image cover the same lateral area of the retina
Timing diagrams of vertical scanner (VS) and
horizontal OCT/SLO scanners HSOCT, HSSLO for
volumetric data acquisition.
Schematic of main acquisition planes of AO-OCT
(B-scan) and AO-SLO (C-scan) in our instrument
Experimental setup

Detection of Eye Motion
Artifacts
Uses AO-SLO image series to track eye movement

Construct a reference image

Several frames distributed throughout the AO-SLO image

Avoid frames that have significantly lower overall brightness
Register the reference frames to maximize the cross
correlation between each selected frame

Average the registered frames

Divide the AO-SLO images into equally sized strips

Displacement of a strip from its expected location on the
reference image is the average displacement of the target
Correction of eye motion
artifacts
Advantages
OCT can build up clear 3D images of thick samples by
rejecting background signal

Images can be obtained by non-contact

OCT as an echo technique is similar to ultrasound imaging

The motion corrected AO-OCT volumes reveal the actual
sampling pattern that are affected by motion artifacts
Disadvantages

If the AO-SLO images do not exhibit a distinct texture, the
algorithm will not be able to construct a good composite
reference image

The conversion factors to change eye motion detected in
AO-OCT pixels must be accurate to ensure the correct
replacement of A-scans to their actual sampling locations
Future scope

Improved diagnostic and monitoring of many eye diseases
(eg. Glaucoma)

Averaging of multiple volumes might allow visualization of
cellular structures that are not visible on a single volume due
to insufficient signal intensity or presence of coherence noise

Successful visualization of retinal ganglion cells(the cells that
send the signals from the retina to other parts of the brain)
CONCLUSION
AO-OCT is a relatively novel retinal imaging technology that
still continues to develop

Transverse chromatic aberrations shift the relative lateral
position of OCT and SLO beams on the retina

Motion correction of in vivo AO-OCT volumes of the human
retina has potentially significant benefits for vision and
physiology

Reduce the number of scans need to be captured, ultimately
reducing imaging time and increasing patient comfort
REFERENCE
Optical coherence tomography
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php

Adaptive Optics in Retinal Imaging
Source: http:/ / www.adaptiveoptics. org/ News_1006_3. html

Guyton AC, Hall JE. Human physiology and mechanisms of
disease. 6th ed. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders
Company;1997. p. 40015