1. The document discusses how to design buildings for optimal use of natural ventilation and solar effects. It examines how direct and indirect sunlight impact buildings and their occupants, and when sunlight is desirable or not desirable.
2. Key factors in natural ventilation design are maximizing openings, adjustable covers on windows and panels, taking advantage of wind pressures, using skylights and windows opening to cooler surfaces, and installing fans when needed. Orientation of openings is not critical with adjustable designs.
3. Thermal comfort can be improved by allowing winter sun to heat rooms, avoiding overheating in summer, and using radiant cooling from the sky or cooler surfaces at night. The document provides recommendations on balancing sunlight, shading
1. The document discusses how to design buildings for optimal use of natural ventilation and solar effects. It examines how direct and indirect sunlight impact buildings and their occupants, and when sunlight is desirable or not desirable.
2. Key factors in natural ventilation design are maximizing openings, adjustable covers on windows and panels, taking advantage of wind pressures, using skylights and windows opening to cooler surfaces, and installing fans when needed. Orientation of openings is not critical with adjustable designs.
3. Thermal comfort can be improved by allowing winter sun to heat rooms, avoiding overheating in summer, and using radiant cooling from the sky or cooler surfaces at night. The document provides recommendations on balancing sunlight, shading
1. The document discusses how to design buildings for optimal use of natural ventilation and solar effects. It examines how direct and indirect sunlight impact buildings and their occupants, and when sunlight is desirable or not desirable.
2. Key factors in natural ventilation design are maximizing openings, adjustable covers on windows and panels, taking advantage of wind pressures, using skylights and windows opening to cooler surfaces, and installing fans when needed. Orientation of openings is not critical with adjustable designs.
3. Thermal comfort can be improved by allowing winter sun to heat rooms, avoiding overheating in summer, and using radiant cooling from the sky or cooler surfaces at night. The document provides recommendations on balancing sunlight, shading
1.1 The solar effect on buildings The sun affects buildings and their users principally in the following ways:-
DIRECT SUNI!"T INDIRECT SUNI!"T #RC"ITECTUR# C$NCERN Ther%al content &Infra red %ainly' (isual content &(isual spectru%' "ygienic content &ultra )iolet' Daylight use &pleasantness and sa)ing lighting energy' Reflection* re- e%itted fro% other sources #s constituents of solar energy %a+or %oderate %inor %oderate %inor Naturally )entilated buildings* for all seasons desirable in ,inter &to war% the building' desirable in Spring - to dry the building* -illing %ould acceptable in #utu%n not desirable for prolonged e.posure in Su%%er &i/e/ 0une to %id $ct' to a)oid o)erheating the buildings desirable* howe)er glare to be a)oided desirable* e.cept where U( discolours paintings desirable glare to be a)oided #ir conditioned buildings desirable for periods in which artificial heating would be needed not desirable for periods in which #1C is needed depending on acti)ities not desirable if glare is affecting the acti)ities desirable desirable glare to be a)oided 2ost plants inside and outside buildings desirable desirable desirable desirable i%%aterial Specific se%i- indoor acti)ities - e/g/ solar therapy desirable yearly - ditto - - ditto - - ditto - - ditto - Indoor1outdoor functions e/g/ sun- drying of clothes desirable yearly desirable desirable desirable i%%aterial 2ost outdoor acti)ities not desirable in o)erheating periods of the day in Su%%er* Spring and #utu%n* desirable in ,inter desirable* but glare to be a)oided desirable to ha)e sufficient a%ount on hu%an body* Not desirable if U( too strong or too %uch &- In Su%%er* fro% 33 a% to 4 p%* stay under a tree5' desirable desirable* howe)er glare to be a)oided 1.2 Understanding the sunpaths in relation to the buildings - Latitude - 22.37N passing through Shatin (ariables: day of year* periods in the day &apparent solar ti%e* standard ti%e - watch ti%e' - Su%%er ti%e with the watch to ad)ance one hour6' in which direct sunlight is desirable1not desirable for which locations inside and outside the buildings* and how to achie)e this6 7 INS$#TI$N - Incident Solar Radiation Tools for studying INS$#TI$N &other than the 8uantitati)e aspects':- Solar charts and shading protractors for certain shading de)ices Table of solar declination angles E8uations lin-ing ti%e* day* latitude* solar a9i%uth angle* and solar altitude angle "eliodons: - Dufton and :ec-ett heliodons* ;hilips solarscopes* ;aul ittle Solu. de)ice* new heliodons for laboratory* and architects< office &pending release' 1.3 ossible solar shading design for building - interior! "hen insolation #ther$al aspect% is not desirable The rationale is:- do not let the ther%al content of solar radiation go into the interior S;#CE directly through the windows and openings and indirectly through the walls and roofs/ =i.ed shading de)ices: o)erhangs &hori9ontal or otherwise'* fins &)ertical or otherwise'* pergola* plants* air- )entilated asse%blies of double wall1wall* wall1panel* glass1glass* with air1gas gap in between shading by other buildings and other parts of sa%e building/ type of building %aterials - absorbing1reflecting> glass type %o)able1retractable de)ices* sun shields* curtains* blinds* %ulti-perfor%ance windows water cooling techni8ues - e/g/ rain water through e%bedded tubes in walls* water heating solar panels for hot water use Solar energy collectors for generating electricity1heating as sun shades The i%portant point is that for naturally )entilated buildings* both the windows &4?