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Extended Essay
Extended Essay
Chris King
0728-079
Fort Myers High School
Fort Myers, Fl
USA
History
Mr. Greg Martin
King 0728-079
Abstract
I chose to write my essay on Franklin D. Roosevelt and the mis-guidance and deception
about the attacks on Pearl Harbor. My title is Pearl Harbor, could it have been prevented. It
reflects the evidence about the events leading up to the war and the actions taken by Roosevelt.
Not many know about the conspiracy theory regarding Roosevelt and the United States
government. The essay is based on the failure of the commanders at Pearl Harbor hearing about
the information that the Navy knew and that Roosevelt allowed the attacks to take place for his
master plan to work out. It is important to know that nobody knows for certain about if the
attacks on Pearl Harbor could have been prevented and that my paper is based on facts and
opinions I have collected regarding this subject and my analysis of these facts and opinions. In
the essay you find the different information the Navy knew and the different types of equipment
the Navy had to decode messages. In the essay you find the warnings that were given to the
United States government and to Roosevelt. In the essay you find about the mis-guidance and
deception of the United States government. I believe that the government and Roosevelt knew
that the Japanese were going to attack Pearl Harbor and allowed it to happen to be able to enter
Word Count:2924
King 0728-079
Table of Contents
Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Body---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-7
Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
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Introduction
On the morning of December 7, 1941, the attacks on Pearl Harbor conducted by the
Japanese navy came as a surprise to many. The Japanese attack was intended as a preventive
action to keep the Pacific Fleet from intervening in the war Japan was planning to have on other
nations. The effects from the attack were almost catastrophic which killed 2,402 people and
wounded 1,282. The Japanese also sank and damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, and one
minelayer. A minelayer was an allies’ ship that was used by the United States during World War
II. Could the attacks on Pearl Harbor been stopped and thousands of people saved? The President
of the United States at this time was Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt was the only U.S.
President elected to four terms. Roosevelt was a leader during the great economic crisis and
world war. Before the attacks on Pearl Harbor, the public and Congress were against entering the
war in Europe. There are many who believe that Roosevelt knew about the oncoming attack and
on how he failed to warn the commanders in Hawaii. It was Roosevelt’s backdoor into the war
without displeasing the American people and Congress. Firstly, leading up to the attack on Pearl
Harbor the United States government had been cracking Japanese codes. Anything that the
Japanese was sending in codes was being deciphered by the U.S. government. Any planned
attacks would have been known. Secondly, there was an insurmountable amount of warnings that
the United States was aware of. Warnings from within the navy, wiretapping, and other nation’s
governments. Finally, Franklin D. Roosevelt made a promise to the American People. His
promise was, not to send their sons into war unless attacked. And without the Germans attacking
the U.S. Roosevelt could do nothing. But he knew that if we were attacked he would be forced to
go to war. As a result, when the warnings were available to the U.S. there were no immediate
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actions taken to prevent the attack. Many believe that Roosevelt needed Pearl Harbor to be
attacked for his plan of going to war with Germany to be credited. On December 7, 1942 one of
the greatest disasters in United States history occurred, “A date which will live in infamy.”
(Costello 1), not for the bombing itself, rather for the mis-guidance and deception of the United
World War II started on September 1, 1939 with the Germans invading Poland and then
with preceding fashion there were declarations of war on Germany by most of the British Empire
and France. Then the Soviets invaded Poland also. In the war there were two major military
alliances fighting against each other. There were the Allies which included the United Kingdom,
the Soviet Union, and the United States of America, they were known as “The Big Three”.
Opposing the Allies were the Axis powers. They are comprised of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Before the attacks on Pearl Harbor the United States remained neutral during the early parts of
the war. Even though the United States was neutral throughout the war they began to strengthen
the alliance with the Allies by providing assistance to them, in the form of goods and military
weapons. Throughout the war the American people did not want to get involved. Franklin D.
Roosevelt was caught in the middle from the Allies and the American people. The Allies wanted
Roosevelt to enter the war to help strengthen and defeat Germany; Roosevelt heavily influenced
the American people and Congress to declare war but they were both against another war. With
the answer being no, Roosevelt needed another way into the war.
The United States government was deciphering codes from the Japanese during World
War II for as long as we know. There were thousands of radio messages sent from Tokyo to the
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attack fleet that were intercepted by the United States. The United States government had many
code breaking devices and codes that were available. Different codes were used leading up to
and after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Purple code is a machine cipher which took telephone
switches to separate and encipher every character that was sent. The JNA-20 is very much like
the purple code but is used for the Navy. The JN-25 was the Japanese fleets cryptographic
system. The Navy easily cracked the codes when the Japanese made a mistake by using random
books that were already solved by the Navy for their codes for many months. By December of
1940 the Navy had the whole codebook cracked. The result from cracking the codes could be
used as an advantage for the United States, you would think. The NSA has been quoted saying
“We Know now that they contained important details concerning the existence, organization,
objective, and even the whereabouts of the Pearl Harbor Strike Force.” (Parker 21). This is the
evidence that the Japanese were planning to attack. With the codes broken the United States had
plenty of time to prepare for the attack or even intervene before the Japanese planed on
attacking. Roosevelt did not send any of the new information received from the broken codes
about the Japanese fleet preparing to attack Pearl Harbor to any of the Hawaiian commanders
that were stationed at the base. Roosevelt was briefed twice a day on the codes that the Navy was
breaking and was asked every time he was briefed if any action should be taken or any warnings
be sent to the commanders. The Pacific commanders were sent a message telling them to be on
high alert for war but the message did not specify the chance of an attack on Pearl Harbor at all.
