Modal verbs l nhm ng t rt quen thuc vi mi ngi hc ting Anh.

Ngay t khi hc lp 6 chng ta c lm

quen vi chng qua cc cu n gin nh can I help you?, I can swim.
Mi cc bn xem li cch dng ca cc ng t khuyt thiu trong ting Anh nh.

* c tnh chung ca ng t khuyt thiu (Modal verbs)
1. Cu trc chung:
Chng 1:S + Modal Verbs + V(bare-infinitive)
(bare-infinitive: ng t nguyn th khng to)
Ex: They can speak French and English.
2. Khng bin i dng th trong cc ngi.
He can use our phone. (He cans use your phone)
3. Tn ti th Hin ti v th Qu kh n.
She can cook meals.
She could cook meals when she was twelve.
I. CAN COULD
A. CAN
CAN ch c 2 th: Hin ti v Qu kh n. Nhng hnh thc khc ta dng ng t tng ng be able to. CAN cng c
th c dng nh mt tr ng t hnh thnh mt s cch ni ring.
1. CAN v COULD c ngha l c th, din t mt kh nng (ability).
Can you swim?
She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old.
2. Trong vn ni (colloquial speech), CAN c dng thay cho MAY din t mt s cho php (permission) v th ph
nh CANNOT c dng din t mt s cm on (prohibition).
In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you cant smoke downstairs.
3. CAN cng din t mt iu c th xy n (possibility). Trong cu hi v cu cm thn CAN c ngha l Is it
possible?
Can it be true?
It surely cant be four oclock already!
4. CANNOT c dng din t mt iu kh c th xy ra (virtual impossibility).
He cant have missed the way. I explained the route carefully.
5. Khi dng vi ng t tri gic (verbs of perception) CAN cho ngha tng ng vi th Tip din (Continuous Tense).
Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea. (khng dng I am hearing)
B. COULD
1. COULD l th qu kh n ca CAN.
She could swim when she was five.
2. COULD cn c dng trong cu iu kin.
If you tried, you could do that work.
3. Trong cch ni thn mt, COULD c xem nh nhiu tnh cht lch s hn CAN.
Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please?
Could you tell me the right time, please?
4. COULD c dng din t mt s ng vc hay mt li phn khng nh nhng.
His story could be true, but I hardly think it is.
I could do the job today, but Id rather put it off until tomorrow.
5. COULD WAS/WERE ABLE TO
- Nu hnh ng din t mt kh nng, mt kin thc, COULD c dng thng hn WAS/WERE ABLE TO.
He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match.
The door was locked, and I couldnt open it.
- Nu cu ni hm mt s thnh cng trong vic thc hin hnh ng (succeeded in doing) th WAS/WERE ABLE TO
c s dng ch khng phi COULD.
I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends.
II. MAY MIGHT
1. MAY v dng qu kh MIGHT din t s xin php, cho php (permission).
May I take this book? Yes, you may.
She asked if she might go to the party.
2. MAY/MIGHT dng din t mt kh nng c th xy ra hay khng th xy ra.
It may rain.
He admitted that the news might be true.
3. Dng trong cu cm thn, MAY/MIGHT din t mt li cu chc.
May all your dreams come true!
Trong cch dng ny c th xem MAY nh mt loi Bng Thi cch (Subjunctive).
4. MAY/MIGHT dng trong mnh theo sau cc ng t hope (hy vng) v trust (tin tng).
I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction.
He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction.
5. MAY/MIGHT dng thay cho mt mnh trng ng ch s nhng b (adverb clauses of concession).
He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor)
Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though he tries hard)
Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Though he tried hard)
6. MAY/MIGHT thng c dng trong mnh trng ng ch mc ch (adverb clauses of purpose). Trong trng hp
ny ngi ta cng thng dng CANCOULD thay cho MAY/MIGHT.
She was studying so /that she might read English books.
7. MIGHT (khng dng MAY) i khi c dng trong cu din t mt li trch mng c tnh hn di (petulant
reproach).
You might listen when I am talking to you.
(Lm n rng m lng nghe ti ni)
You might try to be a little more helpful.
(Lm n rng m t ra c ch mt cht)
III. MUST
1. MUST c ngha l phi din t mt mnh lnh hay mt s bt buc.
You must drive on the left in London.
2. MUST dng trong cu suy lun logic.
Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad!
You have worked hard all day; you must be tired.
3. MUST NOT (MUSTNT) din t mt lnh cm.
You mustnt walk on the grass.
4. Khi mun din t th ph nh ca MUST vi ngha khng cn thit ngi ta s dng NEED NOT (NEEDNT).
Must I do it now? No, you neednt. Tomorrow will be soon enough.
6. MUST v HAVE TO
- HAVE TO dng thay cho MUST trong nhng hnh thc m MUST khng c.
We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve oclock train.
- HAVE TO khng th thay th MUST trong cu suy lun logic.
He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad)
- MUST v HAVE TO u c th dng din t s cng bch, bt buc (compulsion). Tuy nhin MUST mang ngha
s cng bch n t ngi ni trong khi HAVE TO mang ngha s cng bch n t hon cnh bn ngoi (external
circumstances)
You must do what I tell you.
Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lnh ca Cc ng St)
Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (V khng cn ng no khc)
IV. SHALL SHOULD
1. SHALL:
c dng trong nhng trng hp sau:
- Dng trong cu trc th Tng lai (Simple Future) ngi th nht.
I shall do what I like.
- Din t mt li ha (promise), mt s qu quyt (determination) hay mt mi e da (threat).
If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday. (promise)
He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you. (threat)
These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it. (determination)
2. SHOULD
c dng trong nhng trng hp sau:
- Dng trong cu khuyn ai nn lm g, v tng ng vi ought to.
You should do what the teacher tells you.
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (proverb)
- Dng thay cho must khi khng mun din t mt ngha qu bt buc ai phi lm g.
Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the Secretary.
V. WILL WOULD
1. WILL:
- c dng th Tng lai (simple future), din t mt k hoch (plan), s mong mun (willingness), mt li ha
(promise) hay mt s qu quyt (determination).
All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask. (willingness)
I wont forget little Margarets birthday. I will send her a present. (promise)
- Dng trong cu ngh.
Will you shut the door?
Shall I open the window?
2. WOULD:
- Dng hnh thnh th Tng lai trong qu kh (future in the past) hay cc th trong cu iu kin.
He said he would send it to me, but he didnt.
If she were here, she would help us.
He would have been very happy if he had known about it.
- Din t mt thi quen trong qu kh. Vi ngha ny, WOULD c th dng thay choused to.
Every day he would get up at six oclock and light the fire.
VI. OUGHT TO DARE NEED
1. OUGHT TO
OUGHT TO c ngha l nn, gn ging vi should. Trong hu ht cc trng hp OUGHT TO c th c thay th
bng should.
They ought to (should) pay the money.
He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself.
- OUGHT TO cng dng din t mt s gn ng, rt c th ng (strong probability).
If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now.
- OUGHT TO c th dng trong tng lai vi cc t xc nh thi gian tng lai nh tomorrow, next Tuesday
Our team ought to win the match tomorrow.
- OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle din t mt s khng tn ng v mt hnh ng lm trong qu kh.
You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing.
2. DARE
- DARE c ngha l dm, c gan c th c xem nh mt ng t khuyt ln ng t thng. Khi l mt ng t khuyt
thiu, n c y c tnh ca loi ng t ny.
Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t khuyt thiu)
You darent climb that tree, dare you? (ng t khuyt thiu)
He doesnt dare to answer my letter. (ng t thng)
She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng)
- Thnh ng I dare say c ngha l c th, c l ng ngha vi cc t perhaps, it is probable. Thnh ng ny
thng khng dng vi ch t no khc ngoi ngi th nht.
He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later.
3. NEED
- C hai ng t NEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu NEED ch c hnh
thc Hin ti v c y c tnh ca mt ng t khuyt thiu. N c ngha l cn phi, tng t nh have to. V th
n cng c xem l mt loi ph nh ca must.
Need he work so hard?
You neednt go yet, need you?
- C mt iu cn nh l ng t khuyt thiu NEED khng dng th xc nh. N ch c dng th ph nh v nghi
vn. Khi dng th xc nh n phi c dng vi mt t ng ph nh.
You neednt see him, but I must.
I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday.
VII. USED TO
- USED TO l mt hnh thc ng t c bit. N c th c xem nh mt ng t thng hay mt ng t khuyt thiu
trong vic hnh thnh th ph nh v th nghi vn.
You used to live in London, usednt you?
He usednt to smoke as much as he does now.
He didnt use to smoke as much as he does now.
Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden?
- Ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng dng did v didnt lp th ph nh v th nghi vn cho USED TO. Trong nhiu
trng hp th ph nh c th c hnh thnh bng cch s dng never. Cch dng usednt to rt him gp v cch vit
hay nhm ln v kh c.
You never used to make that mistake.
1. USED TO c dng ch mt hnh ng lin tc, ko di, lp i lp li trong qu kh m nay khng cn na.
People used to think that the earth was flat.
2. Vi th Qu kh n ngi ta ch bit hnh ng xy ra. Vi USED TO ngi ta thy c tnh cht ko di ca hnh
ng y.
He was my classmate. (khng r trong thi gian bao lu)
He used to be my classmate. (trong mt thi gian kh lu)
3. Phn bit USED TO v mt s hnh thc khc
- USED TO + infinitive: hnh ng lin tc trong qu kh
- (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen vi mt vic g
- (get) USED TO + V.ing: lm quen vi mt vic g.
He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesnt)
It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now hes used to it.
Danh t trong ting Anh khng ch n thun l i tng c nhc n trc tip hay gin tip thc hin hnh
ng hay chu tc ng ca hnh ng trong cu m cn lin quan cht ch ti hnh thc chia th ca ng t. Trong
bi ny, chng ta s cng hc cch nhn din danh t, phn loi chng v vn dng ng th thc ca danh t nh.
1. Chc nng ca danh t
Danh t trong ting Anh l t dng ch ngi, vt, vic, a im
Chc nng ca danh t:
Lm ch ng: Her children are very obedient Nhng a con ca c y rt ngoan.
Lm tn ng trc tip: Nam likes some chocolate Nam thch scla.
Lm tn ng gin tip: John gave Peter a red pen John a cho Peter mt ci bt mu .
Lm b ng ca ch ng: (ng sau cc ng t to be v become): My sister isa journalist Ch gi ti l mt nh
bo.
Lm b ng cho tn ng: People consider him a teacher Mi ngi ngh anh y l mt gio vin.
2. Phn loi danh t
Danh t c th chia thnh 4 loi nh sau:
Danh t chung.
Danh t ring.
Danh t tru tng.
Danh t tp th.
Danh t chung (Common nouns)
Danh t chung l nhng danh t ch ngi, vic v a im
V d: Dog, house, picture, computer.
Danh t chung c th c vit di hnh thc s t hoc s nhiu
V d: A dog hoc dogs
Danh t chung khng vit hoa ch ci u.
Danh t ring (Proper nouns)
Danh t ring l nhng tn ring gi tng s vt, i tng duy nht, c bit nh tn ngi, tn a danh, tn cng
ty.
V d: Microsoft, Mr. David Green, La Thnh street, Greentown Hospital, Town House Hotel, City Park.
Ch : danh t ring phi vit hoa ch ci u.
Danh t tru tng (Abstract nouns)
Mt danh t tru tng l mt danh t chung nhm gi tn mt tng hoc mt phm cht. Cc danh t tru tng
thng khng c xem, ngi, tip xc hoc nm.
V d: Joy, peace, emotion, wisdom, beauty, courage, love, strength, character, happiness, personality
Danh t tru tng c th dng s t hoc s nhiu.
Danh t tru tng c th m c hoc khng m c.
Danh t tp th (Collective nouns)
Mt danh t tp hp gi tn mt nhm hay mt tp hp nhiu ngi, ni chn, hoc vt
V d: Crew, team, navy, republic, nation, federation, herd, bunch, flock, swarm, litter

3. Xc nh danh t m c v khng m c (Countable nouns/ Uncountable nouns):
Danh t ng vai tr lm ch ng trong cu cn c xc nh chnh xc l danh t s t hay s nhiu, m c hay khng
m c chia th cho ph hp vi ng t. Nh mt phn trng tm trong chuyn danh t, chng ta hy cng ghi
nh nhng danh t c bit sau.
Danh t m c: L danh t c th dng c vi s m, do n c 2 hnh thi s t v s nhiu. N dng c
vi a, an hay vi the.
V d: One book, two books,
Danh t khng m c: Khng dng c vi s m, do n khng c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. N khng th dng
c vi a, cn the ch trong mt s trng hp c bit nh: milk (sa). Bn khng th ni one milk, two milks
(Mt s vt cht khng m c c th c cha trong cc bnh ng, bao b m c nh: one glass of milk - mt
cc sa).
Lu :
* Mt s danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit nh: person people; child children; tooth teeth; foot
feet; mouse mice
* Mt s danh t m c c dng s t/ s nhiu nh nhau ch phn bit bng c a v khng c a: an aircraft/
aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.

