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CXC MATHEMATICS
Tutorial
Functions & Relations
Author: John Spencer MBA (Dist), M. Sc, B. Sc.
ormer Senior !ecturer and "ead o# Section$ Uni%ersit& o# 'echno(og& $ )amaica
ormer !ecturer * )ohn Dona(dson 'echnica( Institute $ 'rinidad
A(( rights reser%ed. +o ,art o# this document must -e re,roduced stored in a retrie%a(
s&stem, or transmitted in an& #orm or -& an& means, e(ectronic, mechanica(, ,hotoco,&ing,
recording or other.ise, .ithout the ,rior .ritten ,ermission o# the author.
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unctions ? @e(ations
/onsider t.o sets o# in#ormation .here the e(ements in
one set can -e (in4ed or has a connection to the
e(ements in the other set o# in#ormation.
Mathematica((& .e can sa& that a re(ation exist -et.een
the t.o sets.
Some exam,(es are :
A Menu items and ,rices.
A +ames and ages o# students in a c(ass
A Boo4s and their (ocation in a (i-rar&
A +ames and ,hone num-ers in a director&
A In,ut and out,ut e(ements o# #unctions
Each e(ement is the in,ut set B ca((ed the Domain, is
,aired or ma,,ed to one or more e(ements in the other
set ca((ed the @ange. 'his ,airing or ma,,ing is done
-ased on a s,eci#ic ru(e.
'he domain e(ement x is sometimes said to -e ma,,ed
unto the range e(ement.
x 5x=
'his notation is ca((ed a ma,,ing notation and is used
to descri-e the s,eci#ic ru(e used to ma, x unto 5x+1.
2e can a(so de#ine x as an in,ut %aria-(e and & as the
out,ut so that:
y = 5x + 1
or the a-o%e eCuation, the re(ation -et.een x and & #or
%a(ues o# x -et.een $< and D< is sho.n in the ta-(e
-e(o..
Each %a(ue o# x resu(ts in an out,ut & -ased on a
specific rule o# y = 5x+1.
'he (ast ro. o# the ta-(e, sho.s the (x, y) ,airs. +ote
that the ,airs are ordered, .hich is to sa& that x is
s,eci#ied as the #irst e(ement in the ,air, and y as the
(ast e(ement. B& ordering the ,airs, .e can easi(& sho.
the re(ation on a gra,h.
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A relation can be defined as
set of ordered pairs where each pair
has a specific rule of assin!ent"
x -2 -1 0 1 2
5x -10 -5 0 5 10
+1 1 1 1 1 1
y
-9 -4 1 6 11
( x, y ) ( -2, -9 ) ( -1, -4 ) ( 0, 1 ) ( 1, 6 ) ( 2, 11 )
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T#pes of relations$
%ne to %ne Relation
I# each %a(ue o# x ma,s to onl# one %a(ue o# & then .e
ha%e a one to one re(ation.
Man# to one Relation
"ere .e see a case .here !ore than one
in,ut %a(ue x, ma,s to the same out,ut &.
Exam,(e: x E =.:= and x E $ =.:= -oth ma, to the
same out,ut & E <.
'his is an exam,(e o# a !an# to one re(ation.
%ne to Man# Relation
"ere .e see a case .here one in,ut %a(ue x, ma,s to
more than one out %a(ues o# &.
Exam,(e: x E :, ma,s to t.o ,ossi-(e out,uts:
& E <, or & E $ <.
'his is an exam,(e o# a one to !an# re(ation.
Man# to Man# Relation
"ere .e ha%e the case .here x is ,aired .ith one or
more e(ement in &, and a(so & is ,aired .ith one or
more e(ement in x gi%ing rise to a !an# to !an#
re(ation.
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& E x
<
1
2
3
4
5
11
22
33
34
45


y = x + 1
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Functions
A function is a special type of relation.
2e de#ine a #unction as a re(ation .here each e(ement
in the in,ut set ma,s to one and onl# one ele!ent in
the out,ut set.
rom the three re(ations discussed ear(ier, .e can see
that the one to one re(ation and the man& to one
re(ation are #unctions. "o.e%er, in the one to man&
re(ation, an e(ement in the in,ut set can -e ma,,ed to
more than one out,ut e(ement, so the one to man&
re(ation is not a #unction.
An example of a function is the exchange rate between the
Canadian dollar and the US dollar
A sim,(e test #or a #unction is ca((ed a &ertical line test.
I# a %ertica( (ine cuts a gra,h at more that one ,oint,
then it is +ot a #unction.
+ot a #unction
'or(in with Functions
2e can %isua(iFe the #unction f re(ating t.o %aria-(es x
and y as a bloc( diara! as sho.n -e(o..
"ere x represents the do!ain e(ements a(so ca((ed the
independent &ariable or the input to the #unction
-(oc4.
Simi(ar(& y re,resents the rane ele!ents, a(so ca((ed
the dependent &ariable or in this case, the output.
So: y = f(x)

