CNG TY DCH V C KH HNG HI

BAN O TO NI B











PIPING FUNDAMENTAL

Ngi bin son Ngi kim tra Ngi ph duyt
H v Tn ng Xun Long Trn Thin L
Ch k





Ngy 22 / 3 /2011 / /20 / /20
Ti liu ny v cc thng tin trong n l ti sn ca Cng ty DVCKHH khng c sao chp, copy, in n hoc sang
bng di bt k hnh thc no nu khng c s cho php trc ca Cng ty DVCKHH.
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BNG THEO DI SA I

STT
Ngy sa
i
Trang
sa i
Mc
sa i
Ni dung sa i Ghi ch
1

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MC TIU KHA HC:

Trnh by cc kin thc c bn v ng ng v mt s tiu chun lin quan n
ng ng.

CU TRC KHA HC:

Kha o to c thc hin trong thi lng 3 bui.
Phng php o to thuyt trnh v tho lun.

I TNG O TO:

i tng tham d bt buc: Nhn vin t ng ng phng thit k
i tng khuyn khch tham d: Nhn vin t ng ng cc phng, ban c lin
quan

NI DUNG KHA HC:

Ni dung kha hc bao gm 3 phn:
- Gii thiu v piping v cc thnh phn trong h thng piping.
- Valves v chc nng c bn ca cc loi valves.
- Cc tiu chun s dng trong ng ng - c kh.

TNG KT CUI KHA:

Ni dung chnh ca kha hc:
Piping v cc thnh phn trong h thng Piping.
Pipe supports
Mt s h thng ng ng Offshore
Cc loi bn v Piping v pht hnh bn v
Cc tiu chun s dng trong ng ngc kh

Bi tp/cu hi kim tra cui kha: Hnh thc cu hi kim tra trc nghim v t
lun












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MC LC
PHN 1: PIPING FUNDAMENTAL ............................................................................... 6
CHNG 1: PIPING V CC THNH PHN TRONG H THNG PIPING .......... 6
1.1. Piping ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.1. Piping classcification ....................................................................................... 4
1.1.2. Cc tiu chun lin quan n vic to ra codes v material specification
cho h thng ng ng ................................................................................... 7
1.2. Cc thnh phn piping ............................................................................................ 8
1.2.1. Pipe .................................................................................................................. 8
1.2.1.1. Piping material ...................................................................................... 9
1.2.1.2. Pipe material specification .................................................................. 10
1.2.1.3. Phng php ch to ng .................................................................... 11
1.2.1.4. Cc loi u ng v cc kiu lin kt ng ........................................... 12
1.2.2. Pipe fittings .................................................................................................... 13
1.2.2.1. Elbows ................................................................................................. 16
1.2.2.2. Return .................................................................................................. 17
1.2.2.3. Tee ....................................................................................................... 17
1.2.2.4. Crosses ................................................................................................ 17
1.2.2.5. Caps and Plugs .................................................................................... 18
1.2.2.6. Reducers .............................................................................................. 18
1.2.2.7. Stub Ends ............................................................................................ 18
1.2.2.8. Couplings ............................................................................................ 18
1.2.2.9. Swage nipples ..................................................................................... 19
1.2.2.10. Unions ............................................................................................... 19
1.2.2.11. Special Fittings ................................................................................. 20
1.2.3. Flanges ........................................................................................................... 20
1.2.3.1. Da vo cch thc lin kt vi ng .................................................... 20
1.2.3.2. Da vo di p sut v nhit .......................................................... 21
1.2.3.3. Da vo Facing ................................................................................... 23
1.2.4. Gasket ............................................................................................................ 23
1.2.4.1. Vt liu Gasket .................................................................................... 24
1.2.4.2. Cc tiu chun v Gasket .................................................................... 24
1.2.5. Bolts and Nuts ................................................................................................ 24
1.3. Valves ....................................................................................................................... 25
1.3.1. Ball Valves ..................................................................................................... 29
1.3.2. Gate Valves .................................................................................................... 30
1.3.3. Globe valves ................................................................................................... 31
1.3.4. Check Valves ................................................................................................. 32
1.3.4.1. Swing Check Valves ........................................................................... 32
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1.3.4.2. Lift Check Valves .............................................................................. 33
1.3.4.3. Butterfly Check Valves ....................................................................... 33
1.3.5. Plug Valves .................................................................................................... 34
1.3.6. Butterfly Valves ............................................................................................. 34
1.3.7. Needle Valves ................................................................................................ 36
1.3.8. Relief and Safety Valves ................................................................................ 36
CHNG 2: PIPE SUPPORTS ..................................................................................... 38
2.1. Mc ch v yu cu ca Supports .......................................................................... 38
2.1.1. Mc ch ca Supports ................................................................................... 38
2.1.2. Yu cu ca Supports ..................................................................................... 38
2.2. Cc tiu chun c s dng cho pipe support ........................................................ 38
2.3. S la chn Support ................................................................................................. 38
2.4. Mt s kiu pipe supports ........................................................................................ 38
CHNG 3: MT S H THNG NG NG OFFSHORE ............................... 44
3.1. Hydrocarbon Procces System .................................................................................. 44
3.2. Utility System ........................................................................................................... 44
CHNG 4: CC LOI BN V PIPING V PHT HNH BN V ................... 46
4.1. Cc loi bn v Piping .............................................................................................. 46
4.1.1. Process drawings ............................................................................................ 46
4.1.1.1. PFD (Process Flow Diagram) ............................................................. 46
4.1.1.2. UFD (Utility Flow Diagram) .............................................................. 47
4.1.1.3. P&ID (Piping and Instrument Diagram) ............................................. 48
4.1.1.4. Equipment layout ................................................................................ 49
4.1.1.5. Piping plan .......................................................................................... 50
4.1.1.6. Support plan ........................................................................................ 51
4.1.1.7. Penetration Plan .................................................................................. 51
4.1.1.8. Piping Isometric .................................................................................. 51
4.1.1.9. Pipe Support ........................................................................................ 52
4.2. Issue drawing ............................................................................................................ 53
4.2.1. Issued for Comment (Review) (IFR) ............................................................ 53
4.2.2. Issued for Approval (IFA) ............................................................................ 53
4.2.3. Approval for Construction (AFC) ................................................................ 53
4.2.4. Post AFC ....................................................................................................... 53
4.2.5. As Built ......................................................................................................... 53
4.3. c hiu bn v Piping Cc quy c vit tt v k hiu ........................................ 53
PHN II: CC TIU CHUN S DNG TRONG NG NGC KH ............ 55
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................. 61


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PHN 1: PIPING FOUNDAMENTAL
CHNG 1: PIPING V CC THNH PHN TRONG H THNG PIPING

1.1. Piping
Trong cng nghip, Piping l mt h thng nhiu thnh phn lin kt vi nhau, bao
gm pipe, fitting, instruments ,bolts, gaskets, valves, supports dng chuyn ti lu cht
t im ny ti im khc.
Piping c chia thnh 3 loi chnh:
ng c ng knh ln (Large bore pipe): thng bao gm ng c ng knh
ln hn 2 inch.
ng c ng knh nh (Small bore pipe): thng bao gm ng c ng
knh nh hn hoc bng 2 inch.
Tubing bao gm cc ng c ng knh ln n 4 inch nhng c dy thnh
ng nh hn hai loi trn v c kt ni vi cc compression fittings.
H thng ng bao gm:
Pipe
Fittings (e.g. elbows, reducers, branch connections, etc.)
Flanges, gaskets, bolting
Valves
Pipe supports
Instruments.


