Integral Relation For A Control Volume

1
Lecture8
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 8: Integral Relations for CV (Part 4)
Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Integral Relation Integral Relation
for a Control for a Control
Volume (Part 4) Volume (Part 4) ( ) ( )
ChapterSummary
Reviewof1
st
LawofThermodynamics
f f y
DerivationoftheEnergyEquationinCV
SteadyFlowEnergyEquation
IncompressibleFlowinaSinglePipeline
BernoulliEquationRevisited
Kinetic Energy Correction Factor KineticEnergyCorrectionFactor
ApplicationofEnergy,MomentumandContinuity
EquationinCombination
ConceptofHydraulicandEnergyGradeLine
2
7.1.Reviewof1
st
LawofThermo
The1
st
lawofthermodynamicsisbasicallythe
statementoftheconservationofenergy
Theexpressionof1
st
lawforaSYSTEMis:
W Q E =
Where : Where :
system the of energy of change The = E
system the TO fer Heat trans = Q
system the BY done Work = W
7.1.Reviewof1
st
LawofThermo
The corresponding rate form : The corresponding rate form :

= = W Q E
dt
dE
dt
E can be splitted into 3 main components which E can be splitted into 3 main components which
are the Kinetic Energy, E are the Kinetic Energy, E
kk
, the Potential Energy, E , the Potential Energy, E
pp
and the Internal Energy, E and the Internal Energy, E
uu
which is associated which is associated
with the motion of the molecules. with the motion of the molecules.

2 2
1 1
u p k E E E E + + =
( ) gz VA gz m Ep = =

= =
2 2
2
1
2
1
V VA V m Ek
( ) u VA u m U Eu = = =

3
7.2.DerivationofEEinControlVolume
ConsiderthegeneralCVEquation:
o i
S C
X X
dt
dX
dt
dX

+ =
Let X be the energy, E Let X be the energy, E::
o i
S C
E E
dt
dE
dt
dE

+ =
B 1 B 1
st st
L f Th L f Th

dE
By 1 By 1
st st
Law of Thermo : Law of Thermo :

= W Q
dt
dE
S
So the General EE : So the General EE :
o i
C
E E W Q
dt
dE

+ =
Work,Wcanbedividedintoshaftwork,W
s
andflowwork,W
f
:
Flow work is the work done by the system ON the Flow work is the work done by the system ON the
surrounding due to the pressure forces as the system surrounding due to the pressure forces as the system
moves through the surrounding moves through the surrounding

+ =
f s
W W W

=
in
f
out
f f
W W W
, ,

=

in out
f
p
m
p
m W

4
SubstitutionintothegeneralEEgives:

+ + =

o f o i f i s
C
W E W E W Q
dt
dE
, ,

+ + +
+ + + + =

o
o
i
i
s
C
p
u gz V m
p
u gz V m W Q
dt
dE

2 2
2
1
2
1
( ) ( )

+ + +
+ + + + =

o i
s
C
p
u gz V VA
p
u gz V VA W Q
dt
dE
2 2
2
1
2
1

o i
dt 2 2
For general non For general non- -uniform flow : uniform flow :
( ) ( )
+ + +
+ + + + =

dA
p
u gz V VA dA
p
u gz V VA W Q
dt
dE
o A
o
i A
i
s
C
2 2
2
1
2
1
7.3.SteadyFlowEnergyEquation
Forsteadyflow:
0 =
d
dE
C
dt

+ + +
+ + + =

i
i
o
o
s
p
u gz V m
p
u gz V m W Q

2 2
2
1
2
1
( ) ( )

+ + +
+ + + =

i
s
p
u gz V VA
p
u gz V VA W Q
2 2
1 1
Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) : Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) :
( ) ( )

+ + +
+ + +
i
i
o
o
s u gz V VA u gz V VA W Q
2 2
( ) ( )
+ +
+ + =

dA h gz V VA dA h gz V VA W Q
i A
i
o A
o
s
2 2
2
1
2
1

( ) ( )