@ - A?@ of wall surface' and the ,all and Roof &B?@ - C?@' of en)elope area are to be considered for insolation design/ 2. Designing for Natural &entilation 2.1 The need for natural 'entilation The need for natural )entilation is su%%arised as follows: T"E =UNCTI$NS $= N#TUR# (ENTI#TI$N T"E NEED ta-ing away heat ta-ing away %oisture i%pro)ing indoor air 8uality &to control concentration of gases1)apours1hu%an odour' "u%an acti)ities so%e fresh air needed so%e fresh air needed re8uire the largest a%ount of fresh air Ditchen-coo-ing e.tract it close fro% its source reuse of this waste heat6 ta-e it away close fro% its source to a)oid war% %oisture condensation on cold surface to replenish the e.tracted a%ount Toilet1bathroo%s - ditto - if hot water bath1showers ta-e place - ditto - especially showers all roo% air to be e.tracted to open air* and not to %igrate to other parts of house replenishing air needed Tobacco s%o-ing i%%aterial i%%aterial a huge a%ount of fresh air needed #cti)ities that generate heat e/g/ boiler roo% in hotel/ e.tracted to outside use of waste heat6 i%%aterial to replenish a%ount e.tracted 2.2 So$e thoughts of design for natural 'entilation Energy free )entilation is always desirable/ In fact the least energy consu%ption the best - to sa)e %oney and to %itigate all sorts of ad)erse en)iron%ental effects due to energy consu%ption such as pollutants fro% burning coal1oil1gas in energy generation etc/ !er%s* )iruses and other undesirable )apour1gas concentrations are easily dispersed away fro% naturally )entilated buildings/ Naturally )entilated buildings offer a greater )ariation of indoor cli%atic conditions than air-conditioned buildings and people are li-ely to be healthier in naturally )entilated buildings/ #ir conditioning has its role due to building li%itations and constraints* particularly noise and e.ceptionally high hu%idity and dense indoor population/ In "ong Dong* it usually lea)es %ore chance for designing natural )entilation in residential and institutional buildings than co%%ercial buildings/ 2.3 Ther$al (o$fort - solar and natural 'entilation effects =or buildings o)erheated in Su%%er at day ti%e* the wall is at EhotE te%peratures at night* e%itting infrared radiation &i/e/ heat' to occupants who would then feel unco%fortable/ ,ith the sa%e principle* the blac- bitu%en asphalt on the roads absorbs solar energy and re-e%its substantial IR - heat to pedestrians/ Roo%s facing South in ,inter are war%er at night ti%e and are %ore co%fortable because they are heated by the sun at day ti%e/ Roo%s ha)ing large windows opening to the s-y are %ore co%fortable at night ti%e in Su%%er &and cold in ,inter if' due to radiant cooling on people by the s-y which is colder than the roo%/ Roo%s with sa%e window areas facing other buildings &i/e/ not the s-y' under the sa%e conditions &i/e/ naturally )entilated* with or without fans' are less co%fortable in Su%%er &and they are war%er in ,inter' because other buildings are at high te%peratures than the s-y/ Ther%al co%fort is principally go)erned by radiant heat e.change* te%perature1)elocity and %oisture content of air around us &i/e/ con)ecti)e effect'* and our body nature1acti)ities1health condition1clothing/ .2.) Design for natural 'entilation and Ther$al (o$fort Natural )entilation carries away heat* %oisture and odours1)apours1gases fro% the building* and pro)ides us with co%fort/ "owe)er the inflow and outflow of air )ia buildings ha)e to be designed and controlled properly/ ist below are so%e reco%%endations:- 3/ #lways* the larger the openings* the better/ F/ The openings to be pro)ided with ad+ustable co)ers1windows so that the openings can be ad+usted fro% ?@ to 3??@ open* and the panels1windows to be ad+ustable in its angles when opening up* to opti%ise air in1out flow/ 4/ In %ost locations in "ong Dong* the locality of the building dictates the wind %agnitude and direction* the general Epre)ailing windE direction is not that i%portant/ A/ ,ind blowing on buildings create air pressures &positi)e and negati)e' on )arious building surfaces/ The wind then enters )ia positi)e pressure openings and lea)es the building )ia negati)e pressure openings/ The orientation for putting up openings is not that i%portant* especially when ad+ustable panels1windows are pro)ided/ G/ S-ylights are )ery desirable for night ti%e ther%al co%fort in houses to )ent heated1war% air that rises* and to let us radiate heat to the cold s-y/ i-ewise windows open to the s-y and other relati)ely cold surfaces such as the woods* the sea* would i%pro)e ther%al co%fort on the sa%e principle/ B/ et the sun heat the roo%s at day ti%e in ,inter and try to a)oid heating the building by other energy sources e.cept waste heat/ C/ Use fans &a lot of )ariety - ceiling %ount* wall %ount* floor standing' to assist natural )entilation as needed/ #)oid air conditioning as far as possible/ H/ et the su% shine on the building &i/e/ walls1windows1roof' as desirable and to shade it off if not desirable/