Step 5.

Position red k
Weighting Up 72
Calculating Increased Volume 79
Using Tables 80
Calculating Hydrostatic Pressure 82
Water-back 83
Factors Affecting Mud Performance and Cost 84
To Summarize 85
Safe Handling of Muds and Additives 86
Storage and Handling of Mud Materials 86
Handling Chemicals 90
Handling Oil Muds 93
To Summarize 94
Pumps on the Rig 95
Reciprocating Pumps 96
Configuration of a Triplex Mud Pump 99
Configuration of a Duplex Mud Pump 108
Pumping Output of Reciprocating Pumps 110
Suction 112
Pressure Surges 113Drilling Fluids Manual
Proprietary - for the exclusive use of BP & ChevronTexaco
Engineering 3-45 Rev. 01/2002
The following annular velocities opposite specific intervals
will be based on pump output at 110
SPM and 94% volumetric efficiency.
a. Drill Collars/Open Hole, AVOH/DC
[Figure6]
b. Drill Pipe Open Hole, AVOH/DP
[Figure6]
c. Casing/Drill Pipe, AVCSG/DP
[Figure6]
Bottoms-Up Time
What is the bottoms-up time with one pump operating at 110
SPM?
a. ____ min
Bottoms up time with one pump operating at 110 SPM is
equal to the total annular capacity (drill
string in the hole) divided by the pump output in barrels per
minute. In Problem #7, the total annular capacity was
calculated to be 802 bbl.
[Figure 6]
Annular Velocity AV (), ft/min
Pump Output, bbl/min
Annular Capacity, bbl/ft
------------------------------------------------------------------- -- =
Q
Annular Capacity
----------------------------------------------- - =
AVOH/DC
Q
AnnOH/DC
---------------------------- =
What is the equivalent circulating density (ECD) at 15,000 ft?
a. ____ lb/gal
ECD is equivalent to total circulating pressure expressed in
pounds per gallon rather than psi at
the depth of interest.
Surface to Bit
DScap
, bbl
Q, bbl/min
----------------------------- - =
207 bbl
7.634 bbl/min
-------------------------------------- =
27 minutes =
P
BHC
Stroke Length
77-1/288-1/299-1/410 11 12 3 0.0153 0.0164 0.0175 0.0186
0.0197 0.0202 0.0219 0.024 0.0262
3-1/4 0.01795 0.0192 0.0205 0.0218 0.0231 0.0237 0.0257
0.0283 0.0307
3-1/2 0.0208 0.0223 0.0238 0.0252 0.0267 0.0276 0.0298
0.0326 0.0357
3-3/4 0.0238 0.0257 0.0273 0.0290 0.0307 0.0317 0.034
0.0376 0.0408
4 0.0271 0.029 0.0311 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.0388 0.0429
0.0467
4-1/4 0.0307 0.0328 0.035 0.0374 0.0395 0.0404 0.0438
0.0483 0.0526
4-1/2 0.0345 0.0369 0.0392 0.0419 0.0443 0.0455 0.0493
0.054 0.059
4-3/4 0.0383 0.0411 0.0438 0.0466 0.0493 0.0507 0.0547
0.0602 0.0657
5 0.0426 0.0455 0.0486 0.0517 0.0548 0.0562 0.0607
0.0669 0.0729
5-1/4 0.0469 0.0502 0.0535 0.0569 0.0602 0.062 0.0669
0.0736 0.0807
5-1/2 0.0514 0.044 0.0488 0.0624 0.0661 0.0678 0.0738
0.0807 0.088
5-3/4 0.0562 0.0602 0.0643 0.0683 0.0721 0.0743 0.0802
0.0883 0.0964
6 0.0611 0.0655 0.070 0.0743 0.0786 0.0809 0.0874 0.0961
0.105
6-1/4 0.0664 0.0712 0.0759 0.0807 0.0855 0.0878 0.0948
0.1043 0.1138
6-1/2 0.0719 0.0770 0.0821 0.0871 0.0924 0.0949 0.1026
0.1129 0.123
6-3/4 0.0774 0.083 0.0886 0.094 0.0995 0.1023 0.1107
0.1217 0.1328
7 0.0833 0.0893 0.0952 0.101 0.1071 0.11 0.119 0.131
0.143
Volume
What is the volume of mud in the wellbore with no drill string
in the hole if 9-5/8 in. casing is set at
13,000 ft and 8-1/2 in. hole to 15,000 ft?