* Mt s cc danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water i khi c dng nh cc danh t s nhiu
ch cc dng, loi khc nhau ca vt liu .
V d: This is one of the foods that my doctor wants me to eat.
* Danh t time nu dng vi ngha l thi gian l khng m c nhng khi dng vi ngha l thi i hay s ln
l danh t m c.
V d:
You have spent too much time on that homework. (thi gian, khng m c)
I have seen that movie three times before. (s ln, m c)
Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi cc danh t m c v khng m c.
WITH COUNTABLE NOUN WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
a(n), the, some, any the, some, any
this, that, these, those this, that
none, one, two, three,... None
many
a lot of
a [large / great] number of
(a) few
fewer... than
more....than
much (thng dng trong cu ph nh, cu hi)
a lot of
a large amount of
(a) little
less....than
more....than
Mt s t khng m c nn bit:
sand
food
meat
water
money
news
measles (bnh si)
soap
information
air
mumps (bnh quai b)
economics
physics
mathematics
politics
homework
Note: advertising l danh t khng m c nhng advertisement l danh t m c, ch mt qung co c th no
.
V d: There are too many advertisements during TV shows.
* Cc danh t tp hp c th s t hoc s nhiu. Chng thng i vi cc ng t s t bi nhm ny hot ng cng nhau
di hnh thc l mt n v. Mt danh t tp hp i vi mt ng t s nhiu khi thnh phn ca nhm hot ng nh
di dng cc c nhn
V d:
Our team is practicing three nights a weeks. (i ca chng ti luyn tp ba m mt tun)
=> i ang hot ng di t cch l mt n v.
The team were talking among themselves (i ang t ni v h)
=> Cc thnh vin ca h ang hot ng di hnh thc l nhiu c nhn.
Mo t dng gii thiu mt danh t. Trong ting Anh c 2 loi mo t chnh. Trong , a, an l mo t khng
xc nh; the l mo t xc nh. Sau y chng ta hy cng tm hiu cch s dng ca cc mo t ny nh.
1. Cch dng mo t khng xc nh a v an
Dng a hoc an trc mt danh t s t m c. Chng c ngha l mt. Chng c dng trong cu c tnh khi
qut hoc cp n mt ch th cha c cp t trc.
V d:
A ball is round. (ngha chung, khi qut, ch tt c cc qu bng)
I saw a boy in the street. (chng ta khng bit cu b no, cha c cp trc )
1.1. Dng an trc:
Qun t an c dng trc cc t bt u bng nguyn m (trong cch pht m, ch khng phi trong cch vit). Bao
gm:
Cc t bt u bng cc nguyn m a, e, i, o: an aircraft, an empty glass, an object
Mt s t bt u bng u: an uncle, an umbrella
Mt s t bt u bng h cm: an heir, half an hour
Cc t m u bng mt ch vit tt: an S.O.S/ an M.P
1.2. Dng a trc:
Dng a trc cc t bt u bng mt ph m. Chng bao gm cc ch ci cn li v mt s trng hp bt u bng u,
y, h.
V d: A house, a university, a home party, a heavy load, a uniform, a union, a year income,
ng trc mt danh t m u bng uni v eu phi dng a (a university/ a uniform/ universal/ union) (Europe,
eulogy (li ca ngi), euphemism (li ni tri), eucalyptus (cy khuynh dip)
Dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh nh: a lot of/a great deal of/a couple/a dozen.
Dng trc nhng s m nht nh thng l hng ngn, hng trm nh : a/one hundred a/one thousand.
Dng trc half (mt na) khi n theo sau mt n v nguyn vn: a kilo hay a half, hay khi n i ghp vi mt danh
t khc ch na phn (khi vit c du gch ni): a half share, a half holiday (ngy l ch ngh na ngy).
Dng vi cc n v phn s nh : 1/3( a/one third), 1/5 (a /one fifth).
Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l: a dollar, a kilometer, an hour, 4 times a day.
2. Cch dng mo t xc nh The
- Dng the trc mt danh t c xc nh c th v mt tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc c cp n trc ,
hoc nhng khi nim ph thng, ai cng bit.
V d:
The boy in the corner is my friend. (C ngi ni v ngi nghe u bit l cu b no)
The earth is round. (Ch c mt tri t, ai cng bit)
- Vi danh t khng m c, dng the nu ni n mt vt c th, khng dng the nu ni chung.
V d:
Sugar is sweet. (Ch cc loi ng ni chung)
The sugar on the table is from Cuba. (C th l ng trn bn)
- Vi danh t m c s nhiu, khi chng c ngha i din chung cho mt lp cc vt cng loi th cng khng
dng the.
V d:
Oranges are green until they ripen. (Cam ni chung)
Athletes should follow a well-balanced diet. (Vn ng vin ni chung)
2.1. Sau y l mt s trng hp thng dng dng The theo quy tc trn:
The + danh t + gii t + danh t: The girl in blue(c gi o xanh), the Gulf of Mexico(Vnh Mexico).
Dng trc nhng tnh t so snh bc nht hoc only: The only way(cch duy nht), the best day(ngy tt lnh nht).
Dng cho nhng khong thi gian xc nh (thp nin): In the 1990s (nhng nm 1990)
The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph: The man to whom you have just spoken is the chairman. ( Ngi n
ng bn va ni chuyn l gim c).
The + danh t s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt: The whale = whales (loi c voi), the deep-freeze
(thc n ng lnh)
i vi man khi mang ngha loi ngi tuyt i khng c dng the: Since man lived on the earth (k t khi
loi ngi sinh sng trn tri t ny)
Dng trc mt danh t s t ch mt nhm, mt hng ngi nht nh trong x hi: The small shopkeeper(Gii ch
tim nh), The top official(Gii quan chc cao cp).
The + adj: Tng trng cho mt nhm ngi, chng khng bao gi c php s nhiu nhng c xem l cc danh t
s nhiu. Do vy ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu:
V d: The old = The old people (The old are often very hard in their moving Ngi gi thng rt kh khn trong vn
ng)
The + tn gi cc i hp xng/ dn nhc c in/ ban nhc ph thng: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique
Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.
The + tn gi cc t bo (khng tp ch)/ tu bin/ cc khinh kh cu: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg
The + h ca mt gia nh s nhiu = gia nh nh: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children
Thng thng khng dng the trc tn ring tr trng hp c nhiu ngi hoc vt cng tn v ngi ni mun m
ch mt ngi c th trong s :
V d:
There are three Sunsan Parkers in the telephone directory. The Sunsan Parker that I know lives on the First Avenue. (Trong
danh b in thoi c 3 ngi tn Sunsan Parkers. ng Sunsan Parkers ti bit sng i l s 1).
Tng t, khng dng the trc ba n: breakfast, lunch, dinner:
V d:
We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning. (Sng nay chng ti n sng lc 8h)
- Tr khi mun m ch mt ba n c th:
V d:
The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious. (Ba tra bn mi ti tun trc rt ngon).
Khng dng the trc mt s danh t nh: home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college,
university v.v khi n i vi cc ng t v gii t ch chuyn ng ch i n l mc ch chnh hoc ra khi cng
v mc ch chnh:
V d:
Students go to school everyday. (Hng ngy hc sinh ti trng)
The patient was released from hospital. (Bnh nhn c xut vin)
- Nhng nu n hoc ra khi khng v mc ch chnh th dng the.
V d:
Students go to the school for a class party. (Sinh vin ti trng tham gia lin hoan)
The doctor left the hospital for lunch. (Bc s ri bnh vin i n tra)
2.2. Bng s dng the v khng s dng the trong mt s trng hp in hnh
C "The" Khng "The"
+ Dng trc tn cc i dng, sng ngi, bin, vnh
v cc cm h (s nhiu)
The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the
Great Lakes

+ Trc tn cc dy ni:
The Rocky Mountains

+ Trc tn nhng vt th duy nht trong v tr hoc
trn th gii:
The earth, the moon

+ The schools, colleges, universities + of + danh t
ring
The University of Florida

+ The + s th t + danh t
The third chapter.

+ Trc tn cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu kin
tn khu vc phi c tnh t ho
The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese economy)

+ Trc tn cc nc c hai t tr ln (ngoi tr Great
Britain)
The United States, The Central African Republic
+ Trc tn cc nc c coi l mt qun o hoc
mt qun o
The Philipines, The Virgin Islands, The Hawaii

+ Trc tn cc ti liu hoc s kin lch s
The Constitution, The Magna Carta

+ Trc tn mt h
Lake Geneva



+ Trc tn mt ngn ni
Mount Vesuvius

+ Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chm sao
Venus, Mars

+ Trc tn cc trng ny nu trc n l mt tn ring
Stetson University

+ Trc cc danh t i cng vi mt s m
Chapter three, Word War One

+ Trc tn cc nc ch c mt t:
China, France, Venezuela, Vietnam




+ Trc tn cc nc m u bng New, mt tnh t ch
hng:
New Zealand, North Korean, France

+ Trc tn cc lc a, tnh, tiu bang, thnh ph, qun,
huyn:
Europe, Florida


+ Trc tn bt k mn th thao no
C "The" Khng "The"
+ Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu s
the Indians


+ Trc tn cc mn hc c th
The Solid matter Physics

+ Trc tn cc nhc c khi cp n cc nhc c
ni chung hoc khi chi cc nhc c .
The violin is difficult to play
Who is that on the piano
baseball, basketball

+ Trc cc danh t tru tng (tr mt s trng hp
c bit):
freedom, happiness

+ Trc tn cc mn hc ni chung
mathematics

+ Trc tn cc ngy l, tt
Christmas, Thanksgiving

+ Trc tn cc loi hnh nhc c trong cc hnh thc m
nhc c th (Jazz, Rock, classical music..)
To perform jazz on trumpet and piano
i t dng thay th danh t nhm trnh lp li danh t. Trong Ting Anh c 5 loi i t vi cc chc nng s
dng khc nhau: nhn xng (personal),s hu (possessive), phn thn (reflexive), ch nh (demonstrative), bt
nh (indefinite), quan h (relative), nghi vn(interrogative). Thm , i t cng ng vai tr ch t, gii t v b
ng trong cu. Chng ta hy cng tm hiu chi tit nh.
1. nh ngha i t
i t l t thay th cho danh t.
2. Phn loi v cch s dng ca i t
2.1. i t nhn xng (Personal pronouns)
Gm:

Ch ng Tn ng
S t: ngi th nht
ngi th hai
ngi th ba
I
you
he/she/it
me
you
him/her/it
S nhiu: ngi th nht
ngi th hai
ngi th ba
we
you
they
us
you
them
Chc nng:
I, you, it, he, she, we, they c th l ch ng ca ng t:
V d: They have lived here for 3 years. (H sng y c 3 nm ri.)
Me, him, her, us, them c th l tn ng trc tip ca ng t.
V d: These flowers are really nice. Tom likes them. (Nhng bng hoa ny tht p.Tom thch chng)
Me, him, her, us, them c th l tn ng gin tip ca ng t.
V d: Kate gives some money. (Kate a cho ti t tin.)
Hoc tn ng ca gii t:
V d: We could do it without them. (Khng c h chng ti cng c th lm c vic ).