.here: f(x is ,ronounced: B f o# xG
n!b
f (6) means that &ou su-stitute x .ith 6 in #(x)
E)a!ple$ *"+
,i&en f(x) = x
2
- 4x +5-
2hat is the %a(ue o#:
a) f (6)
-) f ($ =)
c) f (>3<)
d) (>x)
e) f (= * x)
#) f (a)
Solution:
a) f(6) E (6)
<
* :(6) D 5 E 5
-) f($=) E ($=)
<
* :($=) D 5 E =6

c) f(>3<) E (>3<)
<
* :(>3<) D 5 E 53:
d) f("x # ("x
$
% &("x + 5 # 'x
$
% 1$x + 5
e f(1( x # (1( x
$
% &(1( x + 5
#(1( x(1(x % &(1(x + 5
#1 %x %x + x
$
( & +&x + 5
# x
$
+ $x+$
f f(a # a
$
% &a + 5
Exercise: 5.2
I# f (x) E <x
<
D :x * ; :
#ind:
a) f (<)
-) f ($ <)
c) f (=3<)
d) f (5x)
e) f (: $ x)
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f x y = f(x)
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Composite Functions
)f the input to a function f, is another function g, then
the output combination of the two functions is called a
composite function!
'his can -e %isua(iFed using the -(oc4 diagram -e(o..
+ote that the in,ut to the #unction f is g(x), so the
out,ut .i(( -e f.g(x)/. So -& ,utting g(x) into #(x),
the resu(ting com,osite #unction is y = f (g(x)) .hich
can -e .ritten as fg(x).
'his is ,ronounced Bf of g of xG.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
E)a!ple$ *"0
,i&en f (x) E <x D = and g(x) E x
<
$ =
.hat is the %a(ue o#:
a f g(x
b gf(x
c fg(*
d fg((1
e gf((1
Solution$
a) f(x # $x+1 and g(x # x
<
* =
so fg(x) + put g into f
# $(x
<
* =) D =
# $x
<
* < D =
i.e. f g(x E $x
$
% 1
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
b) now gf(x) + put f(x into g
# ($x + 1
$
( 1
# ($x + 1 ($x + 1 % 1
# &x
$
+ $x +$x+ 1 % 1
#&x
$
+ &x
so: gf(x) = 4(x
2
+ x)
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
no. f g(x E $x
$
% 1 ( obtained from (a abo-e
(c fg(* # $(*
$
% 1
# ( 1
(d fg((1 #$((1
$
% 1
# $(1 % 1 # 1
e gf(x #&(x
$
+ x !! obtained from (b
so gf((1 # &(((1
$
+ ((1
# &(1 + ((1
# *
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
E)ercise$ *"1
I# f (x) E <x $ =,
g(x) E >x D <, and h(x) E 5x,
.hat is the %a(ue o#:
a) fg(x)
-) fh(x)
c) gh(x)
d) gfh(x)
e) ghf(x)
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g x g(x) y = f( g(x) ) f
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In&erse of a Function
'he in&erse o# a #unction is another #unction that
re%erses the o,eration o# the origina( #unction.
Mathematica((& .e sa& that a #unction is the in%erse o#
another #unction i#:
f
=
f x=x
2here f
(1
(x is de#ined as the in%erse o# f(x
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
The steps to find f
-1
(x) are$
=. Introduce a ne. %aria-(e & E #(x)
<. Interchange x and &
>. 'rans,ose the eCuation to ma4e & the su-Iect
:. 'he ne. resu(t #or & is no. the in%erse
#unction f
(1
(x
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
E)a!ple *"01$ Alebraic !anipulation
Ji%en f x=>x= K #ind f
=
x
Solution$
step 1 define. y # f(x
y # "x % 1
step $ )nterchange x and y
x # "y(1
step " /a0e y the sub1ect
y=
x=
>
step & replace y with f
-1
(x)
f
(1
(x#
x=
>
222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
E)a!ple *"03$
Ji%en f x=
5x
<
> K #ind f
-1
(x)
Solution$
let y=
5x
<
>
then x=
5&
<
> interchange x and y
ma4e & the su-Iect:
x>=
5&
<
y=
< x >
5
replace y with f
-1
(x)
f
-1
(x) =
< x>
5