+ +
+ + =

i
i
o
o
s h gz V VA h gz V VA W Q
2 2
2
1
2
1

5
7.4.IncompressibleFlowinaSinglePipeline
2 Turbine
1
P
1
, V
1
, u
1
P
2
, V
2
, u
2
p
W
t
W
Q
Pump
ApplyingSFEE:
+ + +
+ + + =

1
1 1
2
1 !
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
2
1 p
u gz V m
p
u gz V m W Q s

= = m m m
2 1

=
p t s
W W W
Let:
fluid moving of mass unit per fer Heat trans = =

Q
q
m
fluid moving of mass unit per done work Turbine = =

m
W
w
t
t
fluid moving of mass unit per input work Pump = =

m
W
w
p
p
S b S S b S Substituting into SFEE : Substituting into SFEE :
+ + +
+ + + = +

1
1 1
2
1
2
2 2
2
2
2
1
2
1 p
u gz V
p
u gz V w w q
p t
Rearranging : Rearranging :
( ) [ ] q u u w
p
gz V w
p
gz V
t p
+ + + + = + + +
1 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

6
The term in the square bracket represent the thermal The term in the square bracket represent the thermal
energy As fluid flows some mechanical energy will be energy As fluid flows some mechanical energy will be
Let : Let :
energy. As fluid flows some mechanical energy will be energy. As fluid flows some mechanical energy will be
changed into thermal energy through viscous action. changed into thermal energy through viscous action.
This cause increase in internal energy (temperature This cause increase in internal energy (temperature
rise) and eventually dissipated to the surrounding in rise) and eventually dissipated to the surrounding in
term of heat. Thus this represent loss. term of heat. Thus this represent loss.
fluid moving of mass unit per loss Energy = e
Let : Let :
Eqn becomes : Eqn becomes :
fluid moving of mass unit per loss Energy =
L
e
L t p
e w
p
gz V w
p
gz V + + + + = + + +

2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
The above equation physically express the energy The above equation physically express the energy
balance. Specific energy input = specific energy output balance. Specific energy input = specific energy output
It is common to write the equation in term of head It is common to write the equation in term of head
(energy per unit weight) in meter (energy per unit weight) in meter
(energy per unit weight) in meter. (energy per unit weight) in meter.
L t p
h h
g
p
z
g
V
h
g
p
z
g
V
+ + + + = + + +

2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
2 2
Where : Where :
pump by the supplied Head =
p
h
in turbine up given Head =
t
h
pipe in loss Head =
L
h
7
7.5.BernoulliEquationRevisited
Recall that in BE we assumed that Recall that in BE we assumed that
F i i l fl id h F i i l fl id h 00
Frictionless fluid, h Frictionless fluid, h
LL
= 0 = 0
No external work, w No external work, w
pp
= w = w
tt
= 0 = 0
If the above assumptions are used in the pipeline eqn : If the above assumptions are used in the pipeline eqn :
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 2
z
g
V
g
p
z
g
V
g
p
+ + = + +

2
2
2 2 1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
gz V p gz V p + + = + +
Therefore BE is a statement of conservation of energy Therefore BE is a statement of conservation of energy
for frictionless fluid with no external work for frictionless fluid with no external work
Example1
A pump draws water through a A pump draws water through a
20 20--cm pipe and discharges it cm pipe and discharges it
p p g p p g
through a 15 through a 15- -cm pipe in which cm pipe in which
the velocity is 5 m/s. The 15 the velocity is 5 m/s. The 15--cm cm
pipe discharges horizontally pipe discharges horizontally
into air at point C. To what into air at point C. To what
height h above the water height h above the water
surface at A can the water be surface at A can the water be
raised if 35 kW is delivered to raised if 35 kW is delivered to raised if 35 kW is delivered to raised if 35 kW is delivered to
the pump? Assume that the the pump? Assume that the
pump operates at 70% pump operates at 70%
efficiency and that the head loss efficiency and that the head loss
in the pipe between A and C is in the pipe between A and C is
equal to 2V equal to 2V
cc
22
/2g. /2g.
8
7.6.KineticEnergyCorrectionFactor
Recall the general single pipeline equation : Recall the general single pipeline equation :
1 1
L t p
e w
p
gz V w
p
gz V + + + + = + + +