2.2. i t bt nh (Indefinite pronouns)
Gm:
Nhm kt hp vi some: something, someone, somebody.
Nhm kt hp vi any: anything, anyone, anybody.
Nhm kt hp vi every: everything, everyone, everybody.
Nhm kt hp vi no: nothing, no one, nobody.
Nhm c lp gm cc t: all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither.
Mt s trong cc i t trn y cng c th c dng nh tnh t. Khi y ngi ta gi chng l tnh t bt nh
(indefinite adjectives). l cc t any, some, every, no, all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little,
enough, each, either, neither.
2.3. i t s hu (Possessive pronouns)
Gm: mine, yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs
i t s hu = tnh t s hu + danh t.
V d:
This is our room = this is ours. (y l phng ca chng ti)
Youve got my pen. Wheres yours? (Bn va cm bt ca t. Bt ca bn u ri?)
2.4. i t phn thn (Reflexive pronouns)
Gm: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Ch : ourselves, yourselves, themselves l hnh thc s nhiu.
Chc nng:
Lm tn ng ca ng t khi ch ng v tn ng l cng mt ngi:
V d:
I cut myself. (T ti ct)
Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident. (Tom v Ann t chu trch nhim v v tai nn)
c s dng nh trng hp trn sau ng t + gii t:
V d:
He spoke to himself. (Anh y t nh)
Look after yourself. (Hy t chm sc bn thn)
c s dng nh cc i t nhn mnh danh t hoc i t:
V d: The King himself gave her the medal. (Chnh quc vng trao huy chng cho c y)
Chng thng nhn mnh ch ng ca cu v c t sau n: Ann herself opened the door. (T Ann m ca)
Khi chng nhn mnh cc danh t khc, chng c t ngay sau danh t :I saw Tom himself. (Ti nhn thy ch
th l Tom)
c s dng nh cc tn ng sau gii t:
V d: I did it by myself. ( T ti mua n )
2.5. i t quan h (Relative pronouns)
Gm: who, whom, which, that, whose,
Chc nng:
Who, that, which lm ch ng:
V d: The man who robbed has been arrested. (Ngi n ng n trm va b bt)
Lm tn ng ca ng t:
V d: The man whom I saw told me to come back today. (Ngi n ng ti nhn thy ni chuyn vi bn hm nay tr li)
Theo sau gii t:
V d: The ladder on which I was standing began to slip. (Chic thang khi m bn ang ng bt u tut xung)
Tuy nhin, gii t cng c th chuyn xung cui mnh :
V d: The ladder which I was standing on began to slip.
Hnh thc s hu (whose + danh t):
V d: The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. (B phim ni v 1 ip vin, ngi v phn bi anh ta).
Ch :
when =in/on which
Where = in/at which
Why = for which
V d: The day on which they arrived. (Ngy h n)
2.6. i t ch nh (Demonstrative pronouns)
Gm: this, that, these, those
Tnh t ch nh (demonstrative adjectives) this, that v s nhiu ca chng l these, those c dng trc danh t
nhm xc nh v tr ca danh t y i vi ngi ni.
Khi nhng tnh t ny c dng c lp, khng c danh t theo sau, n tr thnh i t ch nh (demonstrative pronouns).
Ngoi vic thay th cho mt danh t, i t ch nh cn cho ngi nghe khi nim gn hn hay xa hn v thi gian hoc
khong cch.
V d:
Could you give me that book, please? (Lm n ly cho ti quyn sch vi?)
2.7. i t nghi vn (Interrogative pronouns)
Gm: who, whom, whose, what, which
Chc nng:
Lm ch ng: Who keeps the keys? (Ai cm chm cha kha?)
Lm tn ng ca ng t: Who did you see? (Ai trng thy bn?)
Ting Anh c nhiu loi cu hi c nhng chc nng v mc ch khc nhau. Trong cu hi, tr ng t hoc ng
t to be bao gi cng ng trc ch ng. Nu khng c tr ng t hoc ng t to be, ta phi dng dng
thc do, does, did nh mt tr ng t thay th. Sau cc ng t hoc tr ng t , phi dng ng chnh t
dng nguyn th khng c to. Thi v th ca cu hi ch c chia bi tr ng t, ch khng phi ng t
chnh. Hy cng OnThiToeic.vn tm hiu cc dng cu hi trong ting Anh nh.
1. Cu hi Yes/ No
Tr ng t
be
do, does, did
+ ch ng (S) + ng t + .?
S d ta gi l nh vy v khi tr li, dng Yes/No. Nh rng khi tr li:
- Yes, S + tr ng t/ to be
- No, S + tr ng t/ tobe + not.
V d:
Isnt Mary going to school today? -> Yes, she is.
Was Mark sick yesterday? -> No, he was not.
Have you seen this movie before? -> Yes, I have.
Will the committee decide on the proposal today? -> No, it wont.
2. Cu hi ly thng tin (information question)
i vi loi cu hi ny, cu tr li khng th n gin l yes hay no m phi c thm thng tin. Chng thng dng
cc t nghi vn, chia lm 3 loi sau:
2.1. Who hoc What: cu hi ch ng
y l cu hi khi mun bit ch ng hay ch th ca hnh ng.
Who/ What + ng t (V) + ?
V d:
Something happened lastnight => What happened last night?
Someone opened the door. => Who opened the door?
2.2. Whom hoc What: cu hi tn ng
y l cc cu hi dng khi mun bit tn ng hay i tng tc ng ca hnh ng
Whom/ What + tr ng t (do/ did/ does) + S + V + ..?
Lu : Nh rng trong ting Anh vit bt buc phi dng whommc d trong ting Anh ni c th dng who thay
cho whomtrong mu cu trn.
V d:
George bought something at the store. => What did George buy at the store?
Ana knows someone from UK. => Whom does Ana know from UK?
2.3 When, Where, How v Why: Cu hi b ng
Dng khi mun bit ni chn, thi gian, l do, cch thc ca hnh ng.
When/ where/ why/ how + tr ng t(be, do, does, did) + S + V + b ng (+ tn ng)?
V d:
How did Maria get to school today?
When did he move to London?
Why did she leave so early?
3. Cu hi phc (embedded question)
L cu hoc cu hi cha trong n mt cu hi khc. Cu c hai thnh phn ni vi nhau bng mt t nghi vn (question
word). ng t mnh th hai (mnh nghi vn) phi i sau v chia theo ch ng, khng c o v tr nh cu hi
c lp.
S + V + question word( t hi) + S + V
V d: The authorities cant figure out why the plane landed at the wrong airport.
We havent assertained where the meeting will take place.
Trong trng hp cu hi phc l mt cu hi, p dng mu cu sau:
Tr ng t + S + V + question word + S + V
V d:
Do you know where he went?
Could you tell me what time it is?
Question word c th l mt t, cng c th l mt cm t nh: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long,
how often, what time, what kind.
V d:
I have no idea how long the interview will take.
Do you know how often the bus runs at night?
Can you tell me how far the museum is from the store?
4. Cu hi ui (tag questions)
Trong cu hi ui, ngi t cu hi a ra mt mnh (mnh chnh) nhng khng hon ton chc chn v tnh ng
/ sai ca mnh , do vy h dng cu hi dng ny kim chng v mnh a ra.
V d:
He should stay in bed, shouldnt he? (Anh y nn yn trn ging, c phi khng?)
She has been studying English for two years, hasnt she?
There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?
Its raining now, isnt it? (Tri vn cn ma, phi khng?)
You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?
You wont be leaving for now, will you?
Jill and Joe havent been to VN, have they?
Cu hi ui chia lm hai thnh phn tch bit nhau bi du phy theo quy tc sau:
S dng tr ng t ging nh mnh chnh lm phn ui cu hi. Nu khng c tr ng t th
dng do, does, did thay th.
Nu mnh chnh th khng nh th phn ui th ph nh v ngc li.
Thi ca ng t ui phi theo thi ca ng t mnh chnh.
Ch ng ca mnh chnh v ca phn i l ging nhau. i t phn ui lun phi dng ch ng .
Phn ui nu dng ph nh th thng c rt gn (nt). Nu khng rt gn th phi theo th t: tr ng t +
S + not? (VD: He saw it yesterday, did he not?)
ng t have c th l ng t chnh, cng c th l tr ng t. Khi n l ng t chnh ca mnh trong
ting Anh M th phn ui phi dng tr ng t do, does hoc did. Tuy nhin, trong ting Anh Anh th bn c
th dng chnh have nh mt tr ng t trong trng hp ny.
V d:
You have got two children, havent you? (British English)
You have two children, dont you? (American English)
There is, there are v it is l cc ch ng gi nn phn ui c php dng li therehoc it ging nh
trng hp i t lm ch ng.
ni ng v vit chun ting Anh, trc tin bn cn phi hiu r chc nng ca tng loi t trong cu, trong
c tnh t v trng ng. Thm , nm bt v tr v du hiu nhn bit gia 2 loi t ny cng rt quan trng
hon thin cc k nng ting Anh ca bn. Trong bi hc ny, chng ta s cng tm hiu su v tnh t, trng t v
cc kin thc xoay quanh 2 loi t thng dng ny.
1. Tnh t
- Tnh t l t ch tnh cht, mc , phm vi, ca mt ngi hoc vt. N b ngha cho danh t, i t hoc lin ng t
(linking verb). N tr li cho cu hi What kind?. Tnh t lun ng trc danh t c b ngha: That is my new red car.
- Tr trng hp galore(nhiu, phong ph, di do) v general trong tn cc c quan, cc chc v ln l hai tnh t
ng sau danh t c b ngha:
V d:
There were errors galore in your final test. (C rt nhiu li trong bi kim tra cui k ca bn)
UN Secretary General (Tng th k Lin hp quc).
- Tnh t ng sau cc i t phim ch (something, anything, anybody)
V d:
Its something strange. (Th g l th)
He is somebody quite unknown. (Anh y l ngi kh im hi lng ting)
- Tnh t c chia lm 2 loi l tnh t m t (Descriptive adjective) v tnh t gii hn (Limiting adjective). Tnh t m t
l cc tnh t ch mu sc, kch c, cht lng ca mt vt hay ngi. Tnh t gii hn l tnh t ch s lng, khong cch,
tnh cht s hu, Tnh t khng thay i theo ngi v s ca danh t m n b ngha, tr trng hp ca these v
those.
TNH T M T TNH T GII HN
beautiful
large
red
interesting
important
colorful
one, two
first, second
my, your, his
this, that, these, those
few, many, much
s m
s th t
tnh cht s hu
i t ch nh
s lng
- Khi tnh t m t b ngha cho mt danh t m c s t, n thng c mo t a,an hoc the ng trc
nh: a pretty girl, an interesting book, the red dress.
- Tnh t i trc danh t nhng i sau lin t . Tnh t ch b ngha cho danh t, i t v lin t.
- Nu trong mt cm t c nhiu tnh t cng b ngha cho mt danh t th th t cc tnh t s nh sau: tnh t s hu
hoc mo t, opinion( kin), size(kch c), age(tui tc), shape(hnh dng), color(mu sc), origin(ngun gc),
material(cht liu), purpose(mc ch). Ch rng tnh t s hu (my, your, our) hoc mo t (a, an, the) nu c th
lun i trc cc tnh t khc. Nu dng mo t th khng dng tnh t s hu v ngc li. V d v th t sp xp cc
tnh t:
a silly young English man (Mt ngi n ng ngi Anh tr kh kho)
the huge round metal bowl (Mt ci bt bng kim loi trn to)

art/poss opinion size age shape color origin material purpose noun
a silly young

English

man
the huge round

metal bowl
my small

red

sleeping bag
2. Trng t (ph t)
Ph t b ngha cho ng t, cho mt tnh t hoc cho mt ph t khc. N tr li cho cu hi How?
V d:
Rita drank too much. (How much did Rita drink?)
I dont play tenis very well. (How well do you play?)
He was driving carelessly. (How was he driving?)
John is reading carefully. (How is John reading?)
She speaks Spanish fluently. (How does she speak Spanish?)
- Thng thng, cc tnh t m t c th bin i thnh ph t bng cch thm ui-ly vo tnh t.
V d: He is a careful driver. He always drives carefully.

TNH T PH T
bright
careful
quiet
brightly
carefully
quietly
Tuy nhin, c mt s tnh t khng theo quy tc trn:
* Mt s tnh t c bit: good => well; hard => hard; fast => fast;
V d:
She is a good singer. She sings very well.
* Mt s tnh t cng c tn cng l ui -ly (lovely, friendly) nn thay th cho ph t ca cc tnh t ny, ngi ta
dng: in a/ an +Adj +way/ manner.
V d:
He is a friendly man. He behaved me in a friendly way.
Cc t sau cng l ph t: so, very, almost, soon, often, fast, rather, well, there, too. Cc ph t c chia lm 6 loi sau:
ADVERB OF

Trng ng

EXAMPLE

V d

TELL US

ngha

Manner(cch thc) happily, bitterly how something happens
Degree(mc ) totally, completely how much ST happens, often go with an adjective
Frequency(tn sut) never, often how often ST happens
Time(thi gian) recently, just when things happen
Place(ni chn) here, there where things happen
Disjunct (quan im) hopefully, frankly viewpoint and comments about things happen
- Cc ph t thng ng vai tr trng ng trong cu. Ngoi ra cc ng gii t cng ng vai tr trng ng nh ph t,
chng bao gm mt gii t m u v danh t i sau ch: a im (at home), thi gian (at 5 pm), phng tin (by
train),tnh hung, hnh ng. Cc cm t ny u c chc nng v cch s dng nh ph t, cng c th coi l ph t.
- V th t, cc ph t cng b ngha cho mt ng t thng xut hin theo th t:manner, place, time. Ni chung, ph t
ch cch thc ca hnh ng (manner cho bit hnh ng din ra nh th no) thng lin h cht ch hn vi ng t so
vi ph t ch a im (place) v ph t ch a im li lin kt vi ng t cht ch hn ph t ch thi gian (time).
V d: The old woman sits quietly by the fire for hours.
- V v tr, cc ph t hu nh c th xut hin bt c ch no trong cu: cui cu, u cu, trc ng t chnh, sau tr
ng t nhng cng v th, n l vn kh phc tp. V tr ca ph t c th lm thay i phn no ngha ca cu.
3. Du hiu nhn bit tnh t v trng t
Vic xc nh ui tnh t (hay trng t) ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic tr li cu hi.

3.1. Du hiu nhn bit tnh t
Tn cng l able: comparable, comfortable, capable, considerable
V d: (Ex): We select the hotel because the rooms are comfortable
Tn cng l ible: responsible, possible, flexible
Ex: She is responsible for her sons life
Tn cng l ous: dangerous, humorous, notorious, poisonous
Ex: She is one of the most humorous actresses Ive ever known
Tn cng l ive: attractive, decisive
Ex: She is a very attractive teacher
Tn cng l ent: confident, dependent, different
Ex: He is confident in getting a good job next week
Tn cng l ful: careful, harmful, beautiful
Ex: Smoking is extremely harmful for your health
Tn cng l less: careless, harmless
Ex: He is fired because of his careless attitude to the monetary issue
Tn cng l ant: important
Ex: Unemployment is the important interest of the whole company
Tn cng ic: economic, specific, toxic
Ex: Please stick to the specific main point
Tn cng l ly: friendly, lovely, costly
Ex: Making many copies can be very costly for the company.
Tn cng l y: rainy, sunny, muddy (y bn), windy
Ex: Today is the rainiest of the entire month
Tn cng l al: economical (tit kim), historical, physical
Ex: Instead of driving to work, he has found out a more economical way to save money.
Tn cng l ing: interesting, exciting, moving = touching (cm ng)
Ex: I cant help crying because of the moving film.
Tn cng l ed: excited, interested, tired, surprised
Ex: He has been working so hard today, so he is really exhausted.
3.2. Du hiu nhn bit Trng t
Trng t kt cu kh n gin:
Adv= Adj+ly: wonderfully, beautifully, carelessly
Ex: She dances extremely beautifully.
Khi mun din t so snh tnh cht ca s vt, s vic hay con ngi bng ting Anh, ngi hc buc phi ghi
nh nhng cu trc cng nh cc quy tc tng ng. y qu thc l mt vic khng h d dng. Hy cng
OnThiToeic.vn nhc li v ghi nh cc hnh thc so snh bng, hn, km, cao nht, cngcng, nh.
1. So snh bng.
So snh bng ch ra 2 thc th chnh xc ging nhau (bng nhau hoc nh nhau) v ngc li nu cu trc so snh dng
ph nh.
Cu trc

S + verb + as + adj/ adv + as noun/ pronoun/ S + V
- Nu l cu trc ph nh as th nht c th thay bng so.
V d: He is not so tall as his father.
Lu : Ta cn phi nh rng i t sau as lun dng i t tn ng.
V d:
Peter is as tall as me. You are as old as her.
Mt s th d v so snh bng.
My book is as interesting as yours.
Tnh t

His car runs as fast as a race car.
Ph t

- Danh t cng c th dng so snh cho cu trc ny nhng trc khi so snh phi xc nh chc chn rng danh t
c nhng tnh t tng ng nh trong bng sau:
Tnh t Danh t
heavy, light
wide, narrow
deep, shallow
long, short
big, small
weight
width
depth
length
size
-> Cu trc dng cho loi ny s l the same as.
Subject + verb + the same + (noun) + as noun/ pronoun
V d:
My house is as high as his
My house is the same height as his.
Lu :
- Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi cng thc ny nn vic s dng b hp vo trong bng trn.
- The same as >< different from : My nationality is different from hers.
- Trong ting Anh ca ngi M c th dng different than nu sau l c mt cu hon chnh (khng ph bin).
V d:
His appearance is different from what I have expected.
= His appearance is different than I have expected.
- From c th thay th bng to.
Mt s th d v the same v different from:
These trees are the same as those.
He speaks the same language as her.
Their teacher is different from ours.

2. So snh hn, km
- Trong loi so snh ny, ngi ta phn ra lm 2 loi ph t, tnh t ngn v ph t, tnh t di.
- i vi cc ph t v tnh t ngn, ta ch cn cng thm ui ER vo tn cng.
- i vi nhng tnh t ngn c 1 nguyn m kp gia 2 ph m, ta phi gp i ph m cui khng phi thay i cch
c.
Ch :
- Tnh t ngn l nhng tnh t ch c mt m tit, v d: nice, great, cool, hot, short, poor, warm, clean, ).
- Tnh t di l nhng tnh t c t hai m tit tr ln, v d: tired, sleepy, nervous, crowded, anxious, wonderful, exquisite,
exorbitant,
V d:
big bigger.
red redder
hot hotter
- Nhng tnh t c tn cng bng bn nguyn m phi i thnh ier (y ier)
V d:
happy happier
friendly friendlier (hoc more friendly than)
- Trng hp ngoi l: strong stronger.
- i vi tt c cc ph t v tnh t di dng MORE (nu hn) v dng LESS ( nu km).
V d: more beautiful, more important, more believable.
S + V
+ adj/ adv(ngn) + er
+ more + adj/ adv(di)
+ less + adj di
+ than + noun/ pronoun/ S + V
V d:
Johns grades are higher than his sisters.
Today is hotter than yesterday.
This chair is more comfortable than the other.
He speaks Spanish more fluently than I do .
He visits his family less frequently than she does.
This years exhibit is less impressive than last years.