a. _____ bbl
Drill String Displacement
What is the displacement of the drill string (DSdisp) when the
bit is on bottom at 15,000 ft?
a. _____ bbl
The general equation for calculating the displacement of the
drill string as follows:
Therefore:
DSdisp
= 91.9 bbl + 24.8 bbl = 116.7 bbl
Figure 3
Mud Volume in Pits
Holevol
8.835 ()2
1029.4
---------------------- 13 000' , ()8.5 ()2
1029.4
----------------- - 2000' () + =
985.8 140.4 + =
1126.2 bbl =
DSdisp
DPdisp
()DCdisp
() + =
DPdisp
0.00643 bbl/ft ()14 290 ft , ()91.9 bbl == DCdisp
6.5 ()2
2.5 ()2

1029.4
------------------------------------- - 710 ft ()24.8 bbl ==
Drilling Fluids Manual
Proprietary - for the exclusive use of BP & ChevronTexaco
Rev. 01/2002 Engineering 3-40
Drill String Capacity
What is the capacity of the drill string (DScap) when the bit is
on bottom at 15,000 ft?
a. _____ bbl
The general equation for calculating the capacity of the drill
string is as follows:
Therefore
DScap
= 203.2 bbl + 4.3 bbl = 207.5 bbl
Mud Volume
In Pits/Pipe Out of Hole
What is the volume of mud in the pits when the drill string is
out of the hole during a trip and the
hole is full of mud?
a. _____ bbl
In Hole/Closed End Pipe
What is the volume of mud in the hole when the pipe is on
bottom with a closed end (float)?
a. ____ bbl
In Pits/Closed End Pipe
What is the volume of mud in the pits when the pipe is on
bottom with a closed end (float)?
a. ____ bbl
DScap
Drill Pipe DPcap
()Drill Collar Capacity DCcap
() + =
DPcap
0.01422 bbl/ft ()14 290 ft , ()203.2 bbl == DPcap
ID ()2
L ()
1029.4
----------------------2.5 ()2
710 ft () 1029.4
------------------------------------- 4.3 bbl == =
Mud PitVol
DS out of Hole ()Mud PitVol
DS in Hole ()DSdisp
=
1346 116.7 =
1229.3 bbl =
HoleVol_CE
HoleVol_O
DSdisp
DScap
=
1126.2 116.7 207.5 =
802 bbl =
HoleVol_CE
HoleVol_O
DSdisp
DScap
=
1346 207.5 116.7 ++ =
1670.2 bbl =
Drilling Fluids Manual
Proprietary - for the exclusive use of BP & ChevronTexaco
Engineering 3-41 Rev. 01/2002
In Hole/Open Ended Pipe
What is the volume of mud in the hole when pipe is on
bottom with open end?
a. ____ bbl
(See Figure4)
Total Circulating Volume
What is the total circulating mud volume with pipe on
bottom?
a. _____ bbl
HoleVol_OE
HoleVol_O
DSdisp
=
1126.2 116.7 =
1009.5 bbl =
Total Circulating Volume Hole
Vol_OE
Mud PitVol
+ =
1009.5 1346 + =
2355.5 bbl =
Figure 4
Hole Volume and Total Circulating Volume
Drilling Fluids Manual
Proprietary - for the exclusive use of BP & ChevronTexaco
Rev. 01/2002 Engineering 3-42
Pump Output
Bbl/STK, Gal/STK
What is the pump output (Q) in barrels per stroke (bbl/STK)
and gallons per stroke (gal/STK at
94% volumetric efficiency?)
a. ____ bbl/STK
b. ____ gal/STK
A National 10-P-130 which has a 10-in. stroke (with a 5-1/2
in. liner at 100% volumetric efficiency)
will deliver 3.0996 gal/STK.