Hnh.1.1. Piping component
1.1.1. Piping classcification
C 7 class sau (Theo ASME): 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 v 2500.
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Chia Class ca piping cn c vo di p sut-nhit ca thnh phn chu p yu
nht.
1.1.2. Cc tiu chun lin quan n vic to ra codes v material specification cho h
thng ng ng:
Cc tiu chun lin quan n vic to ra codes cho h thng ng ng:
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ANSI - American National Standardization Institute
Cc tiu chun ny a ra cc khuyn ngh k thut cho vic thit k h thng ng
ca cc nh my nng lng v ha cht. Chng bao gm:
Cc cng thc tnh ton dy ca ng ng.
Cc cng thc tnh ton dy extra m mt ng phi c khi kt ni vi
mt nhnh.
Cc quy tc cho vic phn tch ng sut.
Cc bng tra ng sut ln nht cho php i vi vt liu kim loi c xc
nhn theo ANSI.
Piping Codes:
ASME B31.1 - Power Piping
ASME B31.2 - Fuel Gas .Piping
ASME B31.3 - Process Piping
ASME B31.4 - Liquid Piping
ASME B31.5 - Refrigeration Piping
ASME B31.8 - Gas Distribution and Transportation
ASME B31.9 - Building Service Piping
ASME B31.11 - Slurry Piping
Cc tiu chun lin quan n vic to ra material specification cho piping:
ASTM - American Society for Testing Materials
ASTM xy dng mt b tiu chun c tnh k thut vt liu c s dng
trong cc ngnh cng nghip.
Specifications bt u bng ch A c s dng cho thp. Specifications
bt u bng ch B c s dng cho kim loi mu (ng thau, ng thic,
hp kim ng Niken, hp kim nhm.v.v.). Specifications bt u bng ch
d c s dng cho vt liu plastic (nha PVC).
Mt ASTM specification khng ch th hin cc thnh phn ha hc c bn
ca vt liu m cn th hin qu trnh hnh thnh hnh dng cui cng ca sn
phm.
API-American Petroleum Institute
Cc nguyn tc, ng dng v cc tiu chun du kh c ban hnh bi vin
c p dng cho hu ht cc cng ty du kh trn th gii.
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Trong s nhiu tiu chun c ban hnh bi vin, c tiu chun API standard
5L c s dng cho thit k ng ng Pipelines
1.2. Cc thnh phn piping: pipe, fitting, bolts, gaskets, valves, supports
1.2.1. Pipe
Pipe: ng c mt ct trn c kch thc ph hp vi tiu chun:
+ ASME B36.10M: welded and seamless wrought steel pipe
+ ASME B36.19M: Stainless steel pipe
Kch thc ca pipe: c xc nh bi ng knh ngoi ca Pipe (OD) v dy
pipe.
Norminal pipe size (NPS): y l kch thc danh ngha ca pipe theo h inch.
Cc NPS thng c s dng:
1/8, , 3/8, , , 1, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10,12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24,
28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 44, 4852, 56, 60
Cc NPS sau khng c s dng: 1 , 2 , 3 , 5
i vi cc ng c NPS 12 th OD NPS.
i vi cc ng c NPS 14 th OD = NPS
V d: Mt pipe c ghi kch thc l NPS 2 th c ngha l ng kch ngoi ca pipe l
2.375 inch (Tra bng kch thc tng ng trong ASME B36.10).
Nominal diameter (DN): y cng l ng knh danh ngha ca pipe nhng ghi
trong h Mt (Metric).
V d: DN 50 th tng ng vi NPS 2 (ch : Pipe vi NPS 2 th khng phi tng ng vi
pipe DN 2x25.4 =50.8).
NPS DN NPS DN NPS DN NPS DN
8 6 32 90 22 550 44 1100
4 8 4 100 24 600 48 1200
4 10 5 125 26 650 52 1300
2 15 6 150 28 700 56 1400
4 20 8 200 30 750 60 1500
1 25 10 250 32 800 64 1600
14 32 12 300 34 850 68 1700
12 40 14 350 36 900 72 1800
2 50 16 400 38 950 76 1900
22 65 18 450 40 1000 80 2000
3 80 20 500 42 1050
Cho Pipe vi NPS >= 80, DN = NPS x 25
Bng 1.1. Bng kch thc tng ng NPS v DN
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dy ca Pipe: c xc nh bng Schedule (SCH) hoc ch chnh xc dy
thnh ng (WT Wall thickness).
Schedule (SCH) c k hiu bi dy ch s:
5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 20S, 30, 40, STD, 40S, 60, 80, XS, 80S, 120,140,160, XXS
STD: standard wall thickness, XS: extra, XXS: double extra
K hiu S sau s SCH (10S, 20S) ch ra rng Pipe theo tiu chun ASME
B36.19M, cho Stainless steel pipe.
i vi cc ng c NPS 10, SCH 40 = STD
i vi cc ng c NPS 8, SCH 80 = XS
Da vo NPS (DN) v SCH ta tra bng ra chiu dy ca ng tng ng.
Bng mt s thng s ca pipe

Table. 1.2. Mt s thng s ca Pipe
V d: Vi Pipe NPS 2; SCH STD s c ng knh ngoi 2.375 inch, wall thickness
0.154 inch
1.2.1.1. Piping material.
Vt liu pipe c chia thnh hai nhm chnh:
Vt liu phi kim loi: PVC, Ceramic, rubber
Vt liu kim loi bao gm hai nhm:
Nhm vt liu c cha st: thp rn, thp c
Nhm vt liu khng cha st: ng, nhm v cc hp kim ca chng..
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Hnh 1.2. Piping materials
1.2.1.2. Pipe material specification:
Vt liu ch to pipe phi ph hp vi iu kin lm vic (p sut, nhit , iu
kin chng n mn). Trong cc h thng ng ng ngoi khi (offshore), 95% pipe
c ch to t vt liu thuc Grade B, ph hp vi ASTM A106 hoc API 5L
specification.
+ ASTM A106: Specification for seamless Carbon steel high temperate service.
Pipe vi material specification ASTM A106 c th lm vic nhit t -29
0
C n
204
0
C, ng knh ng t 2 inch (50mm) ti 24 inch (609mm).
+ API SPEC 5L: Specification for line pipe
Line pipe vi Spec 5L grade B c s dng ph bin cho cc ng pipe line, vi
ng knh ln ti 80 inch (2032mm).
Specification API Spec 5L cng bao gm c cc ng High strength steel pipe nh
API 5L Grade X52, API 5L grade X65(API 5L Grade X52 th yield strength ca pipe =
52 000 psi).
+ ASTM A333: Specification for seamless and welded steel pipe for low
temperature service.
S dng trong cc ng ng lm vic nhit thp, c bit l ti cc ng
vent p sut cao (ng x kh) do trong qu trnh kh thot ra ngoi (gim p t ngt),
nhit pipe s b gim mnh. C th lm vic nhit t -46
0
C n 343
0
C, mt s
Grade c th chu c nhit ti -196
0
C
+ A312: Specification for seamless and welded Austenitic stainless steel pipe
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S dng cho cc h ng ng lm vic trong mi trng c tnh n mn cao hoc
yu cu v sch ( v d cho cc h thng bm ha cht (chemical injection) hoc ng
h thng phn phi xng cho sn bay (helifuel distribution system). Grade TP316L thng
c s dng nht.
+ ASTM A790 (Duplex): Specification for seamless and welded Ferritic/Austenitic
stainless steel Tube for general service.
Pipe vi spec ASTM A790 c cng cao v chng n mn tt nn thng c
s dng trong cc ng ng dn du/kh c n mn cao, cc ng Subsea pipeline,
hoc weldhead manifolds, c bit dng cho cc ng ng dn cht c chua ln. Tuy
nhin ng loi ny c gi thnh rt t.
+ CUNIFEER: l hp kim ca ng v nikel vi t l 90/10, thng s dng trong
cc ng cu ha, ng dn nc bin do c kh nng chng n mn bi nc bin tt.
+ ng Gre: Dng cho cc h thng nc thi, (Open Drain System), h thng
phng chng chy (fire system).
1.2.1.3. Phng php ch to ng.
ng thp thng c ch to bng mt trong cc phng php sau: seamless,
longitudinally welded hoc spirally welded. Phng php seamless pipe thng c s
dng cho ng c NPS 24. Phng php ongitudinally welded thng c s dng cho
ng c NPS 16.


Hnh 1.3. Phng php ch to ng.
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Phng php spirally welded l phng php ch to ng ph bin nht v r nht.
Tuy nhin n ch c s dng cho cc h thng ng dn lu cht khng c hi, p sut
thp v c ng knh ng rt ln.
1.2.1.4. Cc loi u ng v cc kiu lin kt ng.
ng c th bao gm cc kiu u ng sau:
Plain ends c u ng to thnh tit din trn, vung gc vi ng sinh ng v
c khot b cc vt chy hai u. Loi u ng ny c s dng trong
mechanical couplings, socket weld fittings hoc slip-on flange.
Beveled ends c yu cu vi cc mi hn butt weld.
Threaded ends thng c s dng vi cc mi ni ren.
Kiu lin kt Butt Welded: s dng rng ri trong cc h thng ng ng, c th
chu c p sut lm vic cao. Mi hn butt welded yu cu phi m bo cht
lng mi hn cao v thng phi c kim tra khng ph hy (NDT) sau khi hn.

