M. G.

Ramachandran
MGR and M. G. R. redirect here. For other uses,
see MGR (disambiguation).
In this Indian name, the name Maruthur Gopalan is a
patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be
referred to by the given name, Ramachandran.
Marudhur Gopalan Ramachandran (17 January 1917
24 December 1987), popularly known by his initials
MGR, was an Indian lm actor, director, producer, and
politician who also served as the Chief Minister of Tamil
Nadu successively for three terms.
[2]
In his youth, MGR and his elder brother, M. G. Chakra-
pani, became members of a drama troupe to support their
family. Inuenced by Gandhian ideals, MGR joined the
Indian National Congress. After a few years of acting
in plays, he made his lm debut in the 1936 lm Sathi
Leelavathi in a supporting role. In the late 1940s he
graduated to leading roles and for the next three decades
dominated the Tamil lm industry.
[3]
He became a mem-
ber of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and rose
rapidly through its ranks. He successfully used his pop-
ularity as a lm hero to build a large political base. In
1972, he left the DMK to form his own party the Anna
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK). In 1977 he be-
came the chief minister of Tamil Nadu the rst lm
actor in India to become the chief minister of a state. He
remained as chief minister till his death in 1987.
1 Early life and background
MGR was born in Nawalapitiya near Kandy, Sri
Lanka,
[4]
to Melakkath Gopala Menon and Maruthur
Satyabhama.
[5]
Melakkath Gopala Menon was staying
in Vadavannur, in Palakkad District, Kerala before he
was excommunicated in 1903, regarding an allegation
that dealt with an illicit relationship with a widowed
woman;
[6]
he left his family and married Maruthur
Satyabhama.
[7]
In his early days, MGR was a devout Hindu and a devo-
tee of Murugan, as is the common practice for Hin-
dus in Sri Lanka.
[8]
Later, when he joined the DMK, a
pro-rationalist party, he followed the rationalist ideology,
though not appearing very aggressively atheistic. In later
days after he founded his own party following his expul-
sion from the DMK, he seems to have shown some lean-
ing towards religious faith. He had asked his followers to
pray for the success of his AIADMK party.
[9]
His followers prayed for him when it was determined that
he had a kidney illness.
[10]
After his demise, his wife
opened up a temple in his name.
After his fathers death, he joined a drama company
called Madurai Original Boys company. Later, he en-
tered the world of cinema, becoming an actor, direc-
tor, producer, and editor. MGR married Bargavi also
known as Thangamani who died early due to illness.
He later married Sathanandavathhi who died soon due
to tuberculosis.
[11]
M.G.R. married V. N. Janaki a for-
mer Tamil lm actress.
[12]
Janaki divorced her husband,
Ganapati Bhatt, to marry MGR.
2 Acting career
M. G. Ramachandran lmed with Kamal Haasan
1
2 3 POLITICAL CAREER
He made his lm debut in 1936, in the lm Sathi
Leelavathi,
[13]
directed by Ellis Dungan, an American-
born lm director.
[14]
Generally starring in romance or
action lms, MGR got his big breakthrough in the 1950
lm Manthiri Kumari, written by M. Karunanidhi. Soon
he rose to superstardom in the 1954 Malaikallan. He
acted as hero in the Tamil lm industrys rst ever geva
colour movie, the 1955 Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum.
He rose to become the heart throb of millions of tamil-
ians with movies such as Thirudadhe, Enga Veettu Pil-
lai, Aayirathil Oruvan, Anbe Vaa, Mahadevi, Panam
Padaithavan, Ulagam Sutrum Vaalibhan, etc. He won
the National Film Award for Best Actor for the lm
Rickshawkaran in 1972. His lm Nadodi Mannan, re-
leased in 1958, was a Tamil version of the interpreta-
tion of the Prisoner of Zenda, produced and directed by
himself and released in 1956, did well. He began to act
in many movies that appealed to the direct sentiments of
the common man and the rich as well. His 1973 block-
buster Ulagam Sutrum Vaalibhan broke previous box of-
ce records of his movies. It was one of the few movies
lmed abroad in those days. It was shot in Singapore,
Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong and Japan. The DMK
unsuccessfully tried to curtail that movie. His acting ca-
reer ended in 1984 with his last lm, Ullagam Suthi
Paru, which he acted when he was diagnosed with kidney
failure.