- nhn mnh cho tnh t v ph t so snh ngi ta dng far hoc muchtrc so snh.
Subject + verb +
far

much
Adv/
Adj
(ngn)
+er + than
Noun/
pronoun
Subject + verb + far/ much More/ less Adj/ Adv(di) + than Noun/ pronoun
- Mt s thnh ng nhn mnh : much too much
adv adv adj


V d:
Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine.
That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on television.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.
She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
His car is far better than yours.
- Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong cc cu trc bng hoc hn, km.
- Trong cu trc so snh bng ch cn xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v trc chng c mt s
nh ng dng vi 2 loi danh t .
- Trong cu trc so snh hn km cng cn phi xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v ng trc
chng c dng fewer (cho m c), less (khng m c) v moredng chung cho c 2 (cng thc di y). Do cu
trc ny khng phc tp nn c dng rng ri hn so vi cu trc so snh bng.
S + V + as + many/ much/ little/ few + noun + as + noun/ pronoun
Hoc
Subject + verb + more/ fewer/ less + noun + than + noun/ pronoun
V d:
I have more books than she does.
February has fewer days than March.
He earns as much money as his brother.
They have as few class as us.
Their job allows them less freedom than ours.
Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother.
3. Cc dng so snh c bit
Bng di y l mt s dng so snh c bit ca tnh t v ph t. Trong lu rng farther dng cho khong
cch, further dng cho thng tin v nhng vn tru tng khc.
Tnh t v ph t So snh hn km So snh nht
far

little

much
many

good
well

bad
badly
farther
further
less

more


better


worse
the farthest
the furthest
the least

the most


the best


the worst
V d:
I feel much better today than I did last week.
The university is farther than the mall.
He has less time now than he had before.
Marjorie has more books than Sue.
Lu : further = more.
V d:
The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine.
He will come to the US for further education next year.
4. So snh bi s
L loi so snh gp ri, gp i, gp 3. Nn nh rng trong cu trc ny khng c dng so snh hn km m phi dng
so snh bng.
Subject + verb + bi s + as +
much
noun + as +
many
noun

pronoun
V d:
This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney.
Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.
Lu :
- Khi dng so snh loi ny phi xc nh r danh t l m c hay khng m c v ng trc chng c
much v many.
- Cc cu trc: twicethat much/ many (gp i s ) ch c dng trong vn ni, tuyt i khng c dng trong
vn vit.
V d:
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice that many showed up. (vn ni)
We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice as many as that number showed up. (vn vit)
5. So snh kp (cng .th cng)
Nhng cu ny bt u bng mt cu trc so snh hn, v do mnh th 2 cng phi bt u bng mt cu trc so snh
hn.
The + comparative + comparative + verb + the comparative + subject + verb
V d:
The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt.
The bigger they are, the harder they fall.
The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.
The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.
The more + subject +verb + the + comparative + subject + verb
The more you study, the smarter you will become.
The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got.
The more he slept, the more irritable he became.
6. So Snh Hn Nht.

Subject + verb + the +
Adj(ngn)+est
most + adj(di)
least + adj
+ Noun
- cp so snh hn nht, 3 thc th tr ln c so snh vi nhau, mt trong chng tri hn hoc km hn so vi cc
thc th cn li.

John is the tallest boy in the family.
Deana is the shortest of the three sisters.
These shoes are the least expensive of all.
Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest.
Lu :
- Sau thnh ng one of the +superlative, danh t phi dng s nhiu v ng t chia ngi s t.
V d:
One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjon Borg.
Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.
- Cc ph t khng c i km bi -er hoc -est. M thay v , khi c dng trong cu so snh chng i cng
more hoc less i vi cp so snh hn, v vimost hoc least thnh lp nn dng so snh hn nht.
Dng nguyn So snh hn So snh hn nht
carefully


cautiously
more carefully
less carefully

more cautiously
less cautiously
the most carefully
the least carefully

the most cautiously
the least cautiously
V d:
Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.
Joe dances more gracefully than his partner.
That child behaves the most carelessly of all.
Irene plays the most recklessly of all.
Trong ting Anh, gii t l mt dng t loi c rt t t (C khong 150 gii t) nhng li l mt dng t loi quan
trng v phc tp. Thm , trn thc t, nhng gii t nh of, to v in l mt trong 10 t thng c s dng
nht trong Ting Anh.Trong bi ny ta s hc tt c nhng g nn bit v gii t trong phm vi ting Anh c bn
nh nh ngha, cch s dng, phn loi, v tr, cch t t ng c gii t v lm quen vi nhng gii t thng dng.
1. nh ngha: Gii t l t loi ch s lin quan gia cc t loi trong cm t, trong cu. Nhng t thng i sau gii t l
tn ng (Object), Verb + ing, Cm danh t
V d:
a. I went into the room.
b. I was sitting in the room at that time.
Ta thy r, v d a., the room l tn ng ca gii t into. v d b., the room l tn ng ca gii t in.
Ch : Cc bn phi lun phn bit trng t v gii t, v thng khi mt t c hai chc nng (va l trng t v gii
t). iu khc nhau c bn l Trng t th khng c tn ng theo sau. Hy xt cc cu sau y:
V d:
1. Please, come in. Its raining. (Trng t)
We are in the small room. (Gii t); v tn ng ca In l The room
2. He ran down quickly. (Trng t) v quickly khng phi l tn ng ca down; n ch l trng t ch cch thc m
thi.
3. My dictionary is on the desk. (Gii t) v n lin kt vi tn ng: (the desk).
2. Cch s dng gii t trong ting Anh:
C th ni vic dng cc gii t khng phi d, v mi nc c cch dng gii t c bit; vy ta phi rt ch n n ngay
t lc mi hc mn ngoi ng ni chung v ting Anh ni ring.
Trong ting Anh, ngi ta khng th t ra cc quy lut v cc php dng gii t mang tnh c nh cho mi gii t
cng mt gii t, khi i vi t loi khc nhau th to ra ngha khc nhau. Vy chng ta nn hc thuc mi khi gp phi v
hc ngay t lc ban u.
V d:
depend on
independent of
look after
look for
look up to
....................
wait for
think of
make up
look up
live on
................
3. Cc loi gii t trong ting Anh.
Cc gii t trong ting Anh c th c phn thnh my loi sau:
3.1. Gii t ch Thi gian.
after
at
before
behind
by
during
for
from
in
on
since
throughout
foreward
until
within
3.2. Gii t ch a im/Ni chn.
about
above
across
at
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
beyond
by
in
off
on
over
through
to
toward
under
within
without
3.3. Gii t ch L do, nguyn nhn.
at
for
from
of
on
over
through
with
3.4. Gii t ch Mc ch.
after
at
for
on
to
3.5. Gii t thng:
after
against
among
between
by
for
from
of
on
to
with
4. V tr gii t
Thng thng, gii t ting Anh c t nh ting Vit; tuy nhin, n c th t ngay trc T nghi vn hay i t.
V d: What is this medal made of?
Of what is this medal made?
hay
The man whom we listened to is our new teacher.
The man to whom we listened is our new teacher.
5. Cch t t ng c gii t: V tr ca gii t trong cu c th lm thay i ngha ca cu .
V d:
1- A letter was read from his friend in the classroom.
A letter from his friend was read in the classroom.
(Hai cu trn c ngha khc nhau bi v gii t from c v tr khc nhau)
2- With his gun towards the forest he started in the morning.
With his gun, he started towards the forest in the morning.
(Hai cu trn c ngha khc nhau bi v gii t towards c v tr khc nhau)
6. Mt s gii t thng thng:
1. AT, IN, ON
1. AT : dng trc thi gian ngn: gi, pht giy
At 10 oclock; at this moment; at 10 a.m
2. ON : dng trc thi gian ch: ngy, th ngy (trong lch )
On Sunday; on this day.
3. IN : dng trc thi gian di: thng, ma, nm v mt phn ca ngy.
In June; in July; in Spring; in 2005; in the morning/ afternoon
2. IN, INTO, OUT OF
1. IN: dng ch v tr (a im khng chuyn hng)
In the classroom; in the concert hall; in the box.
2. INTO: dng ch s chuyn ng t ngoi vo trong.
I go into the classroom.
3. OUT OF: dng ch s chuyn ng t trong ra ngoi.
I go out of the classroom.
3. FOR, DURING, SINCE:
1. FOR : dng o khong thi gian
For two months
For four weeks..
For the last few years
2. DURING : dng ch hnh ng xy ra trong sut thi gian ca s vt, s kin:
During christmast time; During the film; During the play
3. SINCE : dng nh du thi gian
Since last Saturday, since Yesterday.
4. AT, TO
1. AT: dng ch s c nh mt v tr no tng i nh, v nu din tch ni ln hn ta dng in.
At the door; At home; At school
In Ha Noi; In the world
2. TO: dng ch s chuyn ng ti mt ni no .
Go to the window; Go to the market
5. ON, OVER, ABOVE. ( trn)
1. ON: dng ch v tr ng lin ngay trn
On the table; on the desk
2. OVER: dng ch cc lp/th t ln trn (o, qun)
I usually wear a shirt over my singlet.
3. ABOVE: Vi ngha l trn nhng ch s cao hn so vi vt khc thp hn.
The ceiling fans are above the pupils.
The planes fly above our heads.
6. TILL, UNTIL (ti, cho ti khi)
1. TILL: dng cho thi gian v khng gian.
Wait for me till next Friday (thi gian)
They walked till the end of the road. (khng gian)
2. UNTIL: dng vi thi gian.
He did not come back until 11.pm yesterday. (thi gian)
Trong ting Anh, ngi ta rt hay dng cu b ng. Khc vi cu ch ng ch ng thc hin hnh ng, trong
cu b ng ch ng nhn tc ng ca hnh ng. Cu b ng c dng khi mun nhn mnh n i tng chu
tc ng ca hnh ng hn l bn thn hnh ng . Thi ca ng t cu b ng phi tun theo thi ca ng
t cu ch ng. Chng ta hy cng hc cc kin thc lin quan s dng thnh tho cu b ng nh.
1. B /Th ng cch l cch t cu trong ch ng ng vai b ng.
V d:
1. Chinese is learnt at school.
2. A book was bought.
Ch : iu kin c th chuyn cu ch ng sang b ng:
Th 1: Cu ch ng phi xc lp c c tn ng. (object)
Th 2: Cu ch ng phi c Ngoi ng t. (transitive verbs)
2. Qui tc Cu b ng.
a. ng t ca cu b ng: To be + Past Participle (PII).
b. Tn ng ca cu ch ng thnh ch ng ca cu b ng
c. Ch ng ca cu ch ng thnh ch ng ca gii t BY
Ch ng : Subject + Verb +Object
B ng: Subject +To Be +Past Participle(ng t dng phn t qu kh) +BY +Object
V d:
The farmer drinks tea everyday. (Active-ch ng)
Tea is drunk by the farmer everyday. (Passive-b ng)
3. Khi mt ngoi ng t ch ng c hai tn ng, mt trc tip v mt gin tip (nhm tng biu), c th chuyn
thnh hai cu b ng.
V d:
I gave him an apple.
An apple was given to him.
He was given an apple.
4. Mt s cu c bit phi dch l Ngi ta khi dch sang ting Vit.
V d:
It is said that = people say that ; (Ngi ta ni rng)
It was said that = people said that. (Ngi ta ni rng)
Mt s ng t c dng nh trn: believe, say, suggest, expect,
5. Ta dng ng t nguyn th trong th b ng:
TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE ch mt nh hay s bt buc hoc s khng th c.
V d:
This exercise is to be done.
This matter is to be discussed soon.
6. Sau nhng ng t: to have, to order, to get, to bid, to cause hay mt ng t ch v gic quan hoc cm tnh, ta
dng Past Participle (Tham kho phn Bng ng t bt quy tc) bao hm ngha nh b ng:
V d:
We had our photos taken.
We heard the song sung.
We got tired after having walked for long.
7. Bng chia Ch ng sang B ng:
Simple present(th hin ti n) do done
Present continuous(th hin ti tip din) is/are doing is/are being done
Simple Past (th qu kh n) did was/were done
Past continuous(th qu kh tip din) was/were doing was/were being done
Present Perfect(th hin ti hon thnh) has/have done has/have been done
Past perfect (th qu kh hon thnh) had done had been done
Simple future(th tng lai n) will done will be done
Future perfect(th tng lai hon thnh) will have done will have been done
is/are going to ( th tng lai gn) is/are going to do is/are going to be done
Can can, could do can, could be done
Might might do might be done
Must must do must be done
Have to have to do have to be done
8. Mt s Trng hp c bit khc:
Mt s ng t c bit: remember; want; try; like, hate
V d:
I remember them taking me to the zoo. (active)
I remember being taken to the zoo.(passive)
V d: She wants her sister to take some photogtaphs.(active)
She wants some photographs to be taken by her sister. (passive)
V d: She likes her boyfriend telling the truth. (active)
She likes being told the truth by her boyfriend. (passive)
9. Mt s Trng hp c bit nguyn mu c TO: Suppose; see; make;
V d:
You are supposed to learn English now. (passive)
= It is your duty to learn English now. (active)
= You should learn English now. (active)
V d: His father makes him learn hard. (active)
He is made to learn hard. (passive)
V d:
You should be working now.(active)
You are supposed to be working now.(passive)
V d:
People believed that he was waiting for his friend (active).
He was believed to have been waiting for his friend.(passive)
Trong mt cu ting Anh, ch ng v ng t phi ph hp vi nhau v ngi v s (s t hay s nhiu). Quy tc
chung: ch ng s t i cng ng t s t v ch ng s nhiu i cng ng t s nhiu. Tuy nhin, i khi ch ng
cn ha hp vi ng t ty theo tng din t hoc danh t/i t ng trc theo cc quy tc nht nh.
Chng ta hy ghi nh nhng quy tc di y trnh nhng nhm ln khng ng c khi hc ting Anh nh.
1. Cc trng hp ch ng ng tch khi ng t
- Trong cu ting Anh, c nhiu trng hp rt kh xc nh c u l ch ng ca cu do ch ng v ng t khng i
lin vi nhau.
The boys in the room are playing chess.
- Thng thng trong cc trng hp , mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u v cc danh t theo sau in the room)
thng nm gia ch ng v ng t. Cc ng gii t ny khng nh hng n vic chia ng t.
The study of languages is very interesting.
Serveral theories on this subject have been proposed.
The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.
The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.
- Ch rng trong cc v d trn cc danh t nm trong ng gii t u tri ngc vi ch ng v s t / s nhiu nhng
ng t lun c chia theo ch ng chnh.
- Cc cm t sau cng vi cc danh t i theo sau n to nn hin tng ng ch ng. Chng ng gia ch ng v ng
t, phn tch khi 2 thnh phn bi du phy. Chng cng khng c nh hng g n vic chia ng t.
- Nu hai danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and nhng cng ni v 1 i tng th ng t chia ngi th 3 s t.
VD: Bread and butter is all he asked for.
Together with along with accompanied by as well as
Mary, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
Mr. Robbins, accompanied by her wife and children, is arriving tonight.
- Nu 2 danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (tng ng vi they)
Mary and her manager are going to a party tonight.
Nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng or th ng t phi chia theo danh t ng sau or. Nu danh t l s
t th ng t phi chia s t v ngc li.
Mary or her manager is going to answer the press interview.
2. Cc t lun i vi danh t hoc i t s t
l cc danh t bng sau (cn gi l cc i t phim ch).
any + singular noun no + singular noun some + singular noun every/ each + singular noun
anybody
anyone
anything
nobody
no one
nothing
somebody
someone
something
everybody
everyone
everything
neither * either *
* Either v neither l s t nu chng khng i vi or hoc nor. Either (c ngha 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi
hoc 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi (vt) tr ln phi dngany. Neither (khng mt ai trong hai) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3
ngi (vt) tr ln dng not any.
Everybody who wants to buy a ticket should be in this line.
Something is in my eye.
Anybody who has lost his ticket should report to the desk.
Neither of his pens is able to be used.
If either of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work.
No problem is harder than this one.
Nobody works harder than John does.
3. Cch s dng None v No
None v No u dng c vi c danh t s t v s nhiu.
Nu sau None of the l mt danh t khng m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu sau n l mt danh t s
nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.
None of the + non-count noun + singular verb