Table 1.
Triplex Single Acting Mud Pump Capacities Per Cycle
Barrels per Stroke - 100% Volumetric Efficiency
Liner
Size
Stroke Length
77-1/288-1/299-1/410 11 12 3 0.0153 0.0164 0.0175 0.0186
0.0197 0.0202 0.0219 0.024 0.0262
3-1/4 0.01795 0.0192 0.0205 0.0218 0.0231 0.0237 0.0257
0.0283 0.0307
3-1/2 0.0208 0.0223 0.0238 0.0252 0.0267 0.0276 0.0298
0.0326 0.0357
3-3/4 0.0238 0.0257 0.0273 0.0290 0.0307 0.0317 0.034
0.0376 0.0408
4 0.0271 0.029 0.0311 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.0388 0.0429
0.0467
4-1/4 0.0307 0.0328 0.035 0.0374 0.0395 0.0404 0.0438
0.0483 0.0526
4-1/2 0.0345 0.0369 0.0392 0.0419 0.0443 0.0455 0.0493
0.054 0.059
4-3/4 0.0383 0.0411 0.0438 0.0466 0.0493 0.0507 0.0547
0.0602 0.0657
5 0.0426 0.0455 0.0486 0.0517 0.0548 0.0562 0.0607
0.0669 0.0729
5-1/4 0.0469 0.0502 0.0535 0.0569 0.0602 0.062 0.0669
0.0736 0.0807
5-1/2 0.0514 0.044 0.0488 0.0624 0.0661 0.0678 0.0738
0.0807 0.088
5-3/4 0.0562 0.0602 0.0643 0.0683 0.0721 0.0743 0.0802
0.0883 0.0964
6 0.0611 0.0655 0.070 0.0743 0.0786 0.0809 0.0874 0.0961
0.105
6-1/4 0.0664 0.0712 0.0759 0.0807 0.0855 0.0878 0.0948
0.1043 0.1138
6-1/2 0.0719 0.0770 0.0821 0.0871 0.0924 0.0949 0.1026
0.1129 0.123
6-3/4 0.0774 0.083 0.0886 0.094 0.0995 0.1023 0.1107
0.1217 0.1328
7 0.0833 0.0893 0.0952 0.101 0.1071 0.11 0.119 0.131
0.143
Drilling Fluids Manual
Proprietary - for the exclusive use of BP & ChevronTexaco
Engineering 3-43 Rev. 01/2002
Therefore, at 94% volumetric efficiency:
a. (30.0996 gal/STK) (0.94) = 2.90037 gal/STK
b. (0.0738 bbl/STK) (0.94) = 0.0694 bbl/STK [Figure5]
Table 2.
Duplex Double-Acting Mud Pump Capacities Per Cycle
Barrels per Revolution - 90% Volume Efficiency - Rods
Deducted
Diameter
Liner
Inches
Area
Sq. In.