[15]
3 Political career
MGR was a member of the Congress Party till 1953,
and he used to wear khd. In 1953 MGR joined
the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) attracted by
founder C.N.Annadurai. He became a vocal Tamil
and Dravidian nationalist and prominent member of
the DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam aka Dravid-
ian Progressive Federation). He added glamour to the
Dravidian movement which was sweeping Tamil Nadu.
MGR became a member of the state Legislative Council
in 1962. He was rst elected to the Tamil Nadu Legisla-
tive Assembly in 1967. After the death of his mentor,
Annadurai, MGR became the treasurer of DMK in 1969
after Muthuvel Karunanidhi became the chief minister.
M.R. Radha and MGR had worked in 25 lms together.
On 12 January 1967 M.R. Radha with a producer visited
MGR to talk about a future project. During the conver-
sation M.R. Radha stood up and shot MGR in his left ear
twice and then pretended to shoot himself. MGR drove
MGR and SSR in election campaign for DMK at THENI in 1962
to the hospital by himself and spoke to the doctor with his
own voice for the last time. After the operation his voice
changed. Since he had been shot in his ear MGR lost
hearing in his left ear and had ringing in the ear problems
but never complained until he had kidney problems in the
early 1983. When Sinnappa Devar paid his rst visit to
see MGR at the hospital after the shooting incident he
paid an advance for the next MGRs movie. So after get-
ting released fromthe hospital and nishing Arasakattalai
MGR acted in Devars movie Vivasaayee against doctors
advice. When nishing the movie Kaavalkaaran MGRs
speaking parts were reduced. This was the only movie
MGR spoke with old and new voices between scenes:
When MGR was acting in Kaavalkaran in 1967 opposite
J. Jayalalithaa the shooting happened.
Petralthaan Pillaya was the last movie of MGR-MR
Radha together. Shooting ended just few days before
MGR was shot at. The bullet was permanently lodged
in his neck and his voice damaged. Within hours of the
shooting, some 50,000 fans had gathered at the hospital
where MGR had been taken. People cried in the streets.
3.1 Criticism and controversies 3
For six weeks, he lay in the hospital as fans awaited each
report of his health. He was visited by a steady stream
of commoners and luminaries of lm industry, polity
and bureaucracy. From his hospital bed, he conducted
his campaign for Madras Legislative Assembly. He won
twice the number of votes polled by his Congress ri-
val and the largest vote polled by any candidate for the
Assembly.
[16]
MGR at a function in January (1968)
In 1972, DMK leader Karunanidhi started to project his
rst son M.K. Muthu in a big way in lm and poli-
tics. Understanding the tactics played by Karunanidhi
to corner him, MGR started to claim that corruption
had grown in the party after the demise of Annadurai
and in a public meeting asked for the nancial de-
tails of the party to be publicised, which enraged the
leadership of DMK. Consequently, MGR was expelled
from the party as per Karunanidhis plan. He force-
fully oated a new party named Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam (ADMK), later renamed All India Anna
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam(AIADMK), the only pow-
erful opponent of the DMK. He mobilised between 1972
and 1977 to spread and preach his party ambition with
lms like Netru Indru Naalai (1974), Idhayakani (1975),
Indru Pol Endrum Vazhga (1977), etc.
He became Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 30 June
1977, remaining in oce till his death in 1987. In 1979,
members of his party Satyavani Muthu and Aravinda
Bala Pajanor became the rst non-Congress politicians
from Tamil Nadu to be ministers in the Union Cabi-
net. The AIADMK won every state assembly election
as long as MGR was alive. Although Anna Durai and
Karunanidhi had acted in stage plays in trivial roles,
in their younger days, before becoming chief minister,
MGRwas the rst popular lmactor to be a Chief Minis-
ter in India. Though the Congress won by a small margin
of votes with the DMK in the 1980 parliamentary elec-
tions, the AIADMK under MGR won the state elections
the same year. This made the Congress to ally with the
AIADMK in the 1984 elections. MGR ended his acting
career in 1977.
Once he became Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, he
placed great emphasis on social development, especially
education. One of his most successful policies was the
conversion of the extquotedblMidday Meal Scheme ex-
tquotedbl introduced by the popular Congress Chief Min-
ister and kingmaker K Kamaraj, which already was en-
couraging underprivileged children to attend school, into
MGRs Nutritious Meal Scheme in the government-
run and -aided schools in Tamil Nadu by adding saththu-
rundai a nutritious sugary our dumpling. This scheme
was at a cost of Rs. 1 billion and was imposed in 1982.