2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
In the above equation, it was assumed that the velocity In the above equation, it was assumed that the velocity
profiles are uniform. In reality, because of no slip profiles are uniform. In reality, because of no slip
condition at the walls, the velocity is not uniform. To condition at the walls, the velocity is not uniform. To
take this into account, Kinetic Energy Correction take this into account, Kinetic Energy Correction , gy , gy
Factor, Factor, ,, is introduced such that equation becomes: is introduced such that equation becomes:
L t p
e w
p
gz
V
w
p
gz
V
+ + + + = + + +
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2 2
L t p
h h
g
p
z
g
V
h
g
p
z
g
V
+ + + + = + + +
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2 2
7.6.KineticEnergyCorrectionFactor
is defined such that : is defined such that :
3
2
( )

= =
A
k
dA V V
A V E
2 2
3
2

So : So :
=
A
dA
V
V
A
3
1
For laminar flow with parabolic velocity profile, For laminar flow with parabolic velocity profile,
is equal to 2. For turbulent flow, is equal to 2. For turbulent flow, will be will be
approximately 1.05. In most common practice, approximately 1.05. In most common practice,
when the flow is turbulent, when the flow is turbulent, is normally assumed is normally assumed
to be unity. to be unity.
9
Example2
A microchannel is being designed to transfer fluid in a MEMS A microchannel is being designed to transfer fluid in a MEMS
application. The channel is 200 micrometers in diameter and is 5 cm application. The channel is 200 micrometers in diameter and is 5 cm
long. Ethyl alcohol is driven through the system at the rate of 0.1 long. Ethyl alcohol is driven through the system at the rate of 0.1 g y g y f g y g y f
microlitres/s with a syringe pump which is essentially a moving piston. microlitres/s with a syringe pump which is essentially a moving piston.
The pressure at the exit of the channel is atmospheric. The flow is The pressure at the exit of the channel is atmospheric. The flow is
laminar, so laminar, so =2. The head loss in the channel is given by h =2. The head loss in the channel is given by h
LL
= =
32 32LV/gD LV/gD
22
. Find the pressure in the syringe pump. The velocity head . Find the pressure in the syringe pump. The velocity head
associated with the motion of the piston in the syringe pump is associated with the motion of the piston in the syringe pump is
negligible. negligible.
Example3
I hi d 25 D 40 d h h d l f h i I hi d 25 D 40 d h h d l f h i In this system, d = 25 cm, D = 40 cm and the head loss from the venturi In this system, d = 25 cm, D = 40 cm and the head loss from the venturi
meter to the end of the pipe is given by h meter to the end of the pipe is given by h
LL
= 0.9V = 0.9V
22
/2g, where V is the /2g, where V is the
velocity in the pipe. Neglecting all other head losses, determine what velocity in the pipe. Neglecting all other head losses, determine what
head, H will first initiate cavitation if the atmospheric pressure is 100 head, H will first initiate cavitation if the atmospheric pressure is 100
kPa. What will be the discharge at incipient cavitation ? kPa. What will be the discharge at incipient cavitation ?
10
7.7.ApplicationofEE,FMEandMCECombined
Head loss in an Abrupt Expansion Head loss in an Abrupt Expansion
MCE : MCE :
2 2 1 1
A V A V =
FME : FME :
1
2
1 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 1
sin A V A V L gA A p A p =
L
h z
V p
z
V p
+ + + = + +
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2 2
EE : EE :
g g g 2 2
Combining : Combining :
( )
2
2
1
2
1
2
2 1
1
2 2