Hnh 1.4. Mi ni Butt weld
Kiu lin kt Socket Welded: S dng cho cc ng ng Utility System vi ng
knh ng khng vt qu 3 inch (75mm) hoc cho cc ng ng dn du, kh vi
ng knh ng khng vt qu 2 inch (50mm).

Hnh 1.5. Mi ni Socket weld
Kiu lin kt threaded: s dng trong Utility Systems vi p sut lm vic thp hoc
c th cho cc ng ng dn du/kh vi ng knh ng khng vt qu 2 inch
(50mm).

Hnh 1.6. Mi ni Ren
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1.2.2. Pipe fittings
Trong h thng ng ng, fittings c s dng thay i phng v kt ni vi
cc thit b ca ng ng. Cc fiitings ny c sn xut theo tiu chun nh hnh 1.7.

Bng 1.3.Kch thc tiu chun mt s fittings.
Cc Fittings cu thnh h thng ng ng thc hin mt trong cc chc nng sau:
Vn chuyn lu cht: pipe
Thay i phng ca dng chy: elbows, tee
Thay i kch thc ca pipe: reducers, reducing tees, reducing couplings.
Lin kt cc pipe: flanges, unions.
Tch ri cc pipe: flanges, unions.
Cch ly dng chy: Spectacle blinds, Spades and Spacers
Kt ni vi nhnh: weldolets, threadolets, sockolets
Fittings phi c sn xut ring cho tng loi Pipe v tng loi kt ni nh:
threaded, socket welded hoc welded. Loi kt ni Socket welded v threaded fittings c
th s dng cho h thng ng ng c kch thc ln n 4 nhng thng thng khng
c s dng cho h thng ng ng c kch thc ln hn 2.
Welding Fittings: Nhng fittings ny c lm t vt liu rn v c sn xut c
hai dng seamless v welded.
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Hnh 1.7. Welding fittings
Screwed fittings: Cc fittings ny c lm vi kch thc t 1/8 n 4 trong phm
vi p sut t 150, 300, 2000, 3000 v 6000 lbs. i vi cc fittings c di p sut 150 v
300 lbs c lm bng vt liu c. Cc fitting khc th c lm bng vt liu rn.


Hnh. 1.8. Screwed Fittings
Socket Weld Fittings: Loi fitting ny c mt ci hc hoc phn m rng ng
trt vo, sau khi fitting v ng lp rp ng v tr, mt mi hn c thc hin c nh
v tr ng v fitting. Nhng fittings ny c th c lm bng thp carbon, thp khng r,
hp kim, hp kim niken vi di p sut 3000, 6000 v 9000lbs.
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Hnh. 1.9. Socket Weld Fittings
Fittings c th c phn loi theo vt liu ch to hoc theo chc nng.
Fittings thng thng bao gm:
Flanges
Elbows (90 and 45) and reducing elbows
Tees , reducing tees, and cleanouts
Unions
Laterals
Reducers (concentric, eccentric)
Caps
Plugs
Nipples, couplings, and half-couplings.
Mt s loi fittings t thng dng:
Swages
Bull plugs
Crosses
Wyes
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Hnh. 1.10. Chart of Piping Fittings
1.2.2.1. Elbows
Elbows thng c s dng thay i phng ca ng. Chng c phn thnh
ba loi c bn sau:
Phn loi theo bn knh: c hai loi l Long radius (LR) v Short radius (SR). Loi
thng c s dng l LR c bn knh cong bng 1.5 ln NPS i vi cc ng c NPS
. Loi SR c bn knh cong bng NPS.

Hnh. 1.11. Long Radius and Short radius elbows
Phn loi theo gc: c hai loi elbow 90
0
v 45
0


Hnh. 1.12. 90 and 45
0
Elbows
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Phn loi theo hnh dng: c reducing elbows. Loi elbows ny c gc 90
0
v c bn
knh cong bng 1.5 ln NPS ca ng s c thay i kch thc.

Hnh. 1.13. 90
0
Reducing elbow, long radius
1.2.2.2. Return.
Return c s dng thay i phng ca dng chy mt gc 180
0
v thng
c s dng cho ng Vent trn Tank. Long radius return c bn knh cong bng 1.5 ln
NPS.

Hnh. 1.14. 180
0
Return
1.2.2.3. Tee.
Tee thng c s dng to ra mt nhnh c gc 90
0
so vi phng ca dng
chy. Tee c hai dng equal Tee v reducing Tee. Equal Tee c s dng khi ng knh
ca nhnh v ca tuyn ng chnh c cng kch thc. Reducing Tee c s dng khi
nhnh c ng knh nh hn ng knh ca tuyn ng chnh.

Hnh. 1.15. Reducing Outlet Tee
1.2.2.4. Crosses
Crosses c chc nng tng t nh Tee, c s dng to ra hai nhnh c gc 90
0

theo phng ca tuyn ng chnh. Crosses cng c hai dng straight v reducing crosses,
c ch to vi cc kiu kt ni butt weld, socket weld v thread. Tuy nhin crosses t
c s dng trong ngnh cng nghip du kh v ha cht. Chng thng c s dng
ni c yu cu khng gian hn ch, trong ngnh cng nghip ng tu.

Hnh. 1.16. Cross Tee
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1.2.2.5. Caps and Plugs
Caps v Plugs thng c s dng kt thc u ng. Caps c th c ch to
hai dng kt ni weld hoc threaded v Plugs c sn xut dng kt ni threaded.

Hnh. 1.17. Caps and plugs
1.2.2.6. Reducers
Reducers thng c s dng khi mun thay i ng knh gia hai phn ng kt
ni theo cng mt phng. C hai loi Reducer: concentric reducers v eccentric reducers.


Hnh. 1.18. Concentric and Eccentric Reducers
1.2.2.7. Stub Ends
gim chi ph piping, stub ends s c s dng cng vi Lap Joint Flange trong
cc h thng ng ng c p sut thp, khng quan trng.

Hnh. 1.19. Stub End
1.2.2.8. Couplings
Coupling thng c s dng ni hai male pipe ends li vi nhau. Couplings c
ba loi:
Full coupling
Haft coupling
Reducing coupling.

Concentric
Eccentric
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Hnh. 1.20. Couplings
1.2.2.9. Swage nipples
Swage nipples c chc nng tng t nh reducers v thng c s dng trong
cc h thng ng nh. Chng gm hai loi concentric v eccentric vi nhiu loi kt ni.
Nhng loi kt ni thng dng l:
PBE = Plain Both Ends
BBE = Beveled Both Ends
TBE = Threaded Both Ends

Hnh. 1.21. Swage Nipples
1.2.2.10. Unions
Unions thng c s dng trong h thng ng c p sut thp, ni m yu cu vic
tho lp thng xuyn.
Unions c ch to hai dng threaded ends v socket weld ends. Mt union c ba
phn, hai phn c ni vi hai u ng, phn cn li kt ni hai phn kia.

Hnh. 1.22. Union
Full Coupling
Reducing Coupling Haft Coupling
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1.2.2.11. Special Fittings.
Cc loi fitting c bit gm:
Weldolet
Sockolet
Threadolet
Elbolet
Sweepolet
Nipolet
Latrolet
Cc loi fitting trn thng s dng khi cn lin kt ng ng chnh (run pipe) c
kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi ng nhnh (branch).
Weldolet v Sockolet l loi Fitting thuc loi t gia cng (self reinforced fitting).
Weldolet s dng cho lin kt Butt weld. Sockolet s dng cho lin kt socket weld.
Threadolet thng c s dng cho lin kt ren. Elbolet c s dng trong trng
hp ng nhnh c kt ni trn Elbow v c bin dng c ch to ph hp vi
Elbow. Sweepolet cng thuc loi t gia cng. Latrolet c s dung trong trng hp
ng nhnh hp vi ng ng chnh mt gc khc 90
0
.