A little more than 120,000 children of the state were
beneted. He also introduced Womens Special buses.
He introduced a liquor ban in the state and preservation
of old temples and historical monuments, ultimately in-
creasing the states tourist income. He set up a free school
for the cinema technicians children in Kodambakkam
called MGR Primary & Higher Secondary School which
provided free mid-day meals in the 1950s. He led the
ADMK to victory in the 1984 assembly elections despite
not taking part in the campaigning. At that time he was
undergoing medical treatment in America and his images
were broadcast in Tamil Nadu through cinema halls. This
was an eective campaign tactic and ADMK won the
elections claiming around 56% of assembly seats, indi-
cating the depth of his popular support. He won his seat
in a double landslide victory in 1984. He still holds the
record of being the chief minister with the highest con-
sistent longevity of more than a decade.
Karunanidhi claimed on 1 April 2009 and again on 13
May 2012 that MGRwas ready for the merger of his party
with the DMK in 1979, with Biju Patnaik acting as the
mediator. The plan failed, because Panruti Ramachan-
dran, who was close to MGR acted as a spoiler and MGR
changed his mind.
[17][18]
3.1 Criticism and controversies
Even after his death, MGR proved to be very popular in
the state and his rule has been cited by many of his con-
temporaries as best in the country.
[19]
However, his rule
4 6 ILLNESS AND DEATH
is not without criticism, most of them coming from an-
alysts outside of Tamil Nadu. Economic data under his
rule showed that annual growth and per capita income was
lower than national average and the state went from be-
ing second among 25 industrialised states in development
after Kamarajs rule to tenth. This decline according to
critics have been due to shift of government resources
from power and irrigation to social and agriculture sec-
tor according to Madras Institute of Development Stud-
ies reported in 1988. In addition, the emphasis on wel-
fare schemes such as free electricity to farmers, mid-
day meal schemes, etc. has been seen by many as taking
money away from infrastructure development that could
have beneted the poor. In addition, the liquor tax im-
posed during his rule was considered to contribute to a
regressive tax mostly aecting the poor.
Other criticisms have been on MGRs centralised
decision-making which many blame led to ineciency
and corruption to take hold of his administration. Some
examples stated by the critics include Goondas act in
1982 and other acts that limited political criticism in the
media which led to a police state during his adminis-
tration. While these criticisms have been in the minority,
supporters of MGR counter that most of these problems
were a result of the party members serving MGR rather
than the leader himself. While he is not considered a di-
visive gure in the state, critics and supporters alike agree
that his charisma and popularity trumped policy decisions
that led to his eventual success during his tenure as chief
minister.
[20]
Natwar Singh in his autobiography One Life is Not
Enough alleges that M.G.Ramachandra covertly sup-
ported and nanced the LTTE and their cadres were be-
ing given military training in Tamil Nadu. He also al-
leges that M.G.R considered Jana an extension of Tamil
Nadu and without informing the Indian Government at
the time, had gifted 40 million rupees to the LTTE.
[21][22]
3.1.1 Bharat Ratna
After his death in 1988, he became the third Chief Min-
ister from the state of Tamil Nadu to receive the Bharat
Ratna. The timing of the award was controversial, due
to the fact that it was given so quickly after his death
and he was elected as Chief Minister only 11 years be-
fore the award. Many opponents, mostly outside Tamil
Nadu, criticised the current ruling party INC, under Rajiv
Gandhi to have inuenced the selection committee to
give the award to help win the upcoming 1989 Lok
Sabha election. The ruling party forming a coalition with
Jayalalithaa, successor to MGR at that time were able to
sweep Tamil Nadu winning 38 out of 39 seats, INC were
however unable to win nationally.
[23]
3.2 Member of Legislative Assembly
3.3 Chief minister
4 Awards
Filmfare Best Actor Award for Enga Veettu Pillai
[24]
Filmfare Best Film Award for Adimai Penn
[25]
National Film Award for Best Actor for the lm
Rickshawkaran in 1971.
Honorary doctorate received from University of
Madras and The World University (Arizona).
Bharat Ratna was conferred by the Government of
India (posthumously) in 1988 for his reformation
activities and support from Tamil Nadu.
5 Philanthropy
He personally oered relief in disasters and calamities
like re, ood, drought, and cyclones. He was the rst
donor during the war with China in 1962, donating Rs.