=
A
A
g
V
g
V V
h
L
Special case of discharging from a pipe into a Special case of discharging from a pipe into a
reservoir : reservoir :
g
V
h
L
2
2
=
11
Forces on a Pipe Bend Forces on a Pipe Bend
Water flows in a bend at a rate of 5 m Water flows in a bend at a rate of 5 m
33
/s and the pressure at the inlet is /s and the pressure at the inlet is
650 kPa. If the head loss in the bend is 10m, what will the pressure be 650 kPa. If the head loss in the bend is 10m, what will the pressure be
at the outlet of the bend? Estimate the force of the anchor block on the at the outlet of the bend? Estimate the force of the anchor block on the
bend in the x direction to hold the bend in place. bend in the x direction to hold the bend in place.
7.8.EGLandHGL
EGL and HGL are representations of the changes in EGL and HGL are representations of the changes in
energy and transformation of energy from one form to energy and transformation of energy from one form to
gy f f gy f f gy f f gy f f
another along a pipeline system. another along a pipeline system.
In general (in term of head/energy per unit weight) : In general (in term of head/energy per unit weight) :
g
V
z
g
p
h
total
2
2
+
+ =
Total Head Piezometric Head Dynamic Head

EGL (Energy Grade Line) gives the locus of Total Head along EGL (Energy Grade Line) gives the locus of Total Head along
the pipe as measured by total pressure probe the pipe as measured by total pressure probe
HGL (Hydraulic Grade Line) gives the locus of Piezometric HGL (Hydraulic Grade Line) gives the locus of Piezometric
Head along the pipe as measured by a piezometer Head along the pipe as measured by a piezometer
12
7.8.EGLandHGL
EGL EGL HGL = Dynamic Head HGL = Dynamic Head
Consider a simple pipeline system as below Consider a simple pipeline system as below : :
Note that as the pipe diameter is constant, the velocity is Note that as the pipe diameter is constant, the velocity is
constant and hence the spacing between EGL & HGL is constant and hence the spacing between EGL & HGL is
constant throughout the length of the pipe. constant throughout the length of the pipe.
7.8.EGLandHGL
Pump Pump -- In a pump energy is added . In a pump energy is added .
13
7.8.EGLandHGL
Turbine Turbine - - In a turbine energy is given up . In a turbine energy is given up .
7.8.EGLandHGL
Change in HGL and EGL due to flow through a nozzle Change in HGL and EGL due to flow through a nozzle the the
spacing increase since the velocity increase. There will be an spacing increase since the velocity increase. There will be an
extra losses as well at the transition. extra losses as well at the transition.
14
7.8.EGLandHGL
Change in HGL and EGL due to change in the pipe diameter Change in HGL and EGL due to change in the pipe diameter
the spacing increase since the velocity increase. The the spacing increase since the velocity increase. The
gradient increase due to the larger frictional forces causes gradient increase due to the larger frictional forces causes
gradient increase due to the larger frictional forces causes gradient increase due to the larger frictional forces causes
larger rate of loss of energy larger rate of loss of energy
7.8.EGLandHGL
Subatmospheric pressure when pipe is above HGL Subatmospheric pressure when pipe is above HGL Gage Gage
Pressure is negative. Pressure is negative.
The gradient and the spacing between EGL and HGL are The gradient and the spacing between EGL and HGL are
constant since velocity is constant throughout the pipe constant since velocity is constant throughout the pipe
15
Example4

Sketch the EGL and HGL for the above pipe system. Sketch the EGL and HGL for the above pipe system.
Example5
(1) Indicate which is HGL and which is EGL (2) Are all pipes are of the (1) Indicate which is HGL and which is EGL (2) Are all pipes are of the
same size? If not which one is smaller? (3) Is there any region in pipe same size? If not which one is smaller? (3) Is there any region in pipe
where pressure is below atmospheric (4) Where is the maximum where pressure is below atmospheric (4) Where is the maximum
pressure (5)Where is the minimum pressure (6) What do u think located pressure (5)Where is the minimum pressure (6) What do u think located
at the end of the pipe (7) What do u think located at point B? (8) Is the at the end of the pipe (7) What do u think located at point B? (8) Is the
pressure of the air in the tank above or below atmospheric? pressure of the air in the tank above or below atmospheric?
16
End of End of Lecture 8 Lecture 8

Integral Relation For A Control Volume

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Total Head Piezometric Head Dynamic Head

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