The main worry in the message was the war in the Far East and to be on alert. The United States
government was given an overwhelming amount of warning about Pearl Harbor. On November
30, 1941 the Japanese fleet received an order from Japan stating “Japan, under the necessity of
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her self-preservation and self-defense, has reached a position to declare war on the United States
of America.” (Congress Appendix D 415). Japan was planning months in advance to attack Pearl
Harbor. Roosevelt had the information at his finger tips; all he had to do was to act on the given
information.
During World War II Roosevelt promised the American people that he would not send
them into war without probable cause or if another nation attacked the United States. With very
little to hardly no information being sent to the commanders in Hawaii about the possibility that
Pearl Harbor could be attacked shows how Roosevelt had other concerns on his mind. Roosevelt
first concern was the European war. With the Japanese attacking Pearl Harbor, the attack was
Roosevelt’s back door into the war. Roosevelt’s actions and decisions seem to be very calculated
for the final product of Pearl Harbor being allowed to be attacked so he could declare war on
Germany. On December 8th, only one day after the attacks on Pearl Harbor Roosevelt was
recorded saying “Hitler is still the first target, but a great many of Americans will insist that we
make the war in the pacific at least equally important with the war against Hitler.” All
throughout World War II Roosevelt’s main priority was getting involved in the war against
Germany and he will not stop at anything, even if that means leaving Pearl Harbor to get
attacked. There is much evidence that supports the theory of Roosevelt knowing about
impending attacks on Pearl Harbor. In the summer of 1940, Roosevelt ordered that the Pacific
fleet be moved from the coast of California to Hawaii. The Naval base in Hawaii was missing
several key needs that the military needed. There was a lack of ammunition and fuel supplies, a
lack of support if the aircrafts or the ships broke down in any way, and a lack in facilities. The
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Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet at the time was Admiral James Richardson.
Admiral Richardson was an Admiral in the United States Navy who served from 1902 to 1942.
Richardson had a mind for the Navy. He graduated from the Naval Academy fifth in his class of
eighty five. When the matter came to naval strategy and positioning Richardson was one of the
best Admirals to call upon. So when Richardson was told by Roosevelt of his plans to take the
Pacific fleet to Hawaii and to stay there in till further notice Richardson was livid. Richardson
knew the problems and the exposure of staying in Pearl Harbor, the safety of his men was his
first priority. Richardson wanted to speak with the president so he went to Washington to speak
with Roosevelt. While there Richardson protested the redeployment to Hawaii stating all of the
negatives why it would be safer for the fleet to stay on the west coast. Roosevelt obviously did
not like the news of what Richardson was saying. Richardson was replaced by Admiral Husband
On June 23, 1941 Roosevelt’s advisor Harold Ickes wrote a letter for the President stating
that with an embargo on oil to Japan, there might be a situation where the United States could
possibly or even easily get into the war. And we would avoid any criticism about going in as an
ally to Russia. Roosevelt and his cabinet knew the agenda on what had to happen. Roosevelt was
a brilliant man; he was very witty and had a strategy to every decision and situation. When the
dilemma came up about going to war or not, he had joker in his hand which I believe was Pearl
Harbor.
Sixty years after the attack on Pearl Harbor the United States Government will not
identify or declassify many of the pre-warning messages that were decoded by the Navy by
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saying national security is at hand. If there was no controversy on the subject why wouldn’t the
government be willing to let people see the documents? There is obviously something the
government does not want us to see within those “classified” documents. On November 26
Washington ordered that both the Enterprise and the Lexington; which were aircraft carriers, out
of Pearl Harbor. Some knowledge had to be known to take fifty percent of Pearl Harbors
protection away from the island. The deception the government and Roosevelt are playing on the
American people is very clever. The American people didn’t understand the military aspect of
the decisions that were being made. The Admirals were not going to be so easily persuaded,
when any opposition came up about the plan that Roosevelt was executing, they would be fired.
The mere fact that Roosevelt replaced people who were opposing his plan proves that there was
more information going on behind the scenes for something bigger to happen. On December fifth
Roosevelt wrote to the Prime Minister of Australia telling him that the Japanese are to consider
for war and the next four or five days will decide everything. Roosevelt knew about an
impending attack on Pearl Harbor or unless he is a physic and could predict the future. Roosevelt
was a very popular and selfless man. With him being so liked by the American people he didn’t
have to worry about the after effects of Pearl Harbor being attacked.
The events that happened surrounding the attack on Pearl Harbor are forever going to be
controversial in United States history. I believe that Pearl Harbor was President Roosevelt’s back
door into World War II. Roosevelt’s actions and decisions lean towards that he had the war with
Germany was the first priority. In till the day when the government comes out and releases all of
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the classified documents regarding Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 will always be remembered
as the day when American people allowed innocent people to die for the greater picture.
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Works Cited
Coker, Jeffrey W.. Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Biography (Greenwood Biographies). New York:
Forstchen, William R., and Newt Gingrich. Pearl Harbor. New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks,
2009.
necessary., any means. "WHAT REALLY HAPPENED | The History The US Government
HOPES You Never Learn!." WHAT REALLY HAPPENED | The History The US