75,000 to the war fund. He was the founder and editor
of Thai weekly magazine and Anna daily newspaper in
Tamil. He was the owner of Sathya Studios and Emgee-
yar Pictures (willed to charity) which produced many of
the lms he acted in. He had gifted a golden sword weigh-
ing half a Kilogram to Mookambika temple in Kollur,
Udupi district.
[26]
6 Illness and death
In October 1984, MGR was diagnosed with kidney fail-
ure, which was further complicated by diabetes, a mild
heart attack and a massive stroke. He was rushed to the
Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States for
treatment, undergoing a kidney transplant. He returned
5
MGRs tomb and memorial at Marina beach, Chennai
M G R Memorial house T Nagar
to Chennai on 4 February 1985. He was sworn in as chief
minister of Tamil Nadu for the third consecutive term on
10 February 1985. The next 2 years and 10 months were
spent in frequent trips to the United States for treatment.
MGR never fully recovered from his illness and died on
24 December 1987 at 3:30 am in Chennai Apollo Hos-
pital after his prolonged illness. He was almost 71. His
death sparked o a frenzy of looting and rioting all over
the state. Shops, cinemas, buses and other public and pri-
vate property became the target of violence let loose. The
police had to resort issuing shoot-at-sight orders. Tamil-
ians from Bangalore rushed to Madras in trains to see
the mortal remains of MGR. Government had announced
free train facility for this visit. The violence during the fu-
neral alone left 29 people dead and 47 police personnel
badly wounded.
[27][28]
This state of aairs continued for almost a month across
Tamil Nadu. Around one million
[29]
people followed his
remains, around 30 followers committed suicide and peo-
ple had their heads tonsured. After his death, his political
party, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam,
split between his wife Janaki Ramachandran and J. Jay-
alalithaa; they merged in 1988.
In 1989 Dr. M. G. R. Home and Higher Secondary
School for the Speech and Hearing Impaired was estab-
lished in the erstwhile residence MGR Gardens, Rama-
puram, in accordance with his will dated 17 January
1986. His ocial residence at 27, Arcot Street, T.Nagar
is now MGR Memorial House and is open for public
viewing. His lm studio, Sathya Studios, has been con-
verted into a womens college.
7 Filmography
7.1 As actor
Main article: M. G. Ramachandran lmography
7.2 As producer and director
1958 Nadodi Mannan, Producer and director
1969 Adimai Penn, producer
1973 Ulagam Sutrum Valiban, director
1977 Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan, di-
rector
8 Gallery
MGRs Tomb on the Marina
Temple built for MGRs mother by MGR
M G R Memorial House T nagar
9 References
[1] Padma Awards Directory (19542007) extquotedbl.
Ministry of Home Aairs. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
6 10 EXTERNAL LINKS
[2] M.G.Ramachandran. Tamilnadu.com. 30 November
2012.
[3] M.G. Ramachandran Life History, Tamil Spider
[4] M G Ramachandran: My Blood Brother Google Books.
Books.google.com. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
[5] ..! || vallal born. Cin-
ema.maalaimalar.com (19 February 2014). Retrieved on
21 May 2014.
[6] http://www.namboothiri.com/articles/bhrashtu.htm
[7] L. R., Jegatheesan. extquotedbl ex-
tquotedbl (in Tamil). BBC. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
[8] P. 39 Religions in Modern World by Linda Woodhead,
Fletcher, Kawanam
[9] P. 131 The image trap By M. S. S. Pandian
[10] P. 18 The image trap By M. S. S. Pandian
[11] || Marriage qualifying high.
Cinema.maalaimalar.com (19 February 2014). Retrieved
on 21 May 2014.
[12] ( 5):
.. !
|| Mgr Cinema History. Cinema.maalaimalar.com (19
February 2014). Retrieved on 21 May 2014.
[13] M. G. Ramachandran Summary
[14] Americans in Tamil cinema. The Hindu (Chennai, In-
dia). 6 September 2004.
[15] MGR-Sivaji-Gemini: TRINITY Album Launched. In-
diaGlitz. 22 January 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
[16] Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil cinema: the cultural
politics of Indias other lm industry. New York: Rout-
ledge. ISBN 0-415-39680-8.
[17] Tamil Nadu News : ADMK came close to merging with
DMK: Karunanidhi. Chennai, India: The Hindu. 1 April
2009. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
[18] Karuna recalls Bijus bid for DMK-ADMK merger.
Zeenews.india.com. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 3 January
2013.
[19] Polls show MGR as the best CM of Tamil Nadu.