None of the + plural count noun + plural verb

None of the counterfeit money has been found.
None of the students have finished the exam yet.
Nu sau No l mt danh t m c s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi ngi th 3 s t. Nu sau n l mt
danh t s nhiu th ng t phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.
No + {singular noun / non-count noun} + singular verb

No + plural noun + plural verb

No example is relevant to this case.
No examples are relevant to this case.
4. Cch s dng cu trc either or (hochoc) v neither nor (khngm cng khng)
iu cn lu nht khi s dng cu trc ny l ng t phi chia theo danh t i sauor hoc nor. Nu danh t l s t th
ng t chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li. Nu or hoc nor xut hin mt mnh (khng c either hoc neither) th cng
p dng quy tc tng t (nh cp phn trn).
Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.
Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.
Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
Neither the director nor the secretary wants to leave yet.
5. V-ing lm ch ng
Khi V-ing dng lm ch ng th ng t cng phi chia ngi th 3 s t.
Learning English is not easy..
Not studying has caused him many problems.
Washing with special cream is recommended for scalp infection.
Being cordial is one of his greatest assets.
Writing many letters makes her happy.
Ngi ta s dng V-ing khi mun din t 1 hnh ng c th xy ra nht thi nhng khi mun din t bn cht ca s vt,
s vic th phi dng danh t.
Dieting is very popular today.
Diet is for those who suffer from a certain disease.
ng t nguyn th cng c th dng lm ch ng v ng t sau n s chia ngi th 3 s t. Nhng ngi ta thng
dng ch ng gi it m u cu.
To find the book is necessary for him = It is necessary for him to find the book.
6. Cc danh t tp th
l cc danh t bng sau dng ch 1 nhm ngi hoc 1 t chc nhng trn thc t chng l nhng danh t s t, do
vy cc i t v ng t theo sau chng cng ngi th 3 s t.
Congress
family
group
committee
class
Organization
team
army
club
crowd
Government
jury
majority*
minority
public
The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.
The family was elated by the news.
The crowd was wild with excitement
Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.
The organization has lost many members this year.
Our team is going to win the game.
Tuy nhin nu cc thnh vin trong nhm ang hot ng ring r, ng t s chia ngi th 3 s nhiu:
Congress votes for the bill. (Quc hi b phiu cho d lut, gm tt c mi ngi)
Congress are discussing about the bill. (Quc hi ang tranh lun v d lut, tc l mt s tn thnh, mt s phn i).
* Danh t majority c dng tu theo thnh phn sau n chia ng t
The majority + singular verb
The majority of the + plural noun + plural verb
The majority believes that we are in no danger.
The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.
The police/the sheep/the fish + plural verb.
The sheep are breaking away
The police come only to see the dead bodies and a ruin in the bank
A couple+ singular verb
A couple is walking on the path
The couple+ plural verb
The couple are racing their horses through the meadow.
Cc cm t nhm sau ch mt nhm ng vt hoc gia sc. Cho d sau gii tof l danh t s nhiu th ng t vn
chia theo ngi ch ng chnh ngi th 3 s t: flock of birds/ sheep, school of fish, herd of cattle, pride of lions, pack of
dogs.
The flock of birds is circling overhead.
The herd of cattle is breaking away.
A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.
Tt c cc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o, khi c cp n nh mt th thng nht th u c xem
l mt danh t s t. Do cc ng t v i t theo sau chng phi ngi th 3 s t.
Twenty-five dollars is too much for the meal.
Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test
Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that radio.
Two miles is too much to run in one day.
He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute another fifty.
7. Cch s dng a number of, the number of:
A number of = Mt s nhng , i vi danh t s nhiu, ng t chia s nhiu.
A number of + plural noun + plural verb
A number of students are going to the class picnic (Mt s sinh vin s i )
A number of applicants have already been interviewed.
The number of = S lng nhng , i vi danh t s nhiu, ng t vn ngi th 3 s t.
The number of + plural noun + singular verb...
The number of days in a week is seven. (S lng ngy trong tun l 7)
The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small.
8. Cc danh t lun s nhiu
Bng sau l nhng danh t bao gi cng hnh thi s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th nn cc i t v ng t i cng
vi chng cng phi s nhiu.
scissors
shorts
pants
jeans
tongs
trousers
eyeglasses
pliers
tweezers
Nu mun chng thnh ngi s t phi dng a pair of
The pants are in the drawer.
A pair of pants is in the drawer.
These scissors are dull. (Ci ko ny cn. Ch ch c 1 ci ko nhng cng dng vi these)
9. Cch dng there is, there are
c dng ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti mt ni no . Ch ng tht ca cu l danh t i sau ng t. Nu n
l danh t s t th ng t to bechia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li. Mi bin i v thi v th u to becn theregi
nguyn.
There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.
Threre is a storm approaching.
There was an accident last night.
There was water on the floor.
There have been a number of telephone calls today.
There were too many people at the party.
Lu :
Cc cu trc: there is certain/ sure/ likely/ bound to be = chc chn l s c
There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter. (Chc chn l s c rc ri khi c y nhn c th anh ta)
Do you think there is likely to be snow. (Anh cho rng chc chn s c tuyt ch)
Trong dng ting Anh quy chun hoc vn chng mt s cc ng t khc ngoi to be cng c s dng
vi there:
ng t trng thi: stand/ lie/ remain/ exist/ live
ng t ch s n: enter/ go/ come/ follow/ develop
In a small town in Germany there once lived a poor shoemaker. (Ti mt th trn nh c c mt ng th giy ngho
sng )
There remains nothing more to be done . (Ch cn c g na m lm)
Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black. (Bng c mt hnh bng k l mc ton en i vo)
There followed an uncomfortable silence. (Sau l mt s im lng n kh chu)
There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: ka/ th l/ ri th
There he comes (Anh ta n ri kia ka)
There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an hour. (Anh y ri, ti ang ch anh n hn mt ting ri
y)
Cu iu kin gm c hai phn: Mt phn nu ln iu kin v mt phn cn li nu ln kt qu hay c
gi l mnh ch iu kin v mnh ch kt qu. Thm , hai mnh trong cu iu kin c th i
ch c cho nhau. i vi ngi hc Ting Anh ni chung v ngi n luyn Toeic ni ring, bit v nm
chc cc vn lin quan ti cu iu kin nh phn loi, cch dng, trng hp c bit. l bt buc
c th hon thin trnh hc ting Anh ca mnh.
1. My lu v cu iu kin.
- Cu iu kin gm c hai phn: Mt phn nu ln iu kin v mt phn cn li nu ln kt qu hay c gi l
mnh ch iu kin v mnh ch kt qu.
V d:
If it rains, I will stay at home.
You will pass the exam if you work hard.
- Hai mnh trong cu iu kin c th i ch c cho nhau
V d: You will pass the exam if you work hard.
2. Cc loi cu iu kin.
* Loi 1: iu kin c th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai.
V d: If I have enough money, I will buy a new car.
Cu trc: If + Th hin ti n, Th tng lai n
* Loi 2: iu kin khng th xy ra hin ti hoc tng lai -c mun hin ti. (Nhng thc t khng
th xy ra c).
V d:
- If I had millions of US dollars now, I would give you a half. ( I have some money only now)
- If I were the president, I would build more hospitals.
Cu trc: If + Th qu kh n, S + would/ Could/ Should + V
Ch : cu iu kin loi 2, trong v IF, to be ca cc ngi chia ging nhau v l t were, ch khng phi
was.
* Loi 3: iu kin khng th xy ra trong qu kh mang tnh c mun trong qu kh. (nhng thc t
khng th xy ra c).
V d:
If they had had enough money, they would have bought that villa.
If we had found him earlier, we might/could saved his life.
Cu trc: If + th qu kh hon thnh, S + would/ could/ should + have PII + O.
* Loi 4: Cu trc ny dng din t mt s vic tri vi Qu kh dn n mt kt qu tri vi hin ti.
V d:
If I had been born in town, I would like life there.
(the fact that I wasnt born in town, so I dont like life there now)
Cu trc: Clause 1 (would + V) if + Clause 2 (had + P2)
3. Cc cch din t khc ca cu iu kin
3.1. Loi 2
V d:
You help me everyday so I can finish my work.
But for your daily help, I couldnt finish my work.
She encouraged him and he succeeded.
Without her encouragement, he wouldnt have succeeded.
The teacher explained and we understood.
Were it not for the teachers explanation, we wouldnt have understood.
Cu trc: But for/ without/ were it not for + noun, S would/ could/ should + V
3.2. Loi 3
V d:
If he had nt got my book, he couldnt have written well the thesis.
-> But for my book, he couldnt have written well the thesis.
If they hadnt helped me, I wouldnt have finished that work.
-> Without their help, I wouldnt have finished that work.
It rained and we had to cancel the match.
-> Had it not been for the rain, we wouldnt have cancelled the match.

4. o ng cu iu kin

3.1. iu kin loi I
Nu trong cu c should mnh if, th o should ln u cu.
V d:
If he should ring , I will tell him the news.
Should he ring, I will tell him the news.
Nu trong cu khng c should, chng ta phi mn should
If he has free time, hell play tennis.
Should he have free time, hell play tennis.
If she comes early, well start.
Should she come early, well start.

3.2. iu kin loi II
V d:
If I were a bird, I would fly.
Were I a bird, I would fly.
They would answer me if they were here.
Were they here, they would answer me.
Cu trc: Nu trong cu c were mnh if th o wereln u cu v b ifi.
V d:
If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book.
Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book.
If they lived in Australia now, they would go swimming.
Were they to live in Australia now, they would go swimming.
Nu trong cu khng c ng t were th mn were v dng to V.
3.3. iu kin loi III
o tr ng t ca th qu kh hon thnh.
V d:
If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
Had it rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.
If he had trained hard, he would have won the match.
Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.
Ch : dng ph nh, not c t sau ch ng:
V d: Had it not been so late, we would have called you.


4. Cch dng vi unless

Lu rng Unless cng thng c dng trong cu iu kin, lc Unless = If .. not.
V d:
Unless we start at once, we will be late = If we dont start at once we will be late.
Unless you study hard, you wont pass the exams = If you dont study hard, you wont pass the exams.
Mnh l mt phn ca cu . Mnh quan h ( hay Mnh tnh t ) cho chng bit ngi hay vt
no m ta mun m ch.
Mnh quan h c th c thnh lp bng cch dng i t quan h, trng t quan h, gii t.
1. nh ngha mnh quan h:
Mnh quan h dng gii thch r hn v danh t ng trc n.
Xt v d sau:
The woman who is wearing the T-shirt is my girlfriend.
Trong cu ny phn c vit ch nghing c gi l mt relative clause, n ng sau the woman
v dng xc nh danh t .
Nu b mnh ny ra chng ta vn c mt cu hon chnh:
The woman is my girlfriend.
2. i t quan h v trng t quan h:
A. Relative Pronouns (i t quan h)
Show
10
entries
Search:
i t
quan
h
Cch s dng V d
who Lm ch ng, i din ngi ngi I told you about the woman who
lives next door.
which Lm ch ng hoc tn ng, i din ngi vt, ng vt

B sung cho c cu ng trc n
Do you see the cat which is lying
on the roof?