Hnh. 1.23. Special Fittings
1.2.3. Flanges
Flanges c s dng khi mi ni cn tho lp, chng c s dng ch yu cc
thit b, van, bmTrn cc tuyn ng yu cu vic bo tr thng xuyn th cc break out
flanges c b tr nhng khong cch xc nh trn tuyn ng. Mt mi ni Flanges bao
gm: Flanges, gasket v bolting. Phn loi Flanges c da vo nhiu cch khc nhau nh
sau:
1.2.3.1. Da vo cch thc lin kt vi ng.
Weldolet Sweepolet Sockolet Threadolet
Latrolet Elbolet Nipolet
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Flanges c th c phn loi da vo cch thc lin kt vi ng nh sau:
Slip-on Flange
Socket Weld Flange
Screwed Flange
Lap joint Flange
Welding Neck Flange
Blind Flange
Reducing Flange
Expander Flange Flange








1.2.3.2. Da vo di p sut v nhit
Theo ASME B16.5 Forged steel flanges c ch to ch yu gm 7 loi theo
ratings:
150 #
300 #
400 #
600 #
Hnh. 1.25. Socket Welded Raised Face
Hnh.1.24. Slip-on Raised Face Flange
Hnh. 1.26. Threaded Raised Face Flange Hnh. 1.27. Lap Joint Flange with Stub
Hnh. 1.28. Welding Neck Raised Face Flange
Hnh. 1.30. Reducing Slip-on Hnh. 1.31. Expander or Reducer Flange
Hnh. 1.29. Blind Flange
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900 #
1500 #
2500 #
Theo API Spec 6A: Wellhead equipment: 2000, 3000,5000,10000.
bn ca Flange tng theo Rating Class.
Flange Standard: ASME B16.5, BS1560, DIN hoc API6A...
Schedule (WT): Cho Weld neck Flange, ph hp vi pipe schedule.
Flange material Specification: Ph hp vi Pipe material specification

Bng 1.4. Bng la chn vt liu
Pressure Temperature Rating (Di p sut nhit ): ng vi mi Flange Class, ti
mi nhit lm vic, Flange c kh nng chu c mt p sut lm vic tng ng.
Bng 1.5. Bng Pressure Temperature Rating
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V d: Flange vt liu nhm 1.8, class 300, ti nhit 300
0
F c th lm vic vi p sut
ti a l 555 psi.
1.2.3.3. Da vo Facing
Flanges cng c th c phn loi da vo Facing nh sau:
Flat face (FF)
Raised face (RF)
Tongue and groove (T/G)
Male and Female (M/F)
Ring type joint (RTJ)




Flat face, Raise Face dng cho Flange vi Rating b hn hoc bng 400.
Ring joint c th dng cho Flange vi Rating ln hn 400.
1.2.4. Gasket
Gasket l mt thnh phn dung bt kn mt tip xc gia 2 flanges. Gasket bao
gm cc loi sau:
Spiral Wound Gaskets.
Ring-Joint Gaskets.
Isulation Gaskets
Metallic Gaskets
Nonmetallic Gaskets
Semimetallic Gaskets.


Hnh. 1.32. Flat Face Hnh. 1.33. Raised Face Hnh. 1.34. Ring Joint
Hnh. 1.35. Tongue and Groove Hnh. 1.36. Male/ Female
Hnh. 1.37. A full face gasket Hnh. 1.38. A spiral-wound
ring gasket
Hnh. 1.39. A ring-type joint gasket
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1.2.4.1. Vt liu Gasket.
Vt liu Gasket c th chia thnh ba loi chnh:
Nonmetallic.
Semi-metallic or composite.
Metallic.

Bng. 1.6. Gasket Materials
1.2.4.2. Cc tiu chun v Gasket
ASME B16.20 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges, Ring Joint, Spiral
Wound and Jacketed.
ASME B16.21 Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
BS 4865 Part1 Flat Ring Gaskets to Suit BS4504 and DIN
Flange
BS 3381 Spiral Wound Gaskets to Suit BS1560 Flanges
API 6A Specification for Wellhead and Christ-masTree
Equipment
1.2.5. Bolts and Nuts
Botting: bao gm studbolts, nuts v Washer. Bolts thng c s dng theo b l
bi s ca 4, vi 4 l s nh nht.
Cc tiu chun v Boltting:
ASME B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads
ASME B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws
ASME B18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts
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ASME B18.21.1 Lock Washers
ASME B18.22.1 Plain Washers
ASTM F436 Mechanical Properties of Plain Washers
BS 4882 Bolting for Flanges and Pressure Con-taining
Purposes
Bolts thng c ch to t 4 nhm vt liu:
Carbon steel.
Low alloy steel.
Stainless steel.
Exotic material.



1.3. Valves
Valve l mt thit b c kh c s dng iu khin lu lng v p sut ca
lu cht trong h thng cng ngh. Valve c cc chc nng chnh sau:
ng M dng chy
iu tit lu lng
Chng chy ngc
iu chnh hoc gim p trong ng ng.
Valve c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau. V d nh phn loi theo
chc nng, phn loi theo phng thc vn hnh, phn loi theo chuyn ng c hc, phn
loi theo rating
Valves thng c cu to gm cc b phn chnh sau:
Valve Body
Valve Bonnet
Valve Trim
Valve Disk
Valve Seat(s)
Valve Stem
Valve Packing
Valve Actuator
Hnh. 1.40. Square-head machine bolt
Hnh. 1.41. Stud bolt
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Bng 1.7. Phn loi Valve da trn chuyn ng c hc.
Valve Body
Thn Valve l thnh phn chnh ca Valve, l b phn lin kt cc b phn khc ca
Valve. N nhn u vo, u ra ca piping thng qua cc mi lin kt butt welded, socket
welded, threaded hoc flanged.
Thn valves c th c ch to bng phng php c hay rn theo nhiu hnh dng
khc nhau ty theo tng loi valve.
Valve Bonnet
Valve Bonnet l thnh phn chnh th hai ca valve, c s dng che phn h
trn thn valve. Bonnet cng c ch to theo nhiu loi khc nhau, c loi ch m nhn
chc nng n gin l lm np y cho valve, nhng loi khc cn c chc nng support
cho cc b phn bn trong valve nh: stem, disk v actuator.
Bonnet cng c ch to theo phng php c hay rn vi vt liu tng t nh
thn valve v c lin kt vi thn vavle bng cc mi ghp threaded, bolded hoc welded.
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Hnh 1.42. Cc b phn c bn ca valve
Valve Trim
Cc b phn bn trong valve c gi chung l valve trim. Trim bao gm: disk, seat,
stem v sleeves c s dng dn hng cho stem.
Disk
Disk l thnh phn chnh th ba ca valve, n cho php iu tit hoc ngng dng
chy qua valve. Khi valve v tr ng, ton b p sut ca h thng tc ng ln disk, do
disk l thnh phn chu p sut. Disk thng c rn, trong mt s trng hp n c
gia cng b mt. Hu ht cc valve c t tn theo thit k ca disk. V d trong trng
hp Plug hoc Ball Valve, disk c gi tn tng ng l Plug hoc Ball.
Seat
Mt Valve c th c nhiu Seat, trong trng hp globe hoc swing-check valve
thng c mt seat, c hnh dng ng kn Disk dng dng chy. Trong trng hp Gate
valve, c hai seats, mt pha upstream v mt pha downstream.
vic ngng dng chy ca disk c tt, th yu cu b mt seat phi c gia
cng tinh. Trong mt s thit k, trong thn valve c gia cng lun b mt seat. Cc
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trng hp thit k khc, forged seal rings c bt ren hoc hn vo thn valve. tng
kh nng chng mi mn, b mt ca seat hoc seal rings thng c tng cng.
Stem
Stem l b phn lin kt gia handwheel hoc actuator v disk. Stem cung cp
chuyn ng cn thit ti a ng m valve.
Stem thng c rn v c lin kt vi Disk bng mi ni ren hoc hn. ngn
chn s r r, yu cu phn stem trong khu vc seal cn c gia cng tinh.
C 5 loi Valve Stem:
Rising Stem with Outside Screw and Yoke.
Rising Stem with Inside Screw.
Nonrising Stem with Inside Screw.
Sliding Stem.
Rotary Stem.