[20] A Vote for MGR Transaction and Devotion in South In-
dian Politics. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
[21] http://www.flipkart.com/
one-life-not-enough-autobiography-english/p/
itmdy5azv9sfrn9h?pid=9788129132741&otracker=
ch_vn_book_main_Pre-order Books_prd_img
[22] K. Natwar Singh
[23] Bharat Ratna- Isn't the arbitrary selection & politics mak-
ing this highest civilian award controversy prone?. Mer-
inews.com (20 November 2013). Retrieved on 21 May
2014.
[24] extquotedbl ...
| Lakshman Sruthi 100% Manual Orchestra |
extquotedbl. Lakshman Sruthi. 14 September 2007. Re-
trieved 13 May 2011.
[25] M G Ramachandran, Times Exclusive Photo, Matinee
idol M G Ramachandran. Timescontent.com. 1 April
1970. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
[26] The Hindu : Karnataka News : Jayalalithaa oers
prayers at Kollur temple. Hinduonnet.com. 31 July
2004. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
[27] Popular Tamil Leader Dies in India;Rioting, Sui-
cides Follow Death of Tamil Nadus Chief Minister.
Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 25 December 1987. Retrieved 3
January 2013.
[28] Tamil leaders death stirs India riots. Chicago Sun-
Times. 26 December 1987.
[29] Charlotte: Search Results. 26 December 1987.
10 External links
M. G. Ramachandran at the Internet Movie
Database
M.G. Ramchandran: Jewel of the Masses
The Hindu Politics and Suicides in TN
All about Dr MGR
MGR Memorial Charitable Trust
MGR monthly magazine+News portal
MGR Ocial Website
MGR fans website
7
11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
11.1 Text
M. G. Ramachandran Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran?oldid=627572294 Contributors: Infrogmation,
Chinju, Yann, Paddu, Vivin, RedWolf, Hemanshu, Dinkoarun, Rrjanbiah, Dbenbenn, Pimpalicious, Rossrs, Everyking, Mishac, Jag-
bot, Sundar, Utcursch, Klemen Kocjancic, Mahendra, Mike Rosoft, D6, Adambondy, CALR, Arunram, Bender235, CanisRufus, Al-
ren, IndianCow, El C, QuartierLatin1968, Idleguy, AppleJuggler, Dmanning, GiantSloth, RJFJR, Vadakkan, Tintin1107, Yousaf465,
Jerey O. Gustafson, Woohookitty, Mr Tan, Ganeshk, Terence, Chirags, Fred Bradstadt, Ravidreams, Jovinjoy, Ground Zero, Gu-
rubrahma, V.murugan, Pip2andahalf, Hornplease, Conscious, Gaius Cornelius, Vyzasatya, Doctorbruno, Techece, Badagnani, Samsquare,
Nader85021, Cholmes75, Samir, Bnitin, Garion96, Scoes, SmackBot, Haza-w, Bidyut123, Edgar181, Srkris, Aksi great, Macintosh
User, Ppntori, Anwar saadat, Chris the speller, Sudar, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, OrphanBot, Nitharsank, M.arunprasad, Anoopkn,
Ohconfucius, French user, Gharik, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Shyamsunder, Extrex, Interlingua, Anandks007, Ambuj.Saxena,
SimonD, Abdaal, Bharatveer, Nmadhubala, Lahiru k, Mogeilen, Sarvagnya, SkyWalker, Hobophobe, CmdrObot, Randhirreddy, Moreschi,
Cydebot, Hebrides, ST47, Killerserv, Dougweller, DumbBOT, Klskls, After Midnight, Gnewf, Mojo Hand, Rajaramraok, Universal Hero,
Aung Phyoe, Prince Godfather, 17Drew, IndianGeneralist, Srihariramadas, Baskaran2312, Ekabhishek, Bakasuprman, PhilKnight, Ge-
niac, Waacstats, Sodabottle, Tinucherian, Wikiality123, Nileena joseph, Dharmadhyaksha, Gangak, Kumarrajendran, DGG, S3000, Sku-
marla, Mr.Falcon, CommonsDelinker, Fconaway, Jjayalalithaa, Mgramachandran, Tgeairn, Gnanapiti, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Jeppiaar,
Skumarlabot, Rdhinakar, Barts1a, Santhoshxtra, Johnbod, Naniwako, Madhava 1947, Srinivasan Janardhanam, Simynazareth, Logicwiki,
Bonadea, Dorftrottel, Balajijagadesh, ARamachandran, Jayakrishnan.ks100, KaimmaNaLavu, TXiKiBoT, Vipinhari, Jeevethan, Ssri1983,
Sintaku, Monu johnson, ARUNKUMAR P.R, Monty845, Roland zh, Thunderwing, Arjun024, Ponyo, Sureshbalaraman, Flyer22, Steven