He couldnt read which surprised
me.
of
which
ch s hu cho vt
whose Ch s hu cho ngi v vt Do you know the boy whose
mother is a nurse
i t
quan
h
Cch s dng V d
whom i din cho tn ng ch ngi I was invited by the professor
whom I met at the conference.
that i din cho ch ng ch ngi hoc vt, hay c ngi ln vt, c
bit trong mnh quan h xc nh (who, which vn c th s dng
c)
I dont like the table that stands in
the kitchen.
Showing 1 to 6 of 6 entries

B. Relative adverb (Trng t quan h)
Trng t quan h c th c s dng thay cho mt i t quan h v gii t. Cch lm ny s lm cho
cu d hiu hn.
This is the shop in which I bought my bike.
This is the shop where I bought my bike.
Show
10
entries
Search:
Trng t quan h Ngha Cch s dng V d
when in/on which i din cho cm thi gian the day when we met him
where in/at which i din cho ni chn the place where we met him
why for which i din cho l do the reason why we met him
Showing 1 to 3 of 3 entries

3. Phn loi mnh quan h:
- MQH xc nh: l thnh phn c bn trong cu, khng th thiu, khng th b i c.
The book is interesting. The book is on the table
> The book which is on the table is interesting.
- MQH khng xc nh: l mnh cung cp thm thng tin, l thnh phn khng c bn, c th b i
c.
Nams book is interesting. It is on the table.
> Nams book, which is on the table, is interesting.
Du hiu nhn bit mnh quan h khng xc nh:
- dng sau tn ring
- vi cc danh t theo sau this, that, these, those
- sau tnh t s hu

4. Rt gn mnh quan h:
* Mnh quan h rt gn vi phn t
The Royal College, which was founded in 1076, is the oldest university in this country.
> The Royal College, founded in 1076, is the oldest university in this country.
Applications which are received after the deadline cannot be considered
> Applications received after the deadline cannot be considered.
People who travelled into the city every day are used to the hold-ups.
> People travelling into the city every day are used to the hold-ups.
Trong Ting Anh ni v vit, Mnh quan h c s dng rt ph bin nhm mc ch gip cu vn
r ngha v d hiu hn. Mnh quan h c th c vit di dng gin lc ngha l c mt s
phn ca mnh ph c rt gn i cho cu vn, cu ni va m bo r ngha l khng b rm r.
Di y l cc cch gin lc mnh quan h, gip cc bn hiu r hn v vic gin lc mnh
quan h.
1. Mnh quan h c cha ng t V-ing (mnh quan h dng ch ng)
C th b i t quan h v tr ng t/ng t to be.
V d:
- The man who is standing there is handsome
c gin lc thnh: The man standing there is handsome
- The president made a speech for the famous man who visited him.
c gin lc thnh: The president made a speech for the famous man visiting him.
-Mr. Jackson, who is a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
c gin lc thnh: Mr. Jackson, a professor, is traveling in the Mideast this year.
2. Mnh quan h c cha ng t qu kh phn t 2 (mnh quan h dng b ng)
C th b i t quan h v tr ng t/ng t tobe
V d: The book which is written by Mr.A is interesting
c gin lc thnh: The book written by Mr.A is interesting
3. Mnh quan h cha ng t nguyn th
Danh t m mnh quan h b ngha cho c cc t sau y ng trc: first, last, only, second
c th b i t quan h, tr ng t/to be, v ng t c chuyn thnh dng nguyn th
V d: He is the only man who can solve this problem
c gin lc thnh: He is the only man to solve this problem
4. Ngoi ra, cn c th loi b i t quan h v to be trc mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u kt hp vi
cc danh t theo sau).
V d:
+ The beaker that is on the counter contains a solution.
c gin lc thnh: The beaker on the counter contains a solution.
5. Mnh quan h c cha to be v tnh t.
Ta c th b i i t quan h v to be
+ The woman, who is very clever and beautiful is my aunt
c gin lc thnh: The woman, clever and beautiful is my aunt.

Trong ting Anh, c nhng mnh ng v tr ca mt danh t. chnh l
mnh danh t. Mnh danh t l mnh c th ng vai tr nh mt danh
t trong cu. Cu cha mnh danh t thng l mt cu phc. Trong cu,
danh t lm nhim v g th mnh danh t lm nhim v .

1. c im ca mnh danh ng.
Mnh ny thng bt u bng if, whether v cc t hi nh what, why, when, where, v t that.
2. Ch nng ca mnh danh ng.
2.1. Mnh danh ng lm ch ng trong cu.
Nhng cu c mnh danh ng lm ch ng thng c cu trc nh sau: Where/ when/ why/ what/ that+
S+ V+ V.
V d:
+ That she comes late surprises me. ( Vic C y n mun lm ti ngc nhin)
+ Why she is absent is nothing to me. ( V sao c y vng mt ch c ngha g vi ti)
+ When he leaves is up to me. ( Vic bao gi anh ta i ph thuc vo ti.)
+ Where they live is a secret. ( H sng u l mt iu b mt.)
2.2. Mnh danh ng lm tn ng sau ng t.
Cu c mnh danh ng lm b ng sau ng t thng c cu trc nh sau: S + V + what/ where/ when/
why/ that+ S+ V
V d:
+ I dont know what she wants. ( Ti khng bit c ta mun g)
+ They think that they are wrong. ( H ngh rng h sai ri.)
+ Can you show me where they are now? ( Bn c th cho ti bit gi ny h ang u khng?)
2.3. Mnh danh ng lm tn ng sau gii t.
Cu dng ny thng c cu trc nh sau: S + V/be + adj+ preposition + where/ what/ when/ why/ that.+ S
+ V.
V d:
+ Their decision depends on what they think. ( quyt nh ca h ph thuc vo nhng g h ngh)
+ He is interested in how we could do that. (Anh ta rt hng th vi vic chng ta s lm nh th no.)
2.4. Mnh danh ng lm b ng cho ch ng.
Nhng cu dng ny thng c cu trc nh sau: S + tobe+ what/ where/ when/ why/ that.+ S+ V
V d:
+ The problem is where you are now. ( Vn l by gi bn ang u?)
+ The main point of the speech is why people should do the morning exercise. ( im chnh ca bi pht biu l ti
sao mi ngi nn tp th dc bui sng.)
3. Cch thnh lp mnh danh ng.
- Chuyn cu trn thut sang mnh danh ng, dng That.
- Chuyn cu hi Yes/ No dng if/ whether
- Chuyn cu hi dng t hi bng cch dng t hi, ng sau l cu trn thut.

4. Mnh danh ng rt gn.
Mnh danh ng c th c rt gn khi:
- Mnh danh ng ng v tr tn ng.
- Mnh danh ng v mnh chnh c chung ch ng. Khi , mnh danh ng c rt gn thnh dng: S +
V + wh+ to V
V d: She didnt know how much coffee she had to make for the meeting.
=> She didnt know how much coffee to make for the meeting.
Mnh trng ng l loi mnh c chc nng lm trng ng trong cu. Trong ting Anh, c rt nhiu
loi mnh trng ng nh: mnh trng ng ch thi gian, ni chn, cch thc, nguyn nhn, kt
qu..Mi loi mnh trng ng c bt u bi cc t c th.


1. Mnh trng ng ch thi gian
Mnh trng ng ch thi gian thng bt u bng cc t sau:
+ When ( khi m)
V d: When he comes, I will make a cake for him.
+ While (trong khi )
V du: I am reading book while they are playing.
+ Before (trc khi)
V d: She often watches TV before she goes to bed .
+ After (sau khi)
He went out after he had finished the housework.
+ Since (t khi)
V d: i havent met them since they left.
Ch : since thng c dng trong th hin ti hon thnh.
+ As (Khi m)
V d: I saw her as I was in the super market.
Ch : Trong mnh c cc t when, as, while i khi c s khc nhau gia cc th ca ng t,
nhng mnh trng ng khng bao gi th tng lai. Nu mnh chnh th tng lai th mnh
trng ng th hin ti thng.
+ Till/ until ( cho n khi)
V d: Ill waite untill/ till he comes back.
+ As soon as ( ngay khi m)
V d: As soon as Marry knew the truth, She called me.
+ Just as (ngay khi)
V d: Just as the girl entered the room, everyone looked at her.
+ Whenever ( bt c khi no)
V d: Ill come whenever you need me.
2. Mnh trng ng ch ni chn.
Mnh trng ng ch ni chn l mnh c chc nng lm trng ng ch ni chn trong cu. Mnh
ny c bt u bng where ( ni m ) v wherever ( bt c ni no)
V d:
+ I will go wherever you go.
+ You can find where you live.
3. Mnh trng ng ch nguyn nhn.
Mnh trng ng ch nguyn nhn l mnh c vai tr nu nguyn nhn ca s vt, hin tng trong cu.
Mnh ny c bt u bng because , since, as, seeing that.( u c ngha l bi v.)

V d:
+ Because she is ill, she cannot go to school.
+ Since the boy is too young, he cant understand the story.
+ Seeing that they were late, they missed the first part of the film.
+ As the essay has a lot of mistake, the teacher gives him the bad point.
4. Mnh trng ng ch cch thc.
Mnh trng ng ch cch thc c vai tr lm trng ng ch cch thc trong cu. Mnh ny thng
bt u bng as hay as if, u c ngha l : Nh l, nh.
+ As: Nh l
V d : They do as people expect.
+ As if: nh th l.
Mnh bt u vi as if thng l mnh gi nh, din t s vic khng c tht.
V d:
- It looks as if its going to rain.
- He said as if he were my father.
- He looks as if he had known what happened.
5. Mnh trang ng ch mc ch.
Mnh trng ng ch mc ch l mnh c vai tr lm trng ng ch mc ch trong cu. Mnh
ny thng bt u bng so that, in order that, u c ngha l m.
V d:
+ The teacher explains the lesson very clearly so that every student can understand.
+ Many students write to the president in order that the black can get the equality.
6. Mnh trng ng ch s tng phn.
L mnh c vai tr lm trng ng ch s tng phn trong cu. Mnh ny thng bt u bng
cc t nh : although, though, even though (Mc d), but/yet ( Nhng), while/ whereas (trong khi/
tri li), .
V d:
+ Although/ though/ even though she has a lot of things to do, she still spends time playing with her
children.
+ He loves her but he cant get married to her.
+ Whereas she is short, her husband is tall.

Trong ting Anh, lin t l cc t ni c nhim v chnh l lin kt hai phn khc bit ca mt cu. C hai loi
lin t l: lin t ng lp v lin t ph thuc.




1. Lin t kt hp (coordinating conjunctions)
Dng loi lin t ny ni nhng cc t loi hoc cm t/ nhm t cng mt loi, hoc nhng mnh ngang
hng nhau (tnh t vi tnh t, danh t vidanh t )
Gm c: for, and, nor, but, or, yet
V d:
She is a good and loyal wife.
Use your credit cards frequently and youll soon find yourself deep in debt.
He is intelligent but very lazy.
She says she does not love me, yet I still love her.
We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam.
He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard.
That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.
Ch : khi dng lin t kt hp ni hai mnh , chng ta thm du phy saumnh th nht trc lin t
Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements.
2. Tng lin t (correlative conjunctions)
Mt vi lin t thng kt hp vi cc t khc to thnh cc tng lin t. Chng thng c s dng theo cp
lin kt cc cm t hoc mnh c chc nng tng ng nhau v mt ng php
Gm c: both . . . and(va.va), not only . . . but also (khng chm cn), not . . . but, either . . . or
(hoc ..hoc..), neither . . . nor (khng.cng khng), whether . . . or , as . . . as, no sooner. than(va
mi.th)
V d:
They learn both English and French.
He drinks neither wine nor beer.
I like playing not only tennis but also football.
I dont have either books or notebooks.
I cant make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down.
3. Lin t ph thuc (subordinating conjunctions)
Loi lin t ph thuc ni kt cc nhm t, cm t hoc mnh c chc nng khc nhau mnh ph vi mnh
chnh trong cu.
V d nh cc lin t sau v ngha km theo ca chng:
As
1. Bi v: As he is my friend, I will help him.
2. Khi: We watched as the plane took off.
After: sau khi
After the train left, we went home.
Although/ though: mc d
Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.
Before: trc khi
I arrived before the stores were open.
Because: bi v
We had to wait, because we arrived early.
For: bi v
He is happy, for he enjoys his work.
If: nu, gi nh
If she is here, we will see her.
Lest: s rng
I watched closely, lest he make a mistake.
Ch : s dng ng t nguyn th trong mnh lest
Providing/ provided: min l
All will be well, providing you are careful.
Since
1. T khi: I have been here since the sun rose.
2. Bi v: Since you are here, you can help me.
So/ so that
1. Bi vy: It was raining, so we did not go out.
2. (= in order that): I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.
Supposing (= if)
Supposing that happens, what will you do?
Than: so vi
He is taller than you are.
Unless: tr khi
Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.
Until/ till: cho n khi
I will wait until I hear from you.
Whereas
1. Bi v: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone.
2. Trong khi (ngc li): He is short, whereas you are tall.
Whether: hay khng
I do not know whether she was invited.
While
1. Khi: While it was snowing, we played cards.
2. Trong khi (ngc li): He is rich, while his friend is poor.
3. Mc d: While I am not an expert, I will do my best.
As if /As though = in a similar way
She talks as if she knows everything.
It looks as though there will be a storm.
As long as: min l
As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
As soon as: ngay khi
Write to me as soon as you can.
In case: Trong trng hp
Take a sweater in case it gets cold.
Or else = otherwise: nu khng th
Please be careful, or else you may have an accident.
So as to = in order to:
I hurried so as to be on time.
Ch : Ngoi lin t, chng ta c th s dng cc trng t lin kt nh therefore, otherwise, nevertheless, thus,
hence, furthermore, consequently
V d:
We wanted to arrive on time; however, we were delayed by traffic.
I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best.
We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset.
Hin ti phn t v qu kh phn t l hai dng c bit ca ng t trong ting Anh. Trong mt s trng
hp, hin ti phn t v qu kh phn t gy nhm ln. Di y l nhng kin thc c bn v hai dng ng
t ny.