Hnh 1.43. Rising Stems

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Hnh 1.44. Nonrising Stems
Valve Packing.
Packing c s dng bt kn khe h gia Stem v Bonnet. Paking thng c
lm bng vt liu dng si hay cc hp cht khc nh: Teflon.
Valve packing phi c nn hp l ngn chn s r r lu cht v lm hng n
stem. Nu packing qu lng n s gy hin tng r r v gy mt an ton. Nu packing qu
cht, n s gy cn tr chuyn ng v c th lm hng stem.
1.3.1. Ball Valves.
Ball valve l loi valve s dng chuyn ng xoay ca disk ng m dng chy.
m valve, xoay tay valve mt gc 90
0
, lc ny ball s xoay quanh mt im n v tr
sao cho l trn ball trng vi phng ca dng chy. ng valve ta xoay tay valve mt
gc 90
0
theo chiu ngc li, lc ny ball s quay quanh mt im n v tr m l trn ball
vung gc vi phng dng chy.
u im ca Ball Valves:
ng m nhanh.
ng valve vi moment nh.
Kch thc ca Valves nh hn hu ht cc loi Valve khc.
Nhc im ca Ball Valves:
C c tnh tit lu km.
Trong ng dng vn chuyn lu cht c dng slurry, mt s ht c th mc li
khong trng trong thn v l tc nhn gy nn hin tng mi mn, r r
hoc lm hng valve.

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Hnh 1.45. Ball valve
1.3.2. Gate Valves.
Gate valve l loi valve chuyn ng tnh tin, thng c s dng ng hoc
m dng chy hon ton. Xoay tay valve theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h nng disk
ln, xoay tay valve cng chiu kim ng h h disk xung. Khi valve v tr m cho
php lu cht qua valve theo ng thng.
u im:
Ch to n gin v vng chc.
Kh nng cch ly dng chy tt.
Hin tng gim p qua valve thp.
R hn cc loi valve khc.
Nhc im:
Khng th ng m nhanh.
Khng ph hp cho vic iu tit lu lng.
Gy ra hin tng rung ng khi m.
Vic sa cha nh mi kh thc hin hn

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Hnh 1.46. Gate valve
1.3.3. Globe valves.
Globe valves l loi valve chuyn ng tnh tin, c s dng ng, m hoc tit
lu dng chy.
Globe valve c vn hnh trn nguyn l c bn l chuyn ng vung gc ca
disk so vi seat. Chng thng c s dng trong h thng yu cu kh nng tit lu tt,
r r qua seat thp.
u im:
C kh nng ng tt.
iu tit lu lng tt.
M nhanh hn so vi gate valves
Nhc im.
Gim p nhiu hn so vi Gate valves.
i vi valves c kch thc ln yu cu phi c actuator ln vn hnh.
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Hnh 1.47. Globe Valve
1.3.4. Check Valves
Check valve c s dng ngn hin tng chy ngc ca lu cht. N thuc
loi valve t hnh, p sut ca dng lu cht qua valve s m valve, ngc li nu dng lu
cht chy ngc s ng valve.
Vn hnh valve s khc nhau ty thuc vo c cu ca mi loi Check Valve. Check
valves gm cc loi thng dng sau: swing, lift (piston and ball), butterfly, stop and tilting-
disk
1.3.4.1. Swing Check Valves
Swing Check Valves c minh ha trn hnh 1.48. Loi valve ny cho php m
ton b, thng sut dng chy v t ng ng khi p sut gim. Van s ng hon ton khi
lu lng bng 0 v ngn dng chy ngc. Hin tng chy ri v gim p trong valve rt
thp.

Hnh 1.48. Swing Check Valve

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1.3.4.2. Lift Check Valves
Lift check valves thng c s dng trong cc h thng ng ng c s dng
Globe valves iu khin dng chy.
Lift check valve ph hp cho vic lp t trn cc tuyn ng dn hi nc, kh, gas,
nc c p sut cao, vn tc dng chy ln. Chng c th c lp theo phng thng
ng hoc nm ngang vi phng dng chy hng ln trn.

Hnh 1.49. Lift Check Valve
1.3.4.3.Butterfly Check Valves
Butterfly Check Valves c s sp xp seating tng t nh s sp xp seating ca
Butterfly Valves. c tnh dng chy qua loi Valve ny cng tng t nh c tnh dng
chy qua Butterfly Valve. Do , Butterfly Check Valve c dung kh ph bin trong cc
h thng ng c s dng Butterfly Valve.

Hnh 1.50. Butterfly Check Valve
Butterfly check valves c th c lp t trong cc h thng ng thng ng hoc
nm ngang vi chiu dng chy i ln hoc i xung.

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1.3.5. Plug Valves
Plug Valves l loi valve s dng chuyn ng xoay ca disk ng m dng chy.
Disk valve c hnh dng ging nh Plug. Vic ng m dng chy bng cch quay tay
valve mt gc 90
0
. Nu tay valve nm dc theo phng ca pipe th valve v tr m hon
ton, cn nu xoay tay valve 90
0
t v tr m th valve s trng thi ng hon ton.
Plug valves c s dng trong cc h thng ng dn khng kh, gas, hi, kh thin
nhin, du. Chng c th c ng dng trong cc h thng ng c lu cht dng slurry.
u im:
ng, m nhanh.
Kch thc thng nh hn cc loi Valve khc.
Nhc im:
Yu cu lc ln quay tay valve, do lc ma st cao.
i vi cc tuyn ng c NPS 4 yu cu phi c thm actuator.
t c s dng trong mc ch tit lu dng chy.

Hnh 1.51. Plug Valve
1.3.6.Butterfly Valves
Butterfly Valves l loi valve s dng chuyn ng xoay ca disk ng, m hoc
tit lu dng chy. Butterfly valves c vn hnh d dng v nhanh chng bng cch quay
handle mt gc 90
0
ng m valve. i vi Butterfly valves c kch thc ln thng s
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dng handwheel thng qua hp bnh rng cung cp chuyn ng ng m disk.
u im:
Thit k nh gn, t chim khng gian hn cc loi valve khc.
Khi lng nh.
ng m valve nhanh.
C th c ch to vi kch thc rt ln.
Tn tht p sut thp
Chi ph bo tr thp.
Nhc im:
ng dng trong iu tit lu lng c gii hn vi s chnh p thp.
S chuyn v ca a khng c iu khin v b nh hng ca hin tng
chy ri.


Hnh 1.52. Butterfly Valve.

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1.3.7.Needle Valves
Needle Valves thng c s dng iu chnh tinh lu lng ca dng chy. N
thng c s dng nh nhng b phn ca cc loi valve khc, cc valve phc tp hn.
V d chng c s dng trong mt s loi Reducing Valve.
Needle valve cng c s dng trong mt s thnh phn ca h thng iu khin
qu trnh t chy t ng ni yu cu lu lng c iu chnh chnh xc.

Hnh 1.53. Needle Valves.
1.3.8. Relief and Safety Valves
Relief v safety valves thng c s dng bo v thit b khi h hng bi
hin tng qu p ca lu cht trong h thng. S khc nhau chnh gia relief valve v safty
valve l phm vi m ti im thit lp p sut.
Relief valve nh c minh ha trn Hnh 1.54, m t t khi p sut u vo tng
qu im thit lp p sut. Relief valve ch m khi cn thit lm gim tnh trng qu p.
Safety Valve c minh ha trn Hnh 1.55, s c m ngay lp tc khi t n p sut
thit lp. Safety valve s v tr m hon ton cho ti khi gim p sut xung di p sut
reset. p sut reset thp hn p sut setpoint.
Relief valves thng c s dng trong h thng ng dn lu cht khng nn c
nh nc hoc du.
Safety valves thng c s dng trong h thng ng dn lu cht nn c nh
hi hoc kh.
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Hnh 1.54. Relief Valve Hnh 1.55. Safety Valve