Stroke 12"
Rods 2"
Stroke 14"
Rods 2"
Stroke 15"
Rods 2-1/4"
Stroke 16"
Rods 2-1/4"
Stroke 18"
Rods 2-1/2"
Stroke 20"
Rods 2-1/2"
4 12.566 0.0495 0.0577
4-1/4 14.186 0.0562 0.0655
4-1/2 15.904 0.0637 0.0743 0.0773 0.0868 0.0896 0.0996
4-3/4 17.720 0.0719 0.0838 0.0875 0.0934 0.1019 0.1133
5 19.635 0.0804 0.0938 0.0982 0.1047 0.1147 0.1275
5-1/4 21.647 0.0894 0.1042 0.1093 0.1166 0.1281 0.1424
5-1/2 23.748 0.0988 0.1151 0.1212 0.1292 0.1423 0.1581
5-3/4 25.967 0.1086 0.1268 0.1337 0.1423 0.1570 0.1745
6 28.274 0.1189 0.1388 0.1461 0.1560 0.1725 0.1916
6-1/4 30.680 0.1296 0.1513 0.1599 0.1703 0.1885 0.2095
6-1/2 33.183 0.1408 0.1640 0.1736 0.1852 0.2052 0.2280
6-3/4 35.785 0.1523 0.1777 0.1881 0.2006 0.2226 0.2474
7 38.484 0.1644 0.1917 0.2031 0.2166 0.2406 0.2674
7-1/4 41.282 0.1768 0.2062 0.2187 0.2332 0.2593 0.2882
7-1/2 44.179 0.2348 0.2504 0.2787 0.3096
7-3/4 47.186 0.2514 0.2682 0.2987 0.3319
Drilling Fluids Manual
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Rev. 01/2002 Engineering 3-44
Bbl/Min, Gal/Min
What is the pump output for each pump at 110 SPM?
a. ____ bbl/min
b. ____ gal/min
The pump output (Q) for each pump at 110 SPM is equal to:
a. [Figure5]
b. [Figure5]
Annular Velocity
What is the annular velocity at 110 SPM on one pump,
opposite:
a. Drill Collars/Open Hole (AVOH/DC) ____ ft/min
b. Drill Pipe/Open Hole (AVOH/DP) ____ ft/min
c. Drill Pipe/Casing (AVCSG/DP) ____ ft/min
The annular velocity defines the average velocity at which
the mud passes through a specific
annular space and is normally expressed in units of ft/min.
Figure 5
Pump Output
Q, bbl/min SPM ()bbl/STK () =
110 ()0.0694 () =
7.634 bbl/min =
Q, gal/min Q, bbl/min ()42 gal/bbl () =
7.5966 ()42 () =
320 gal/min =
Drilling Fluids Manual
Proprietary - for the exclusive use of BP & ChevronTexaco
Engineering 3-45 Rev. 01/2002
The following annular velocities opposite specific intervals
will be based on pump output at 110
SPM and 94% volumetric efficiency.
a. Drill Collars/Open Hole, AVOH/DC
[Figure6]
b. Drill Pipe Open Hole, AVOH/DP
[Figure6]
c. Casing/Drill Pipe, AVCSG/DP
[Figure6]
Bottoms-Up Time
What is the bottoms-up time with one pump operating at 110
SPM?
a. ____ min
Bottoms up time with one pump operating at 110 SPM is
equal to the total annular capacity (drill
string in the hole) divided by the pump output in barrels per
minute. In Problem #7, the total annular capacity was
calculated to be 802 bbl.
[Figure 6]
Annular Velocity AV (), ft/min
Pump Output, bbl/min
Annular Capacity, bbl/ft
------------------------------------------------------------------- -- =
Q
Annular Capacity
----------------------------------------------- - =
AVOH/DC
Q
AnnOH/DC
---------------------------- =
AnnOH/DC
8.5 ()2
6.5 ()2

1029.4
------------------------------------- - 0.02914 bbl/ft ==
AVOH/DC
7.634 bbl/min ()0.02914 bbl/ft () --------------------------------------
------- 262 ft/min ==
AVOH/DP
Q
AnnOH/DP
--------------------------- - =
AnnOH/DP
8.5 ()2
4.5 ()2

1029.4
------------------------------------- - 0.05051 bbl/ft ==
AVOH/DP
7.634 bbl/min ()0.05051 bbl/ft () --------------------------------------
------- 151 ft/min ==
AVCSG/DP
Q
AnnCSG/DP
------------------------------- =
AnnCSG/DP
8.835 ()2
4.5 ()2

1029.4
-------------------------------------------- - 0.05616 bbl/ft ==
AVCSG/DP
7.634 bbl/min ()0.05616 bbl/ft () --------------------------------------
------- 136 ft/min ==
Bottoms Up
Anncap
, bbl
Q, bbl/min
-------------------------------- =
802 bbl
7.634 bbl/min
----------------------------------- --- =
105 min =
Drilling Fluids Manual
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Rev. 01/2002 Engineering 3-46
