How to compute tonnage requirements:

1. General - When pressure per square inch is known:

psi x area of work/2000 = 2 tons of ram force required
Example: Where it is known that 100 psi is needed to do a o! on a "# x $# wide piece.
100 x "# x $#/2000 = 2 tons
2. Press Fit - %o determine the force required to press fit two round pieces to&ether such as a
shaft pressed into a !ushin&' use the followin& formula:
( = ) x * x + x , x -/2
Where ( = force required in tons
) = diameter of the part to !e pressed in inches
+ = len&th of part to !e pressed in inches ./ote: the len&th of the interference fit onl0.1
, = interference in inches .usuall0 .002# to .002#1
- = pressure factor .3ee ta!le !elow1.
Pressure Factors
2

)iameter
.inches1
-ressure
(actor
)iameter
.inches1
-ressure
(actor
)iameter
.inches1
-ressure
(actor
)iameter
.inches1
-ressure
(actor
1 "00 4 1"2 " 51 6 27
18 45" 48 174 "8 $2 68 21
19 42" 49 142 "9 $2 69 "5
1: 262 4: 124 ": 6$ 6: "6

2 270 7 11" 2 6" $ ""
28 212 78 10$ 28 62
29 1$5 79 101 29 25
2: 161 7: 52 2: 22
4. Example: ; steel shaft 2# in diameter pressed into a hole 4# lon&. %he interference fit !etween
the two diameters is .002#.
2# x 4.17 x 4# x .002# x .270/21 = 14."2 tons
7. Punching - ; quick &uide to determine tonna&e requirements for punchin& steel is:
)iameter x thickness x $0 = tons .where $0 is constant for steel. <se 2" for !rass.1
Example: ; 4# hole in .2"0# stock: 4# x .2"0# x $0 = 20 tons
(or noncircular holes' instead of the diameter' use 1/4 of the total len&th of cut.
Example: ; rectan&ular hole 7# x 2# in .2"0# stock: .7# = 2# = 7# = 2#/41 x .2"0# x $0 = 144.4
tons
". Deep Drawing - )eep-drawin& calculations can !e complex. %he press' dies' material'
radius' and part shape all ha>e !earin&. (or drawin& round shells' the followin& formula is a
simple &uide:
? x % x %s = tons
Where ? = circumference of the finished part@ % = material thickness in inches@ and
%s = tensile stren&th of the material.
2. Example: %o draw a "# diameter cup of .070# stock with a tensile stren&th of 72'000 psi would
require the followin& tonna&e:
." x 4.17121 x .070 x .72000/20001 = 17.77 tons
; 20-ton press would !e recommended

6. Straightening - %he pressure required to strai&hten a piece of metal depends on its
shape. Aelow is an approximate formula with a further definition for different shapes.
Where ( is the ram force in tons@ 2 is a constant@ < is ultimate stren&th of the material in psi@ B
is the section modulus .see !elow1@ and + is the distance !etween the strai&htenin& !locks in
inches.
Example: ; 2# diameter shaft' 1$# !etween the !locks' 100'000 psi ultimate stren&th.
How to determine strokes per minute for a hdraulic press
%he num!er of strokes per minute for a h0draulic press is determined !0 calculatin& a
separate time for each phase of the ram stroke. %he rapid ad>ance time is calculated' then
the pressin& time' .the work stroke1@ then' if there is no dwell time' the rapid return.
%he !asic formula for determinin& the len&th of time in seconds for each phase of the stroke:
Example: a h0draulic press with a 200 ,-C rapid ad>ance' 20 ,-C pressin& speed' and
200 ,-C rapid return. %he work requires a 4# ad>ance' 1# work stroke' and 7# rapid return.
20 D 2.155 = 26 c0cles per minute.
E Electrical actuation and >al>e shift time >aries dependin& on the t0pe of h0draulic circuit. Fne half
second is a reasona!le a>era&e fi&ure.
1 %hese formulae are intended as &uidelines onl0. -lease consult a qualified manufacturin& en&ineer
for recommendations concernin& 0our specific requirements.
2 Aased on steel shaft and cast iron !ushin& .with F)/,) G 21.
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%his site last updated on (rida0' Oune 2' 2004.