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CHNG 2: PIPE SUPPORTS
2.1. Mc ch v yu cu ca Supports.
2.1.1. Mc ch ca Supports.
Support ti trng ca ng trong sut qu trnh vn hnh v kim tra.
Ngn khng cho ng tip xc trc tip vi t l nguyn nhn gy ra s n
mn.
Truyn ti trng t ng ti support hoc equipment
Ngn chn ng sut d, cng hng do giao ng.
2.1.2. Yu cu ca Supports
Cc phn t support phi:
Trnh can thip qu mc vo s gin n nhit ca ng.
Khng gp phn vo s r r cc mi ni.
Khng gp phn vo vic lm tng vng qu mc yu cu ca h thng ng
drain.
Chng li c tc ng ca vic x p t relief valves.
Support phi c thit k ph hp m bo an ton cho qu trnh vn hnh
lu di.
2.2. Cc tiu chun c s dng cho pipe support.
MSS SP-58 Pipe Hangers and Supports Materials, Design, and Manufacture
MSS SP-69 Pipe Hangers and Supports Selection and Application
MSS SP-77 Guidelines for Pipe Support Contractual Relationships
MSS SP-89 Pipe Hangers and Supports Fabrication and Installation Practices
MSS SP-90 Guidelines on Terminology for Pipe Hangers and Supports
ASME B31.1 Power Piping
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
2.3. S la chn Support.
Cc yu t la chn Pipe Support:
Ti trng
Khong khng gian lp rp.
Cc kt cu thp kh dng.
Nhit thit k.
Hng, ln ca lc, moment
gin n nhit
2.4. Mt s kiu pipe supports
Pipe rack: h thng structure c thit k v ch to c bit support cho nhiu
ng.
Rigid Supports: Loi support ny c kt cu n gin v c s dng nhiu nht
trong cc h thng piping. Loi ny khng iu chnh c dung sai lp ghp. Mt s
support thuc loi ny: Shoe, trunnion
Elastic Supports: Loi support ny thng c s dng trong cc h thng hot
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piping. Loi elastic support thng dng l spring supports.
Adjustable Supports: Loi support ny cng thuc loi rigid support nhng c thm
mt vi nuts and bolts hiu chnh support ph hp vi pipe.

Hnh. 2.1. Anchors Supports

Hnh. 2.2. Shoe support

Hnh. 2.3. Trunnion
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Hnh. 2.4. Guide

Hnh. 2.5. U-Bolt

Hnh. 2.6. U-Band

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Hnh. 2.7. Constant Support Hanger

Hnh. 2.8. Variable Spring Support

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Bng 2.1. Phn loi Supports theo chc nng

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Khong cch gia cc Supports: (MSS SP-69)



Bng 2.2. Khong cch gia cc Support (cho ng dn nc).









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CHNG 3: MT S H THNG NG NG OFFSHORE

H thng Piping trn gin khoan c th chia thnh 2 nhm chnh: Hydrocarbon
process v Utility.
3.1. Hydrocarbon Procces System
Gas/oil process: y l h thng ng ng chnh, chia tch nc, kh..hoc bt k
cht bn no cn tr s vn chuyn ra khi sn phm hydrocarbon.
V d: H PG (Process Hydrocarbon Gas), PL (Process Hydrocarbon Liquid)
Fuel Gas: Cung cp kh cho chy cc my pht in.
V d: H GF (Fuel gas)
Power Gas: Cung cp kh iu khin cc Valves.
V d: H GI (Instrument gas)
Vent System: C HP (high pressure) v LP (low pressre)
HP Vent system: Dng h p ti cc bnh p lc trong trng hp Shutdown
khn cp (emergency shutdown ESD) hoc gim p bi PSV (pressure safty
valve). H thng s thi kh qua lm sch vo khng kh ti v tr an ton.
Low vent pressure: Tng t HP vent system nhng hot ng vi p sut
thp.
V d: H VA (Atmospheric vent)
Flare System:Tng t nh Vent System nhng Gas s c t b cui ng
Flare Boom. Flare system lp t ti gin khai khc du khi m Gas phi thi b
tng i ln v khng th thi trc tip ra khng kh.
V d: H VH (Pressure vent high), VL(Pressure vent low)
Corrosion inhibitor: bo v ng Carbon, thng s dng hn hp Cronox 638S
vi Methanol hoc Monoethylene Glycol MEG (20/80%). c bm vo ging,
hoc Subsea pipeline.
Hydrate inhibitor: S dng Methanol; Monoethylene Glycol MEG; triethylene
Glycol TEG
3.2. Utility System
Fire system: h thng phng, cha chy.
V d: H WF (Fire water)
Seawater service: Cung cp cho vic lm sch ( ra sn, toilet)
V d: H
Portable water: Cung cp nc sch cho sinh hot (T tu cung cp, hoc tch lc t
nc bin).
V d: H WE (Fresh water)
Compressed air: Cung cp t bnh cha kh (p sut lm vic khong 7 bar), chia
lm 2 loi:
Instrument air: Cung cp kh kh, sch cho iu khin cc thit b. Kh trc
khi cung cp cho thit b c i qua thit b sy lm kh, ri i qua bnh
lc.
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V d: H AI (Instrument air)
Utility air: Cung cp kh cho cc mc ch khc nhau nh khi ng ng c
diesel, iu p bnh phn phi nc, cp kh cho cc dng c cm tay (hand
tools), my bm v cc thit b c th mang theo khc.
V d: H AU (Ultility)
Diesel Fuel: Cung cp Diesel cho Cn cu (Crane), lifeboat, my pht in d phng
hoc khn cp. Diesel c cung cp t thuyn v c cha trong cc b cha
(trong b crane hoc chn gin).
V d: H DF (Diesel fuel)
Helifuel: Cung cp nhin liu cho my bay.
V d: H HF (Heli fuel)
Drain (h thng thi): Thi nc khng s dng xung bin.
Open drain: Non-hazardous: Thi nc c cha t cht c hi nht (nc ra
sn khu vc an ton, nc ma) xung thng cha nc thi t di bin
(overboat open drain caisson).
Open drain: Hazardous: Dn nc thi ra t mt khu vc khng an ton.
Close drain: Thi nc tch ra trong cc qu trnh cng ngh.
V d: H DC (Closed drain), DO (Open drain)
Sewage system: Grey water v Black water.
V d: H WW (Sewage)

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CHNG 4: CC LOI BN V PIPING V PHT HNH BN V

4.1. Cc loi bn v Piping.
Process drawings:
PFD (Process Flow Diagram)
UFD (Utility Flow Diagram)
UPD (Utility Philosophy Diagram)
P&ID (Piping and Instrument Diagram)
Equipment layout
Piping plan
Support plan
Penetration Plan
Piping Isometric
Pipe Support
4.1.1. Process drawings.
4.1.1.1. PFD (Process Flow Diagram)
Bn v s b tr th t ca thit b, piping v instrument thc hin mt qu
trnh cng ngh. Bn v PFD khng th hin Piping rating cng nh tn cc ng ng,
khng th hin cc h thng ph (nh cc ng drain, ng by pass, cc thit b v
valve ng, thit b an ton)
Bn v PFD l mt dng s thng c s dng trong k thut xc nh th
t b tr ca thit b, piping, instrument thc hin mt qu trnh cng ngh. Mt thut
ng khc c s dng ch bn v PFD l Flowsheet.
Bn v PFD c bn thng th hin cc yu t chnh sau:
Process piping
Major bypass and recirculation lines
Major equipment symbols, names and identification numbers
Flow directions
Control loops that affect operation of the system
Interconnection with other systems
System ratings and operational values as minimum, normal and maximum
flow, temperature and pressure
Composition of fluids
Bn v PFD thng khng bao gm:
Pipe classes or piping line numbers
Process control instrumentation (sensors and final elements)
Minor bypass lines
Isolation and shutoff valves
Maintenance vents and drains
Relief and safety valves
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Flanges

Hnh. 4.1. Process Flow Diagram
4.1.1.2. UFD (Utility Flow Diagram)
Trn bn v UFD th hin piping, valves v instrument cho cc chc nng c bn ca
nh my. Cc ng chc nng l cc h thng phc v cn thit cho cc chc nng ring
bit ca nh my. Cc ng chc nng ny tng t nh cc ng chc nng c s
dng trong mt ngi nh nh: h thng nc, ga v h thng nc thi. Mt s ng chc
nng thng thng ca nh my:
Steam
Condensate
Fuel oil
Utility air
Instrument air
Cooling water
Drainage systems
Flare system