E)ercise$ *"4
ind the in%erse o# the #o((o.ing #unctions:
i) f x=x=
ii)
f x= x =
=
>
iii) f x=x
<
<x hint: #irst, com,(ete the sCuare
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In&erse of a co!posite function
E)a!ple *"1
Ji%en f x=
x=
x <
K and g x=x
<
ind:
=. f
=
g x
<. fg
=
x
>. f
=
g
=
x
:. 2hat is the %a(ue o# x #or .hich #(x) is unde#ined
So(ution:
f
=
g x ,ut g x into f
=
x
First- we need to find$ f
=
x
(et y= f x y=
x=
x<
Interchange x and & x=
y=
y<
Ma4e & the su-Iect:
x y<=y=
<xxy=y =
<x+==yxy
<x+==y (=x)
y=
<x+=
=x
replace & .ith f
=
( x)
gi%es: f
=
( x) E
<x+=
=x
no. .e must ,ut g ( x) into f
=
( x)
f
=
g ( x) E
<x
<
+=
=x
<
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
<. 'o #ind: ( fg)
=
( x)
'his reCuires t.o ste,s:
ste,=: ,ut g into # to get fg ( x)
ste,<: #ind the in%erse o# fg ( x)
Step+$
fg ( x) E f ( x)=
x
<
=
x
<
+<
.. ... g into #
Step0$ Find the in&erse$
(et: y=
x
<
=
x
<
+<
x=
y
<
=
y
<
+<
Interchange x and & :
x y
<
<=y
<
=
Ma4e & the su-Iect:
<x==y
<
=x
y
<
=
<x=
=x
y=

<x=
=x
re,(ace & .ith fg
=
x
fg
=
x E

<x=
=x
1"
f
=
g
=
x
in%erse o# g into the in%erse o# f
in%erse o# g E g
=
x E x
in%erse o# # E f
=
x E
<x=
=x
so : f
=
g
=
x E
< x=
=x
3" f ( x) is unde#ined #or %a(ues o# x .hich ma4es the
denominator E 6.
i# x E $ < , then #(x) is unde#ined
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
E)ercise *"5 Ji%en:
f : x >x += K g : x <x and h : x x=
Find
i) gf
=
x K fgh
=
x
ii) sho. that gf
=
x = f
=
g
=
x
iii) gf
=
= K fgh
=
=8
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6sin the in&erse function to sol&e e7uations"
E)a!ple *"*
=. So(%e the eCuation -e(o. using the in%erse #unction:

5x<
x:
=;
<. 2hat is the %a(ue o# x #or .hich the #unction E 6
>. 2hat is the %a(ue o# x #or .hich the #unction is
unde#ined
8ote$ if f x=; 9 then x = f
=
;
:roof$
Ji%en$ f(x # '
then: f
=
f x= f
=
! ; ..mu(ti,(& -oth sides -& #
$=
(x)
-ut: f
=
f x=x
x = f
=
;
'his means that the so(ution x, is #ound su-stituting the %a(ue ; in
the in%erse o# the #unction.
Solution$
(et f x=
5x<
x:
Two steps are needed to sol&e$
Ste,= #ind the in%erse o# the #unction
Ste,< su-stitute the %a(ue ;
Step+. (#ind the in%erse * a(ge-raic method)
!et y=
5x<
x:
Interchange x and & x=
5&<
y:
Ma4e & the su-Iect:
xy:x=5&<
:x<=y 5x
y=
:x<
5x
f
=
x=
:x <
5x
Step2:
substitute 9 into the inverse function

: ;<
5;
;
>7
:
;
;.5
<. or the #unction to -e <ero the numerator must
-e Fero.
5x % <=6
x=</5
>. or the #unction to -e undefined, the
denominator must -e Fero.
x:=6 or .hen x= :
E)ercise *"=
gi%en h x=
8x=
x >
2hat is %a(ue o# x #or .hich the #unction:
=) is eCua( to Fero
<) is unde#ined
Use the in%erse #unction method to so(%e the eCuation
8x=
x >
=7

Answers
E)ercise$ *"0
a #2, b # ( ', c # ( 3!5
d # 5*x
$
+ $*x % '
e # $x
$
( $*x + "'
Acti&it#$ *"1
a # 3x+", b#1*x(1
e# 15x+$, d # "*x ( 1, e # "*x(1"
Acti&it#$ *"4
i) =x
<
ii) x
>
= iii) =x=
Acti&it#$ *"5
gf
=
x=
x <
9
K
fgh
=
x=
x8
9
gf
=
===/ < fgh
=
=8=5/ >
Acti&it#$ *"=
h
=
x=
>x=
8x
h
=
7=<5 K
h x=6 i# x E =38K h x is unde#ined i# x E $>
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