H Parameter model :-

The equivalent circuit of a transistor can be dram using simple approximation

by retaining its essential features.
These equivalent circuits will aid in analyzing transistor circuits easily and
rapidly.
Two port devices & Network Parameters:-
A transistor can be treated as a two part network. The terminal behaviour of
any two part network can be specified by the terminal voltages V ! V" at parts ! "
respectively and current i and i"# entering parts ! "# respectively# as shown in figure.
Two port network
$f these four variables V# V"# i and i"# two can be selected as independent
variables and the remaining two can be expressed in terms of these independent variables.
This leads to various two part parameters out of which the following three are more
important.
. % & 'arameters (or) *mpedance parameters
". + & 'arameters (or) Admittance parameters
,. - & 'arameters (or) -ybrid parameters.
Hybrid parameters (or) h parameters:-
*f the input current i and output Voltage V" are takes as independent variables#
the input voltage V and output current i" can be written as
V . h i / h" V"
i" . h" i / h"" V"
The four hybrid parameters h# h"# h" and h"" are defined as follows.
h . 0V 1 i2 with V" . 3
. *nput *mpedance with output part short circuited.
h"" . 0i" 1 V"2 with i . 3
. $utput admittance with input part open circuited.
h" . 0V 1 V"2 with i . 3
. reverse voltage transfer ratio with input part open circuited.
h" . 0i" 1 i2 with V" . 3
. 4orward current gain with output part short circuited.
The dimensions of h parameters are as follows:
h 5 6
h"" & mhos
h"# h" & dimension less.
as the dimensions are not alike# (ie) they are hybrid in nature# and these
parameters are called as hybrid parameters.
* . . input 7 3 . "" . output 7
4 . " . forward transfer 7 r . " . 8everse transfer.
Notations sed in transistor circits:-
hie . he . 9hort circuit input impedance
h3e . h""e . $pen circuit output admittance
hre . h"e . $pen circuit reverse voltage transfer ratio
hfe . h"e . 9hort circuit forward current :ain.
The Hybrid !odel for Two-port Network:-
V

. h

i

/ h
"
V
"
*
"
. h

/ h
""
V
"
;
V

. h

/ h
r
V
"
*
"
. h
f
i

/ h
3
V
"
The -ybrid <odel for Two5port =etwork
Transistor Hybrid model:-
>se of h & parameters to describe a transistor have the following
advantages.
. h & parameters are real numbers up to radio frequencies .
". They are easy to measure
,. They can be determined from the transistor static characteristics curves.
?. They are convenient to use in circuit analysis and design.
@. Aasily convert able from one configuration to other.
B. 8eadily supplied by manufactories.
CA Transistor Circuit
To Derive the -ybrid model for transistor consider the CA circuit shown in
figure.The variables are iE# ic# vE(.vEA) and vc(.vCA). iE and vc are considered as independent
variables.
Then # vE. f(iE# vc ) ----------------------(1)
iC. f"(iE# vc ) 5555555555555555555555(")
<aking a TaylorFs series expansion around the quiescent point *E# VC and
neglecting higher order terms# the following two equations are obtained.
vE . (f1iE)Vc . iE / (f1vc)*E . vC 555555555555555(,)
iC . (f"1iE)Vc . iE / (f"1vc)*E . vC 5555555555555555(?)
The partial derivatives are taken keeping the collector voltage or base current
constant as indicated by the subscript attached to the derivative.
vE # vC # iC , iE represent the small signal(increment) base and collector
voltages and currents#they are represented by symbols vb # vc # ib and ic respectively.

Aqs (,) and (?) may be written as
V
b
. h
ie
i
b
/ h
re
V
c
i
c
. h
fe
i
b
/ h
oe
V
c
Ghere h
ie
.(f1iE)Vc . (vE1iE)Vc . (vE 1iE)Vc . (vb 1 ib)Vc

h
re
.(f1vc)*E . (vE1vc) *E . (vE 1vc) *E . (vb 1vc) *E
h
fe
.(f"1iE)Vc . (ic 1iE)Vc . (ic 1iE)Vc . (ic 1 ib)Vc
h
oe
. (f"1vc)*E . (ic 1vc) *E . (ic 1vc) *E . (ic 1vc) *E
The above equations define the h5parameters of the transistor in CA
configuration.The same theory can be extended to transistors in other configurations.
-ybrid <odel and Aquations for the transistor in three different configurations are
are given below.