Total Circulation Time
What is the total circulation time with one pump operating at
110 SPM?
a. ____ min
The total circulation time with one pump is equal to total
active circulating volume divided by pump
output. In Problem #9, the total active circulating system
volume was calculated to be 2355 bbl.
[Figure 6]
Note:Total Circulation time should be used when blending
mud, increasing mud density or adding a
chemical treatment so any addition is made uniformly to the
entire mud system. For example, if
60 sacks of a product were to be added to the mud system, it
would have to be added at a rate
equal to 310 minutes divided by 60 sacks, or five minutes per
sack.
Surface-to-Bit Travel Time
What is the surface-to-bit travel time with one pump
operating at 110 SPM?
a. ____ min
The surface-to-bit travel time is equal to drill string capacity
divided by the pump output. In Problem #3, the DS
cap
was calculated to be 207 bbl.
Total Mud System Circulation Tim
V
MS, bbl
Q, bbl/min
----------------------------- - =
2355 bbl
7.634 bbl/min
-------------------------------------- =
308 min =
Figure 6
Annular Velocity and Circulation Time
Drilling Fluids Manual
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Engineering 3-47 Rev. 01/2002
Hydrostatic Pressure
What is the hydrostatic pressure, Ph
, at:
a. 9-5/8 inch casing shoe, Ph
____ psi
b. 15,000 ft TD/TVD, Ph
____ psi
Hydrostatic pressure is a function of mud density (MW) and
true vertical depth (TVD); but measured depth must be used
to calculate capacities.
Ph
= (MW) (TVD) (0.052)
1) Ph
at 9-5/8 csg shoe = (16 lb/gal) (13,000 ft) (0.052) = 10,816
psi
2) Ph
at 15,000 ft = (16 lb/gal) (15,000 ft) (0.052) = 12,480 psi
Bottom Hole Circulating Pressure
What is the bottom hole circulating pressure at 15,000 ft if
there is no imposed pressure and the
annular pressure drop is 250 psi?
a. ____ psi
The bottom hole circulating pressure, PBHC is equal to the
hydrostatic pressure, plus the sum of all
the annular pressure losses, plus imposed pressure, if any.
Equivalent Circulating Density
What is the equivalent circulating density (ECD) at 15,000 ft?
a. ____ lb/gal
ECD is equivalent to total circulating pressure expressed in
pounds per gallon rather than psi at
the depth of interest.
Surface to Bit
DScap
, bbl
Q, bbl/min
----------------------------- - =
207 bbl
7.634 bbl/min
-------------------------------------- =
27 minutes =
P
BHC
P
h
APL Pi
++ =
P
h
Hydrostatic Pressure =
APL Annular Pressure Loss =
P
i
Imposed Pressure =
P
BHC
12 480 250 0 ++ , 12 730 psi , ==
Drilling Fluids Manual
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Rev. 01/2002 Engineering 3-48
Note:The actual mud weight is 16.0 lb/gal, but the formation
at 15,000 ft has a force exerted on it of
16.32 lb/gal while circulating.
ECD
P
BHC
TVD ()0.052 () ------------------------------------- =
12 730 psi ,
15 000 ft , ()0.052 () ------------------------------------------------- - =
16.32 lb/gal =
Drilling Fluids Manual
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Testing 4-1 Rev. 01/2002
Section 4: Testing
Water-Based Drilling Fluids Testing Procedures
Mud Density
Mud Density is used to control subsurface pressures and
stabilize the wellbore.