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Hnh. 4.2. Utility Flow Diagram
4.1.1.3. P&ID (Piping and Instrument Diagram)
P&ID (Piping and Instrument Diagram): L bn v s h thng piping, thit b v
instrument v cc tn hiu iu khin (gn ging bn v PFDS nhng chi tit hn. Trn bn
v ny ta bit c cc thng s k thut v tn cc thit b, tn cc line, kch thc pipe v
cc fitting, ng i ca cc loi tn hiu iu khin ti cc thit b).
P & ID ng vai tr quan trng trong vic th hin trnh t vt l ca thit b v h
thng, cng nh cch cc h thng ny kt ni. Trong giai on thit k, s cng cung
cp c s cho vic pht trin cc s iu khin h thng, cho php nghin cu hazard v
Hazop.
Mt s chi tit c th hin trong P&ID
Instrumentation and designations
Mechanical equipment with names and numbers
All valves and their identifications
Process piping, sizes and identification
Miscellanea - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers,
increasers and swagers
Permanent start-up and flush lines
Flow directions
Interconnections references
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Control inputs and outputs, interlocks
Interfaces for class changes
Computer control system input
Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others

Hnh. 4.3. Piping and Instrument Diagram
4.1.1.4. Equipment layout
Equipment layout l mt s th hin tt c cc thit b hin ti v s c lp t
trong tng lai theo khu vc cng ngh. N th hin s b tr cc thit b trn tng sn
bao gm ch s vit tt (tag number ca thit b), to v cao ca tng thit b, kch
thc tng th thit b, khong cch t thit b ti cc ct

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Hnh. 4.4. Equipment Layout
4.1.1.5. Piping plan

Hnh. 4.5. Piping Plan
L bn v hnh chiu cc ng ng (Nm trong khong v tr t mt sn chiu ti
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mt sn k tip) ln mt sn vi cc thng s v tn ng, ta im u, cui, tn cc
i tng c bit trn ng (V d: tn cc special items, thit b instruments). Kt
hp bn v Piping plan vi bn v Isometric khi cng lp t ng ng.
4.1.1.6. Support plan
L bn v hnh chiu cc Supports (Nm trong khong v tr t mt sn chiu ti mt
sn k tip) ln mt sn vi cc thng s v tn Support, ta

Hnh. 4.6. Pipe Support Location Plan
4.1.1.7. Penetration Plan
L bn v ch cc v tr c ng ng xuyn qua sn.
4.1.1.8. Piping Isometric
L bn v ca tng on Piping ring, t y cho bit kch thc cc spool, to ,
cao ca tng pipe, cch lp rp, v tr cc mi hn, phng php hn, .. (xem hng dn
thc hin bn v Isometric Shop drawing)
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Hnh. 4.7. Piping Isometric
4.1.1.9. Pipe Support
L bn v chi tit Supports (xem hng dn thc hin bn v Pipe support)

Hnh. 4.8. Piping Support
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4.2. Issue drawing.
4.2.1. Issued for Comment (Review) (IFR).
L bn v c pht hnh cho kim tra v cho kin
4.2.2. Issued for Approval (IFA).
T bn v nhn c t pha khch hng, ta i li form, chuyn i cc thng s k
thut cho ph hp sau chuyn cho pha khch hng ph duyt.
4.2.3. Approval for Construction (AFC).
L loi bn v ban hnh chnh thc ch to, gia cng chi tit, cu kin, thit b,
cng trnh, khi bn v loi ny (c ng du AFC) ngha l cng trnh c bt u thi
cng.
4.2.4. Post AFC.
Trong qu trnh thi cng cng trnh, d n, mt s nhng thay i b sung s c
ban hnh thng qua bn post AFC.
4.2.5. As-built.
Cn gi l bn v hon cng, l loi bn v ch r nhng thay i trong qu trnh ch
to, v vt liu, kch thc, v tr,Bn v ny m t thc t cng trnh sau khi ch to.
4.3. c hiu bn v Piping Cc quy c vit tt v k hiu
c hiu mt bn v Piping, trc tin cn phi tm hiu cc quy nh v t tn
thit b, tn ng, cch nh s, cc k hiu v cch vit tt Cc quy nh ny ph thuc
vo mi d n (nhng thng tng t nhau) v thng c th hin cc trang (sheet)
u ca tp bn v P&ID. Ly v d ca mt d n (BD1) nh sau:

T quy nh t tn ng ny, ta tip tc tm hiu quy nh cho tng dy s (service
code, system number, pressure ratting, material, insulation).
V d: Line c tn l 100-PG-BD-2160-H c ngha l Line c NPS 100, PG: Process
Hydrocarbon Gas, BD l piping class c: Rating v Facing l class 300# RF, Piping material
l Duplex SS, 2160 l s th t, H: Hot Surface insulation.
Thng thng, c hiu bn v P&ID, ta s tin hnh c theo chiu dng chy
(chiu mi tn), bt u t u ging (wellhead) cho n cc thit b x l, cui cng l cc
ng Vent v Drain.
Sn phm khai khc (Oil/Gas) t u ging s i ln lt qua tng cm thit b
(SKIDS). Sau khi x l xong ti mt Skid, sn phm ca qu trnh x l ny s tip tc
c x l Skid khc, do ta cn tm hiu nguyn l lm vic ca tng Skid.
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bit cch kt ni gia cc ng Pipe tee hay weldolet ta c ti liu Piping
Specification, tra bng kt ni tng ng ca Pipe . Cng t Piping Specification ta c
th bit c tnh cht ca Pipe (SCH, vt liu, insulation) cng nh cc tnh cht khc
ca cc fitting cng nh kiu lin kt vi cc thit b
bit kch thc chi tit ca cc loi support tiu chun ta tra trong Pipe support
standards.

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PHN II: CC TIU CHUN S DNG TRONG NG NGC KH