1. Khi nim.
1.1. Hin ti phn t chnh l ng t thm ui -ing. Hin ti phn t cn c gi l danh ng t, c
thnh lp bng cch thm -ing vo sau ng t.
1.2. Qa kh phn t hay cn gi l qu kh phn t hai ca ng t, c dng V-ed (i vi cc ng t c
quy tc) v cc ng t nm ct th 3 trong bng lit k cc ng t bt quy tc.
2. Cch dng.
2.1. Cch dng ca hin ti phn t.
+ Dng trong cc th tip din din t hnh ng ang xy ra ti mt thi im nht nh nh th hin ti tip
din, qu kh tip din, tng lai tip din, hin ti hon thnh tip din, qu kh hon thnh tip din v tng
lai hon thnh tip din.
V d:
- They are playing football at the moment.
- She has been working in this company for 5 years.
+ Dng lm ch ng trong cu. (vai tr ging nh mt danh t.)
V d:
- Listening to music is his hobby.
- Going out now may be very dangerous.
+ Dng lm tn ng ca ng t.
V d:
- I hate being asked a lot of questions about my private life.
- She remembers meeting him somewhere.
+ Dng lm tn ng ca cm gii t.
V d:
- Mary is interested in reading books.
- They are keen on living here.
+ Dng nh b ng ca ch ng. Trong ting Anh, nhng cu dng S +Be +complement th complement
y c gi l b ng ca ch ng.
V d:
- My hobby is playing computer games.
- The main task in this program is teaching English for Children.
+ Dng nh tnh t trong cu.
V d:
- The smiling girl is my sister.
+ Dng trong mnh quan h rt gn. ( Xem bi Gin lc mnh quan h)
V d:
- She is the worker having the best quality.
2.2. Cch dng ca qu kh phn t.
+ Dng trong cc th hon thnh nh hin ti hon thnh, qu kh hon thnh, tng li hon thnh.
V d:
- Ha has learned English for 5 years.
- When I came, he had left.
+ Dng nh tnh t trong cu.
V d: She lived in an isolated village.
+ Dng trong cu b ng.
V d: The boy is taught how to play the piano.
+ Dng trong mnh quan h rt gn. ( Xem bi Gin lc mnh quan h)
V d: I have read the novel written by OHenry.

Cu gi nh hay cn gi l cu cu khin l loi cu i tng th nht mun i tng th hai lm mt vic
g. Cu gi nh c tnh cht cu khin ch khng mang tnh p buc nh cu mnh lnh. Trong cu gi nh,
ngi ta dng dng nguyn th khng c to ca cc ng t sau mt s ng t chnh mang tnh cu khin.
Thng c that trong cu gi nh tr mt s trng hp c bit.
1 Cu gi nh dng would rather v that
1.1 Din t s vic hin ti (present subjunctive):
L loi cu ngi th nht mun ngi th hai lm vic g (nhng lm hay khng cn ph thuc vo ngi th
hai). Xem thm v cu cu khin phn sau. Trong trng hp ny ng t mng hai dng nguyn
th b to. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh t not trc nguyn th b to.

S1 + would rather that + S2 + [verb in simple form]
I would rather that you call me tomorrow.
He would rather that I not take this train.
Ng php ni ngy nay c bit l ng php M cho php b that trong cu trc ny m vn gi nguyn hnh
thc gi nh.
1.2 Din t s vic i lp vi thc t hin ti
ng t sau ch ng hai s chia simple past, to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.
S1 + would rather that + S2 + [verb in simple past tense]
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does.
(His girlfriend does not work in the same department)
Jane would rather that it were winter now. (Infact, it is not winter now)
Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng didnt + verb hoc were not sau ch ng hai.
Henry would rather that his girlfriend didnt work in the same department as he does.
Jane would rather that it were not winter now.
1.3. Din t s vic tri ngc vi thc t qu kh
ng t sau ch ng hai s chia dng past perfect. Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng hadnt + P2.
S1 + would rather that + S2 + past perfect
Bob would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.
(Jill did not go to class yesterday)
Bill would rather that his wife hadnt divorced him.
Ch : Ng php hin i cho php lc b that trong mt s cu gi nh dng would rather
2 Cu gi nh dng vi cc ng t trong bng di y.
Advise Demand Prefer Require
Ask Insist Propose Stipulate
Command Move Recommend Suggest
Decree Order Request Urge
- Trong cu nht nh phi c that.
- ng t sau ch ng 2 dng nguyn th b to.
Subject1 + verb + that + subject 2+ [verb in simple form] ...
V d:
We urge that he leave now.
Nu b that i ch ng 2 s tr thnh tn ng, ng t tr v dng nguyn th c to, cu s mt i ngha gi
nh v tr thnh cu bnh thng.
V d:
We urge him to leave now.
Lu : Trong ting Anh ca ngi Anh (British English), trc ng t nguyn th b to c should. Nhng trong
ting Anh ca ngi M (American English) ngi ta b n i.
Mt s v d
The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.
The university requires that all its students take this course.
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.
Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished.
We proposed that he take a vacation.
I move that we adjourn until this afternoon.
3 Cu gi nh dng vi tnh t
Cc tnh t dng trong cu gi nh gm cc tnh t trong bng di y.
Advised
Necessary
Essential
Vital
Recommended Urgent
Advised
Necessary
Essential
Vital
Recommended Urgent
Important Obligatory Required imperative
Mandatory Proposed Suggested
Trong cng thc sau, adjective ch nh mt trong cc tnh t c trong bng trn.
it + be + adjective + that + subject + [verb in simple form ]...(any tense)
Mt s v d:
It is necessary that he find the books.
It was urgent that she leave at once.
It has been proposed that we change the topic.
It is important that you remember this question.
It has been suggested that he forget the election.
It was recommended that we wait for the authorities.
Trong mt s trng hp c th dng danh t tng ng vi cc tnh t trn theo cng thc sau.
it + be + noun + that + subject + [verb in simple form ]...(any tense)
V d:
It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking.
4 Dng vi mt s trng hp khc
- Cu gi nh cn dng c trong mt s cu cm thn, thng bao hm cc th lc siu nhin.
V d:
God save the queen !. Cha ph h cho n hong.
God be with you ! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau)
Curse this frog !: cht tit con cc ny
- Dng vi mt s thnh ng:
Come what may: d c chuyn g i na.
V d:
Come what may we will stand by you.
If need be : nu cn
V d:
If need be we can take another road.
- Dng vi if this be trong trng hp mun nu ra mt gi nh t pha ngi ni nhng khng tht chc chn
lm v kh nng.
V d:
If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent.
5 Cu gi nh dng vi it is time
It is time (for smb) to do smth : n lc phi lm g. (thi gian va vn, khng a ra gi nh)
V d:
It is time for me to get to the airport (just in time).
Nhng:
It is time
It is high time subject + simple past ( n lc gi nh thi gian n tr mt cht)
It is about time
Nhn xt: High/ about c dng trc time thm vo nhn mnh.
V d:
Its high time I left for the airport.
(it is a little bit late)

Th hin ti n v th hin ti tip din thng khin nhiu bn ln ln, khng bit chng khc nhau ci g trong cu trc v
ngha. V vy, chng ta cng xem li kin thc v th hin ti n v th hin ti tip din nh.
Cc bn cn nm chc cu to, chc nng ca 2 th ny lm nn tng cho nhng phn tip theo.


I. Cu Trc

HIN TI N HIN TI TIP DIN
+ S + V(s/es)
He plays tennis.
S + am/is/are + Ving
The children are playing football now.
S + do not/ does not + Vinf
She doesn't play tennis.
S + am/is/are + not + Ving
The children are not playing football now.
? Do/Does + S + Vinf?
Do you play tennis?
Am/Is/Are + S + Ving?
Are the children playing football now?
II. Cch s dng
HIN TI N HIN TI TIP DIN
1. Din t mt thi quen, mt hnh
ng xy ra thng xuyn lp i lp
li hin ti.
Ex:
- He watches TV every night.
- What do you do every day?
- I go to school by bicycle.

2. Din t mt chn l, mt s tht
hin nhin.
Ex:
- The sun rises in the East.
- Tom comes from England.
- I am a student.

3. Din t mt lch trnh c sn, thi
kha biu, chng trnh
Ex: The plane leaves for London at
12.30pm.

4. Dng sau cc cm t ch thi
gian when, as soon asv trong cu
iu kin loi 1
Ex:
- We will not believe
you unlesswe see it ourselves.
- If she asks you, tell her that you do
not know.
1. Din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra ti hin ti.
Ex:
- The children are playing football now.
- What are you doing at the moment?

2. Dng theo sau cu ngh, mnh lnh.
Ex:
- Look! The child is crying.
- Be quiet! The baby is sleeping in the next room.

3. Th ny cn c dng din t mt hnh ng sp xy ra. (TH
TNG LAI GN)
Ex:
- He is coming tomorrow.
- My parents are planting trees tomorrow.

Lu : Khng dng th hin ti tip din vi cc ng t ch nhn thc, tri
gic nh: to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance, feel, think,
smell, love, hate, realize, seem, remember, forget, belong to, believe ...
Vi cc ng t ny, ta thay bng th HIN TI N GIN
Ex:
- I am tired now.
- She wants to go for a walk at the moment.
III. Du hiu nhn bit
HIN TI N HIN TI TIP DIN
- Often, usually, frequently
- Always, constantly
- Sometimes, occasionally
- Seldom, rarely
- Every day/ week/ month...
- Now
- Right now
- At the moment
- At present
- Look! Listen!...
IV. Spelling
HIN TI N HIN TI TIP DIN
- Ta thm S hnh thnh ngi 3 s t ca hu ht
cc ng t. Nhng ta thm ES khi ng t c tn
cng l o, sh, s, ch, x, z.
Ex: He teaches French.

- Nu ng t tn cng l y v ng trc n l mt
ph m, th ta i y thnh i trc khi thm es.
Ex:
- He tries to help her.
- She studies at China.
- Nu ng t tn cng l e n th b e ny i trc khi
thm ing. (tr cc ng t : to age (gi i), to dye (nhum),
to singe (chy xm) v cc ng t tn t l ee
Ex: come --> coming

- ng t tn cng l 1 nguyn m gia 2 ph m th nhn
i ph m cui ln ri thm ing.
Ex:
run --> running
begin --> beginning

- Nu ng t tn cng l ie th i thnh y ri mi
thm ing.
Ex: lie --> lying

- Nu ng t tn cng l l m trc n l 1 nguyn m n
th ta cng nhn i l ln ri thm ing.
Ex: travel --> travelling
Th hin ti hon thnh v th hin ti hon thnh tip din cng l mt cp khin nhiu s t i thi phi au u
y.
Mi cc bn cng xem qua kin thc v cp i ny v lm mt s bi tp cng c kin thc nh.


I. Present Perfect (th hin ti hon thnh)
1. Cu trc:
(+) S + has/have + PII.
() S + has/have + not + PII.
(?) Has/Have + S + PII?
Yes, S + has/have.
No, S + has/have + not.
2. Cch s dng:
2.1. Din t mt hnh ng xy ra mt thi im khng xc nh trong qu kh.
- Khng c thi gian xc nh.
John has traveled around the world (We dont know when)
Have you passed your driving test?
- Hoc i vi cc t: just, recently, already, yet,
- Hnh ng lp li nhiu ln cho n thi im hin ti.
I have watched Iron Man several times.
- Sau cu trc so snh hn nht ta dng th hin ti hon thnh.
It is the most borning book that I have ever read.
- Sau cu trc: This/It is the first/second times, phi dng th hin ti hon thnh.
This is the first time he has driven a car.
Its the second times he has lost his passport.
2.2. Din t mt hnh ng bt u din ra trong qu kh v vn cn hin ti.
- C cc t ch thi gian i cng nh: since, for, ever, never, up to now, so far,
Jonh has lived in that house for 20 years. (He still live there)
=John has lived in that house since 1989 (Hin nay l 2012)
3. Cc t i vi th hin ti hon thnh
- Since + thi im trong qu kh: since 1982, since Junuary.: k t khi
For + khong thi gian: for three days, for ten minutes, .: trong vng
I havent heard from her for 2 months.
(Ti khng nghe tin tc g t c y trong 2 thng ri
He hasnt met her since she was a little girl.
(Anh y khng gp c y k t khi c y cn l 1 c b.)
- Already:
Dng trong cu khng nh hay cu hi, ALREADY c th ng ngay sau have v cng c th ng cui cu.
I have already had the answer = I have had the answer already.
Have you typed my letter already?
- Yet: cha
Dng trong cu ph nh hoc nghi vn. YET thng ng cui cu.
John hasnt written his report yet = John hasnt written his report.
I hasnt decided what to do yet = I hasnt decided what to do.
Have you read this article yet? = Have you read this article?
- Just: va mi
Dng ch mt hnh ng va mi xy ra.
I have just met him.
I have just tidied up the kitchen.
I have just had lunch.
- Recently, Lately: gn y
He has recently arrived from New York.
- So far: cho n by gi
We havent finished the English tenses so far.
- Up to now, up to the present, up to this moment, until now, until this time: n tn by gi.
She hasnt come up to now.
- Ever: tng bao gi cha
EVER ch dng trong cu nghi vn
Have you ever gone abroad?
- Never before: cha bao gi
I have never eaten a mango before. Have you eaten a mango?
- In/Over/During/For + the + past/last + time: trong thi gian qua
It has rained in the past week.
She hasnt talked to me over the last 4 days.
4. Phn bit gone to v been to
- gone to: i cha v
Ann is on holiday. She has gone to Paris.
> C ngha l by gi c y ang hoc ang trn ng n .
- been to: i v ri
Ann is back to English now. She has been to Paris.
> C y tng Paris nhng gi v Anh ri.
II. Present Perfect Progressive (th hin ti hon thnh tip din)
1. Cu trc:
(+) S + has/have + been + Ving.
() S + has/have + not + been + Ving.
(?) Has/Have + S + been + Ving?
Yes, S + has/have.
No, S + has/have + not.
2. Cch s dng:
- Nhn chung, v c bn, th hin ti hon thnh tip din ging vi th hin ti hon thnh, u dng din t
mt hnh ng bt u din ra trong qu kh v vn cn xy ra hin ti. Tuy nhin, th hin ti hon thnh
tip din nhn mnh thi gian ca hnh ng (How long), cn th hin ti hon thnh quan tm n kt qu ca
hnh ng.
- Thng dng vi 2 gii t since hoc for.
I have been learning English since early morning.
- Cc du hiu khc nhn bit th hin ti hon thnh tip din: all day, all her/his lifetime, all day long, all
the morning/afternoon
3. Phn bit HTHT HTHTTD

HIN TI HON THNH HIN TI HON THNH TIP DIN
Hnh ng chm dt hin ti do c
kt qu r rng.

I've waited for you for half an hour. (and now I stop
waiting because you didn't come)
Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti, c kh nng lan ti
tng lai do khng c kt qu r rt.