Mud density is commonly measured with a mud balance
capable of 0.1 lb/gal accuracy. A mud
balance calibrated with fresh water at 70F5 should give a
reading of 8.3 lb/gal.
Step 1. Measure and record the temperature of the sample of
mud to be tested.
Step 2. Place the mud balance base on a flat, level surface.
Step 3. Fill the clean, dry, mud balance cup with the sample
of mud to be tested. Rotate cap until it is
firmly seated. Ensure that some mud is expelled through the
hole in the cap to remove any
trapped air or gas.
Step 4. Place thumb over hole in cap and hold the cap firmly
on the cup. Wash or wipe the outside of
the cup, and dry.
Step 5. Place balance arm on the support base and balance
it by moving the rider along the graduated scale until the
level bubble is centered under the center line.
Step 6. Read the density (weight) of the mud shown at the
left-hand edge of the rider and report to
nearest 0.1 lb/gal. Enter result on API Drilling Mud Report as
Weight (lb/gal, lb/ft
3
) or Specific
Gravity).
Marsh Funnel Viscosity
Marsh Funnel viscosity is used to indicate relative mud
consistency or thickness.
Marsh Funnel viscosity is the time required (seconds) for a
quart of mud to flow through a 2-in.
long, 3/16-in. diameter tube at the bottom of the Marsh
Funnel. This viscosity measurement is
used to periodically report mud consistency. One quart of
water should flow through a Marsh Funnel in 26 0.5
seconds.
Step 1. Hold one finger over the orifice at the tip of the
funnel. Pour the mud sample through the funnel screen until
mud reaches the bottom of the screen (1500 cm
3
). Place viscosity cup
beneath funnel tip. Remove finger and start stop watch.
Step 2. Stop the watch when the mud level reaches the 1-qt
mark on the viscosity cup.
Step 3. Record the number of seconds required to outflow 1-
qt of mud. Enter on Drilling Mud Report
as Funnel Viscosity (sec/qt) API.
Step 4. Measure and record temperature of mud sample to
1F.
Drilling Fluids Manual
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Rev. 01/2002 Testing 4-2
Rheology
A rotational viscometer is used to measure shear rate/shear
stress of a drilling fluid - from which
the Bingham Plastic parameters, PV and YP, are calculated
directly. Other rheological models can
be applied using the same data. The instrument is also used
to measure thixotropic properties, gel
strengths. The following procedure applies to a Fann Model
35, 6-speed VG Meter.
Plastic Viscosity (PV) and Yield Point (YP)
Step 1. Obtain a sample of the mud to be tested. Record
place of sampling. Measurements should
be made with minimum delay.
Step 2. Fill thermal cup approximately 2/3 full with mud
sample. Place thermal cup on viscometer
stand. Raise cup and stand until rotary sleeve is immersed to
scribe lie on sleeve. Lock into
place by turning locking mechanism (Figure1).
One of the most unrecognised types of contamination is that due to Carbonate and
Bicarbonate ions. Usually such contamination is gradual, resulting in increased gel strengths
and yield point. It is often incorrectly diagnosed as increased solids but, in this case,
application of costly thinners have little, or no effect.
Sources of Carbonates



Sources of Carbonates


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One of the most unrecognised types of contamination is that due to Carbonate and
Bicarbonate ions. Usually such contamination is gradual, resulting in increased gel strengths
and yield point. It is often incorrectly diagnosed as increased solids but, in this case,
application of costly thinners have little, or no effect.
Sources of Carbonates
C02 from drilled formations or air ingress.
Thermal degradation of organic additives
Over treatment with soda ash or sodium bicarbonate
Carbonate formations
Diagnosis by Analysis of Mud Alkalinity
Diagnosis of carbonate/bicarbonate contamination is routinely carried out by analysis of the
mud alkalinity, in particular the ratio of Pf to Mf . The following table shows how the results
should be interpreted and the effect of the differing types of alkalinity on the mud.