ANSI/ASME B16.10 Face to Face and End to End Dimensions of Valves.
ANSI/ASME B16.11 Forged Fitting, Socket Welded & Threaded.
ANSI/ASME B16.20
Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges - Ring Joint, Spiral Wound
and Jacketed.
ANSI/ASME B16.25 Butt Welding Ends.
ANSI/ASME B16.34 Valve, Flanged Thread and Welding Ends.
ANSI/ASME B16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges & Flanged Fittings.
ANSI/ASME B16.9 Factory Made Wrought Steel Butt - Weld Fittings.
ANSI/ASME B18.2.1 Square and Hexagonal Bolts and Screws (Inch Series).
ANSI/ASME B18.2.2 Square and Hexagonal Nuts (Inch Series).
ANSI/ASME
B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe.
ANSI/ASME
B36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe.
API 510
Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: Maintenance, Inspection,
Rating,
Repair and Alteration.
API 534 Heat Recovery Steam Generators.
API 594 Check Valves: Wafer, Wafer-Lug and Double Flanged Type.
API 598 Valve Inspection and Testing.
API 599 Metal Valves - Flanged and Welding Ends.
API 5L Specifications for Line Pipe
API 5LC CRA Line Pipe.
API 600
Steel Gate Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends Bolted and
Pressure
Seal Bonnets.
API 602
Compact Steel Gate Valves - Flanged, Threaded, Welding &
Extended
Body Ends.
API 603
CORROSION-RESISTANT,BOLTED BONNET GATE
VALVES-
FLANGED AND BUTT-WELDING ENDS
API 607 Fire Test for Soft- Seated Quarter- Turn Valves.
API 608 Metal Ball Valves - Flanged and Butt Welding Ends.
API 609 Butterfly Valves: Bouble Flanged, Lug- and Water- Type.
API 610
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR PETROLEUM,
PETROCHEMICAL AND
NATURALGAS INDUSTRIES
API 618 Reciprocating Compressors.
API 619
ROTARY-TYPE POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT
COMPRESSORS FOR
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PETROLEUM, PETROCHEMICAL, NATURAL GAS
INDUSTRIES
API 660 Shell and Tube heat Exchangers for General Refinery Services.
API 661 Aire Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service.
API 662 Part 1 Plate Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Services.
API 662 Part 2 Plate Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Services.
API 671 Special Purpose Coupling for Refinery Service.
API 674 Positive Displacement Pumps- Reciprocating.
API 675 Positive Displacement Pumps- Controlled Volume.
API 676 Positive Displacement Pumps- Rotary.
API 677 General Purpose Gear Units for Refinery Service.
API 681
Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps and Compressors for Petroleum,
Chemical,
and Gas Industry Services.
API 6A Specification for Wellhead and Chrismast Tree Equipment.
API 6FA Fire Test for Valves.
API 9A Specification of Wire Ropes.
API RP 14B
Design, Installation & Operation of Subsurface Safety Valve
Systems.
API RP 14E
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND
INSTALLATION
OF OFFSHORE PRODUCTION PLATFORM PIPING
SYSTEMS
API RP 2C Offshore Cranes.
API RP 520 Part 1
Sizing and Selection of Pressure Relieving Systems in
Refineries.
API RP 520 Part 2 Installation of Pressure Relieving Systems in Refineries.
API Spec. 14A Specification for Subsurface Safety Valve Equipment
API Spec. 14D ISO
10433
Specification for Wellhead Surface Safety Valves and Under
Water Safety
Valves for Offshore Service.
API Spec. 17B Recommended practice for Flexible Pipe
API Spec. 17D Subsea Wellhead and Xmass Tree Equipment.
API Spec. 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves.
API Spec.12J Oil and Gas Separator
API STD 2000 Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage Tanks.
API STD 526 Flanged Steel Safety Relief Valves.
API STD 610
Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical and
Gas Industry
Services.
API STD 613
Specification Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical and
Gas
Industry Services.
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API STD 614
Lubrication, Shaft Sealing and Control Oil Systems for Special
Purpose
Applications.
API STD 617
Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical and
Gas
Industry Services.
API STD 618
Reciprocating Compressors for Petroleum, Heavy Duty
Chemical and Gas
Industry Services.
API STD 619
Rotary Type Positive Displacement Compressors for Petroleum,
Chemical,
and Gas Industry Services.
API STD 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage.
API STD 653 Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration and Reconstruction.
API STD 672 Packaged, Integrally Geared, Centrifugal Air Compressors.
API STD 674 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS - RECIPROCATING.
API STD 675
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS-CONTROLLED
VOLUME
ASME B16.34 VALVES-FLANGED THREADED, AND WELDING END
ASME B30.16 Overhead Hoists (Underhung).
ASME B31.1 Power Piping.
ASME B31.3 Process Piping.
ASME B31.4
Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and
Other
Liquids.
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems.
ASME Sect.VIII D.1 Rules for construction of Pressure Vessel - Division 1
ASME BPVC
Sect.VIII Div. 2 Rules for construction of Pressure Vessel - Division 2
ASME I I - Rules for Construction of Power Boilers.
ASME II Materials
Part B Nonferrous Materials Specifications.
ASME II Materials
Part C Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler Metals.
ASME II Materials -
Part D Properties (Customary).
ASME II Materials -
Part A Ferrous Materials Specifications.
ASME IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications.
ASME PTC 10 Power Test Code. Compressors & Exhausters.
ASME PTC 22 Power Test Code. Gas Turbines.
ASME V Non Destructive Examination.
ASME V Nondestructive Examination.
ASME VIII Division Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels.
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1
ASME/ANSI B1.20.1 PIPE THREADS, GENERAL PURPOSE
ASME/ANSI B18.2.1 SQUARE AND HEX BOLTS AND SCREWS INCH SERIES
ASME/ANSI B18.2.2 SQUARE AND HEX NUTS (INCH SERIES)
ASTM A 193/193M
Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High
Temperature
Service.
ASTM A 194/194M
Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure and
Temperature
Service.
ASTM A 694/694M
Forging, Carbon Alloy Steel for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves
and Parts
For High Pressure Transmission Service.
ASTM A105/A105M Forging, Carbon Steel for Piping Components.
ASTM A106/A106M Seamless steel pipe for high temperature service.
ASTM A182/A182M
Forged or Rolled Alloy Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fitting and
Valves for
High Temperature Service.
ASTM A234/A234M
Piping Fitting of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for
Moderated and
Elevated Temperatures.
ASTM A269
Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless
Steel Piping
for General Refinery Service.
ASTM A370 Mechanical Testing of Steel Products.
ASTM A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Heavy Steel Forging.
ASTM A578/A578M
Specification for Straight Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Plain
and Clad
Steel Plates for Special Application.
ASTM D 3045-92 Standard Practice for Heat Aging of Plastics Without Load.
ASTM D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics.
ASTM D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics.
ASTM D 696
Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of
Plastics.
ASTM D 870 Method for Water Immersion Test of Organic Coatings on Steel.
ASTM E 112 Test Method for Determining the Average Grain Size.
ASTM E 213 Ultrasonic Inspection of Metal Pipe and Tubing.
ASTM E 23 Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials.
ASTM E 28 Test Method for Softening Point by Ring and Ball Apparatus.
ASTM E 436 Specification for Hardened Steel Washers.
ASTM E 709 Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination.
ASTM E 92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials.
ASTM G 14 Test Method for Impact Resistance of Pipeline Coatings (Falling
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Weight
Test).
ASTM G 17
Test Method for Penetration Resistance of Pipeline Coatings
(Blunt Rod).
ASTM G 21
Recommended Pratice for Determining Resistance of Synthetic
Polymeric
Materials to Fungi.
ASTM G 42
Test Methods for Cathodic Disbonding of Pipeline Coatings
Subjected to
Elevated Temperatures.
ASTM G 8 Test Method for Cathodic Disbonding of Pipeline Coatings.
BS 4515-1
Specification for Welding of Steel Pipelines on land and
offshore.
BS 5500: Specification for unfired fusion welded pressure vesels.
BS 6464
Specification for Reinforced Plastic Pipe, Fittings, Joints for
Process Plant
BS 7159
Design and Construction of Glass Reinforced Plastics (GRP)
Piping
Systems for Individual Plants or Sites.
BS 8010 part 3
Code of Practice for Pipelines: Part 3 Pipelines Subsea Design,
Construction and Installation.
BS EN 10045 part-1 Charpy Impact Test on metallic Materials.
BS EN 10204 Metallic Products - Types of Inspection documents.
BS EN 288-part9 Specification and Approval of Welding Procedures for Metallic.
CAGI/ Pneurop Coompressed Air & Gas Institute/ Pneurop Standards.
DIN 30678 Polypropylene coatings for steel pipes.
DIN EN 287 part 1
QUALIFICATION TEST OF WELDERS - FUSION
WELDING
ISO 1217 Displacement Compressors- Acceptance Tests.
ISO 15138
Offshore production installations - Heating, Ventilation and
Air-conditioning.
ISO 2409 Paints and Varnishes Cross-Cut Test.
ISO 2808 Paints and Varnishes - Determination of Film Thickness.
ISO 37
RUBBER, VALCANIZED OR THERMOPLASTIC
DETERMINATION
OF TENSILE STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES
ISO 4624 Paints and Varnishes Pull-off test for adhesion.
ISO 9001 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS
MSS SP44 STEEL PIPELINE FLANGES
NACE MR 0175 Petrolum and Natural Gas industries - Material use in H2S
NACE RP 0188 DISCONTINUITY TESTING OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS
NACE RP-02-1974
High Voltage Electrical Inspection of Pipeline Coatings Prior to
Installation.
NACE SP 0169 Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged
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Metallic
Piping Systems.
PI SPEC 12K
SPECIFICATION FOR INDIRECT TYPE OILFIELD
HEATERS
SSPC SP 10 NEAR-WHITE BLAST CLEANING

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio trnh o to ni b - T c kh ng ng Phng Thit K
2. Mohinder L. Nayyar, P.E., Piping Handbook -Seventh Edition, Copyright 2000 by
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Peter Smith, Piping materials selection and applications, Copyright 2005, Elsevier
Inc.
4. Peter Smith, Process piping design handbook, Volume One: The Fundamentals of
Piping Design, Copyright 2007 by Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas
5. David R. Sherwood, The Piping Guide, Copyright 1973, Printed in the United
States of America
6. Brian Silowash, PE, CEM, LEED AP, Piping Systems Manual, Copyright 2010 by
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. T. Christopher Dickenson F.I.Mgt., Valves Piping and Pipelines Handbook 3
rd

Edition, Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.