I've been waiting for you for half an hour. ( and now I'm still
waiting, hoping that you'll come)

Qu kh n v Qu kh tip din l hai th c bn nhng rt quan trng hnh thnh nn nhng cu ni n
gin cng nh hu ch trong qu trnh c hiu. Vic nm chc hai th ny s gip cc bn d dng hiu r
nhng bi vit n gin, c bit l th Qu kh n.
hc tt th Qu kh n, cc bn phi nm chc bng ng t bt quy tc c bn cng nh cch thm ui
ing vo ng t trong th Qu kh tip din.

I. Cu trc:
TH QU KH N TH QU KH TIP DIN
1. To be:
S + was/were + Adj/ Noun
- I, he, she, it , N(s t) + Was
- You, we, they, N(s nhiu) + Were

2. Verbs:
S + V qu kh
S + was/were + V-ing
II. Cch s dng:
TH QU KH N TH QU KH TIP DIN
Din t mt hnh ng xy ra v
chm dt hon ton trong qu
kh.
Ex:
- Tom went to Paris last summer.
- My mother left this city two years
ago.
- He died in 1980.
1. Din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra ti mt thi im trong qu kh.
Ex: What were you doing at 8:30 last night?

2. Din t hnh ng ang xy ra ( qu kh) th c 1 hnh ng khc
xem vo. (Hnh ng ang xy ra dng QK tip din, hnh ng xen vo
dng QK n)
Ex:
- When I came yesterday, he was sleeping.
- What was she doing when you saw her?

3. Din t hnh ng xy ra song song cng 1 lc qu kh.
Ex: Yesteday, I was cooking while my sister was washing the dishes.
III. Du hiu nhn bit:
TH QU KH N TH QU KH TIP DIN
last night/ year/month
yesterday
... ago
in + nm (vd: 1999)
at this time last night
at this moment last year
at 8 p.m last night
while...
Th Qu kh hon thnh v Qu kh hon thnh tip din l hai th thng xuyn xut hin trong ch im
thi ca Toeic, c bit l th Qu kh hon thnh.
Cc bn c th d phn bit th Qu kh hon thnh, tuy nhin th Qu kh hon thnh tip din vn gy khng
t kh khn cho cc bn.
V vy chng ta cng tng hp li nhng kin thc c bn nht cc bn d dng phn bit v s dng 2 th
ny mt cch chnh xc v hiu qu nh.
- I. Cu trc:
QU KH HON THNH QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN
1. To be:
S + had been + Adj/ noun
Ex: She had been a good dancer when she met a car accident.

2. Verb:
S + had + Pii (past participle)
Ex: We had lived in Hue before 1975.
Cng thc chung:

S + had been+ V-ing

Ex: She had been carrying a heavy bags.
- II. Cch s dng:
QU KH HON THNH QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN
1. Din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt
hnh ng khc trong qu kh. (Hnh ng xy
ra trc dng QKHT - xy ra sau dng QK)
Ex: When I got up this morning, my father had
already left.

2. Dng m t hnh ng trc mt thi
gian xc nh trong qu kh.
Ex: We had lived in Hue before 1975.

3. Dng trong cu iu kin loi 3
Ex: If I had known that you were there, I would
have written you letter.

4. Dng trong cu c mun tri vi Qu kh
Ex: I wish I had time to study.
1. Din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc
trong Qu kh (nhn mnh tnh tip din)

Ex: I had been thinking about that before you mentioned it.

2. Din t 1 hnh ng xy ra, ko di lin tc n khi
hnh ng th 2 xy ra. (Hnh ng 2 dng QK). Thng
thng khong thi gian ko di c nu r trong cu.

Ex: The men had been playing cards for 3 hours before I came.
Th Tng lai n v Tng lai tip din cng l 2 th c tn sut xut hin rt cao trong thi chnh thc ca
TOEIC. Ngoi ra th tng lai cn c th tng lai gn cng d gy nhm ln cho cc bn.
hiu r hn v nhng th ny, cc bn c th theo di bng so snh di y.


I. Cu trc:
TL N TL TIP DIN TL GN
(+) S + will/shall + V-inf
(-) S + will/shall + not + V-inf
(?) Will/Shall + S + V-inf?
Yes, S + will/shall
No, S + will/shall + not

V-inf: ng t nguyn th khng "to".
- I/ We + shall
- I/ We/ You/ He/ She... + will
- will/shall = 'll
S + will + be + V-ing
Ex:
- Will you be waiting for
her when her plane arrives tonight?
- Don't phone me between
7 and 8. We'll be having dinner then.
1. D nh s lm g
S + am/is/are + going to + V-inf
Ex: Where are you going to
spend your holiday?

2. Sp sa lm g
S + am/is/are + V-inf
Ex: My father is retiring.
TL N TL TIP DIN TL GN
- will not = won't
- shall not = shan't
Ex:
- She will be a good mother.
- We will go to England next year.


II. Cch s dng:
TL N TL TIP DIN TL GN
1. Din t mt quyt nh
ngay ti thi im ni.
Ex: Oh, I've left the door open. I
will go and shut it.

2. Din t li d on khng
c cn c.
Ex:
- People wont go to Jupiter before
the 22nd century.
- Who do you think will get the job?

3. Dng trong cu ngh.
Ex:
- Will you shut the door?
- Shall I open the window?
- Shall we dance?

4. Cu ha hn
Ex: I promise I will call you as
soon as i arrive.
1. Din t mt hnh ng
ang xy ra ti mt thi
im xc nh tng lai.
Ex:
- At 10 o'clock tomorrow morning
he will be working.
- I will be watching TV at 9
o'clock tonight.

2. Din t hnh ng ang
xy ra tng lai th c 1
hnh ng khc xy ra.
Ex:
- I will be studying when you
return this evening.
- They will be travelling in
Italy by the time you arrive here.
1. Din t mt k hoch,
d nh.
Ex:
- I have won $1,000. I am
going to buy a new TV.
- When are you going
to go on holiday?

2. Din t mt li d on
da vo bng chng hin ti.
Ex:
- The sky is very black. It is
going to snow.
- I crashed the company car.
My boss isnt going to bevery happy!
III. Phn bit TL n TL gn
TL N TL GN
- Ta dng will khi quyt nh lm iu g vo lc ni,
khng quyt nh trc.
Ex:
Tom: My bicycle has a flat tyre. Can you repair it for
me?
Father: Okay, but I can't do it right now. I will repair it
tomorrow.
- Ta dng be going to khi quyt nh lm iu g
ri, ln lch sn lm ri.
Ex:
Mother: Can you repair Tom's bicycle? It has a flat type.
Father: Yes, I know. He told me. I'm going to repair it
tomorrow.


IV. Du hiu nhn bit:
TL N TL TIP DIN TL GN
tomorrow
next day/week/month...
someday
soon
as soon as
until...
...
at this time tomorrow
at this moment next year
at present next Friday
at 5 p.m tomorrow...
xc nh c th tng lai gn,
cn da vo ng cnh v cc
bng chng hin ti.
y cng c coi l 1 cp i hon ho lun khin cc bn hc Ting Anh phi au u khng km g cp
i hin ti hon thnh v hin ti hon thnh tip din. Nhng cp i ny li rt c cc bi thi Toeic a
chung, a vo th ti cc s t nh ta.
V vy chng ta cng ngha li th Tng Lai Hon Thnh v Tng Lai Hon Thnh Tip Din mt cht nha
cc bn.

TL HON THNH TL HON THNH TIP DIN
1. Cu trc:

1. Cu trc:

S + will have been + Ving
TL HON THNH TL HON THNH TIP DIN
S + will have + Pii
2. Cch s dng:
- Din t 1 hnh ng s hon tt vo 1 thi im
cho trc tng lai.
Ex:
+ I'll have finished my work by noon.
+ They'll have built that house by July next year.
+ When you come back, I'll have written this
letter.
2. Cch s dng:
- Din t 1 hnh ng bt u t qu kh v ko di n 1 thi
im cho trc tng lai.
Ex:
+ By November, we'll have been living in this house for 10
years.
+ By March 15th, I'll have been working for this company for
6 years.
3. Du hiu nhn bit:
Cc cm t ch thi gian i km:
- By + mc thi gian (by the end of, by tomorrow)
- By then
- By the time
3. Du hiu nhn bit:
Cc cm t ch thi gian i km:
- By ... for (+ khong thi gian)
- By then
- By the time
Mt trong nhng cu hi m cc bn hc ting Anh thc mc nhiu nht hn l lm sao chia ng t chnh
xc khi lm bi CHIA NG T TRONG NGOC. Khi no th dng V-infinitive, khi no th dng V-ing phi
khng ? Hm nay ti s cung cp cho cc bn cc cu trc cu thng dng nht ca V-ing v To V. Hy vng
cc bn s khng cn gp kh khn g vi dng bi chia ng t na.
GERUND TO-INFINITIVE
1. Cch s dng

L ch ng ca cu: dancing bored him.
B ng ca ng t: her hobby is painting.
L b ng: Seeing is believing.
Sau gii t: He was accused of smuggling.
Sau mt vi ng t: avoid, mind, enjoy,...

2. Mt s cch dng c bit

+ Nhng ng t sau c theo sau bi V-ing: admit,
avoid, delay, enjoy, excuse, consider, deny, finish,
imagine, forgive, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise,
resist, risk, propose, detest, dread, resent, pardon, try,
fancy.
Ex:
- He admitted taking the money.
- Would you consider selling the property?
- He kept complaining.
- He didn't want to risk getting wet.

+ Verbs + prepositions: apologize for, accuse of, insist
on, feel like, congratulate on, suspect of, look forward
to, dream of, succeed in, object to, approve/disapprove
of...

+ Gerund cng theo sau nhng cm t nh:
- It's no use / It's no good...
- There's no point ( in)...
- It's ( not) worth ...
- Have difficult ( in) ...
- It's a waste of time/ money ...
- Spend/ waste time/money ...
- Be/ get used to ...
- Be/ get accustomed to ...
- Do/ Would you mind ... ?
- be busy doing something
- What about ... ? How about ...?
- Go + V-ing ( go shopping, go swimming... )
Cch dng To-infinitive:

1. Verb + to V
Nhng ng t sau c theo sau trc tip bi to-
infinitive: agree, appear, arrange, attempt, ask, decide,
determine, fail, endeavour, happen, hope, learn, manage,
offer, plan, prepare, promise, prove, refuse, seem, tend,
threaten, try, volunteer, expect, want,...
Ex:
- She agreed to pay $50.
- Two men failed to return from the expedition.
- The remnants refused to leave.
- She volunteered to help the disabled.
- He learnt to look after himself.

2. Verb + how/ what/ when/ where/ which/ why + to V
Nhng ng t s dng cng thc ny l:
ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn,
remember, see, show, think, understand, want to know,
wonder...
Ex:
- He discovered how to open the safe.
- I found out where to buy fruit cheaply.
- She couldn't think what to say.
- I showed her which button to press.

3. Verb + Object + to V
Nhng ng t theo cng thc ny l:
advise, allow, enable, encourage, forbid, force, hear,
instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, request, remind,
train, urge, want, tempt...
Ex:
- These glasses will enable you to see in the dark.
- She encouraged me to try again.
- They forbade her to leave the house.
- They persuaded us to go with them.
* Note: Mt s ng t c th i cng vi c ng t nguyn th v V-ing, hy so snh s khc nhau v
ngha gia chng.
Stop V-ing: dng lm g (dng hn)
Stop to V: dng li lm vic g
Ex:
- Stop smoking: dng ht thuc.
- Stop to smoke: dng li ht thuc
Remember/forget/regret to V: nh/qun/tic s phi lm g ( hin ti tng lai)
Remember/forget/regret V-ing: nh/qun/tic lm g ( qu kh)
Ex:
- Remember to send this letter (hy nh gi bc th ny)
- Dont forget to buy flowers (ng qun mua hoa nh)
- I regret to inform you that the train was cancelled (ti rt tic phi bo tin cho anh rng chuyn tu b hy)
- I paid her $2. I still remember that. I still remember paying her $2. (ti nh tr c y 2 la ri)
- She will never forget meeting the Queen. (c y khng bao gi qun ln gp n hong)
- He regrets leaving school early. It is the biggest mistake in his life. (Anh y hi tic v b hc qu sm)
Try to V: c gng lm g
Try V-ing: th lm g
Ex:
- I try to pass the exam. (ti c gng vt qua k thi)
- You should try unlocking the door with this key. (bn nn th m ca vi chic kha ny)
Like V-ing: Thch lm g v n th v, hay, cun ht, lm thng thc.
Like to do: lm vic v n l tt v cn thit
Ex:
- I like watching TV.
- I want to have this job. I like to learn English.
Prefer V-ing to V-ing
Prefer + to V + rather than (V)
Ex:
- I prefer driving to traveling by train.
- I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.
Mean to V: C nh lm g.
Mean V-ing: C ngha l g.
Ex:
- He doesnt mean to prevent you from doing that. (Anh y khng c ngn cn bn lm vic .)
- This sign means not going into. (Bin bo ny c ngha l khng c i vo trong.)
Need to V: cn lm g
Need V-ing: cn c lm g (= need to be done)
Ex:
- I need to go to school today.
- Your hair needs cutting. (= your hair needs to be cut)
Used to V: tng/thng lm g trong qu kh (by gi khng lm na)
Be/Get used to V-ing: quen vi vic g ( hin ti)
Ex:
- I used to get up early when I was young. (Ti thng dy sm khi cn tr)
- Im used to getting up early. (Ti quen vi vic dy sm ri)
Advise/allow/permit/recommend + Object + to V: khuyn/cho php/ ngh ai lm g.
Advise/allow/permit/recommend + V-ing: khuyn/cho php, ngh lm g.
Ex:
- He advised me to apply at once.
- He advised applying at once.
- They dont allow us to park here.
- They dont allow parking here.
See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + V-ing: cu trc ny c s dng khi ngi ni ch chng kin 1
phn ca hnh ng.
See/hear/smell/feel/notice/watch + Object + V: cu trc ny c s dng khi ngi ni chng kin ton b
hnh ng.
Ex:
- I see him passing my house everyday.
- She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.
- We saw him leave the house.
- I heard him make arrangements for his journey.