Zhang, CuteRobin, Jacob.jose, Samuel7823, ImageRemovalBot, Steve, Sudhir.koz, Kumarlogesh, Shaanthi, Mild Bill Hiccup, Niceguyedc,
DragonBot, Jayantanth, Hariprasat, Jotterbot, TheRedPenOfDoom, Johannes003, SchreiberBike, Ankithreya, Another Believer, DumZ-
iBoT, XLinkBot, Cleanlk, Eelamstylez77, Jovianeye, MystBot, Good Olfactory, Harjk, Kushal2091, Addbot, Ibmguy, Michael-Billa,
Kum01049, CarTick, VASANTH S.N., Purifyingre, Lightbot, Galloping Ghost U of I, Proshob, Sonali2010, Badrig, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
Bunnyhop11, Pectore, Ayrton Prost, Amicon, Sachein91, Samtar, Azcolvin429, Phlyght, Shrik88music, Blackknight12, Puthussery, Ma-
terialscientist, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Jayarathina, Sshanka2, Anna Frodesiak, Rasnaboy, J04n, Nayvik, Pcarfan, MerlLinkBot, FrescoBot,
Perumalism, OgreBot, Kobrabones, SpacemanSpi, SriSuren, Full-date unlinking bot, Arfaz, Ramsundar.b, Linguisticgeek, WikiT-
ome, Theivorytower, A08jemah, RjwilmsiBot, DRAGON BOOSTER, M.manjunath1000, Tamilanindian, Arul programmer, Pravinraj,
Timescauseknow, Latchaprabu, ZroBot, Vensatry, Jagadeeswarann99, Keyan20, Mayur, Orange Suede Sofa, Ggdeputy, Bill william
compton, ChuispastonBot, Vivvt, Helpsome, ClueBot NG, Anmolsharma.141, Stanudasa, Haikavin, Work2win, CocuBot, LogX, Nijil-
ravipp, Deekzz, Snotbot, Wangond, Widr, Erosonline, Antiqueight, Helpful Pixie Bot, Titodutta, Paglakahinka, Kailash29792, BG19bot,
Azhagavel, Erosonline9999, Navhus, Sandy13991, Frze, Adarshkrish, Jobin RV, Compfreak7, Bishnu Saikia, Pkkao2, Toccata quarta, Ais-
teco, Rajkumar.vino, A2-33, Viji.svs, Dav subrajathan.357, RichardMills65, Stausifr, ChrisGualtieri, GoShow, Tsjeya, Dexbot, DJ EV,
Rajkrishnan R, Rapason vanan, Copperchloride, VIAFbot, Adkrish22290, Vrrajiv, Bteaja, Rockonomics, Eyesnore, Dbz.rajiv, Shivaji-
varma, Jai98, Ramana24, Commons sibi, Tamilmanii123, Gogdygody, Jojukerala, Sujuunair, RedPenOfDoom, Kingofgoood, Quenhitran,
Ramlakltwiki, Roop72, Deivanachi, Srivin and Anonymous: 551
11.2 Images
File:Ambox_content.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png License: ? Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Bharat_Ratna.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Bharat_Ratna.jpg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Hekerui using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Kumar Rajen-
dran
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.
rendering.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Kamalmgr.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Kamalmgr.JPG License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: Transferred from en.wikipedia by SreeBot Original artist: Kumarrajendran at en.wikipedia
File:MGR_Mathialagan_Anna_Rajaji_Karunanidhi.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/MGR_
Mathialagan_Anna_Rajaji_Karunanidhi.jpg License: CC-BY-2.5-in Contributors: http://picasaweb.google.com/mohanraman/
AVRamanFunction31stJanuary1968#5380934874558173106 Original artist: Mohan V. Raman
File:MGR_and_SSR.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/MGR_and_SSR.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rapason vanan
File:M_g_r_memorial_house_t_nagar.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/M_g_r_memorial_house_
t_nagar.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Commons_sibi
8 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: ? Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:.._.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%
AF%8D.%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%
E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Thamiziniyan
11.3 Content license
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0