Chng

Viet Nam,
mot so net
chu yeu
3
Chng 1. Viet Nam, mot so net chu yeu
Viet Nam nam pha ong cua ban ao
ong Dng, co bien gii giap vi Trung
Quoc pha Bac, vi Lao va Campuchia
pha Tay, co bien gii vung them luc a va
vung ac quyen kinh te tren bien vi Trung
Quoc, Campuchia, Thai Lan, Malaysia,
Indonesia va Philippin.
Viet Nam nam trong pham vi t 8
0
30
v o Bac en 23
0
02 v o Bac, keo dai t
Lung Cu (huyen ong Van tnh Ha Giang)
en xom Mui (huyen Nam Can tnh Ca
Mau). at nc co chieu dai khoang 4 lan
chieu rong. Ni rong nhat chng 500 km
(Mong Cai, Quang Ninh - ien Bien); ni
hep nhat khoang 50 km (t bien gii Viet
Lao en ong Hi, Quang Bnh) (Hnh 1.1
va 1.2). Dien tch tren at lien la 329.229
km
2
.
pha ngoai lanh tho at lien, Viet Nam
co them luc a, rat nhieu cac quan ao va
cac ao bao boc nh cac ao cua vnh Bac
Bo, cac quan ao Hoang Sa, Trng Sa
Bien ong cung nh cac ao Phu Quoc,
Tho Chu vnh Thai Lan.
Khoang hai phan ba dien tch lanh tho
Viet Nam la oi nui. Mien nui hiem tr
nhat la Tay Bac t thng nguon song Ma
en thung lung song Hong. Phang Xi Pang
la nh cao nhat ong Dng (3.148m).
Mien nui oi Viet Bac nam hu ngan
song Chay chay ve en thung lung song
Hong, co cac nh Tay Con Lnh (2431m),
Kieu Lieu Ti (2402m). Mien nui oi ong
Bac trai rong t thung lung song Lo song
Gam en tan b bien Quang Ninh co hnh
dang cac canh cung loi ra pha bien (canh
cung song Gam, canh cung Ngan Sn, Yen
Lac, Bac Sn va canh cung ong Trieu).
Day Trng Sn chay t Nam cao
nguyen Xieng Khoang (Lao) cho en cc
Nam Trung Bo co cac nh Pu Lai Leng
(2.711m) va Rao Co (2.335m) va cac nh
Ngoc Linh, Ngoc Niay, Ngoc Pan, Ngoc
Kring; mot khoi cao nguyen cc Nam
gom cac cao nguyen Lam Vien, Bao Loc,
Di Linh va Mnong.
ong bang chau tho song Hong la san
pham boi tu cua he thong song Hong song
Thai Bnh. Dien tch cua toan chau tho tnh
t ng bnh o 25m tr xuong la khoang
Viet Nam la mot quoc gia ong Nam A co lch s tren bon nghn nam xay dng va phat
trien, trai qua nhieu cuoc au tranh chong thien tai va giac ngoai xam. T thang 5 nam 1975
Viet Nam thong nhat t Bac ch Nam, va han gan vet thng chien tranh va phat trien at
nc, ng vao hang ngu cac nc ang phat trien tren the gii.
1. a ly Viet Nam
4
a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
15.000 km
2
, hien nay van tiep tuc c boi
them ra pha bien khu vc b bien Ninh
Bnh khoang 100 m/nam.
ong bang song Cu Long co dien tch
tren 40 nghn km
2
la san pham boi tu cua
song Mekong. PhnomPenh (Campuchia)
song Mekong tach ra thanh hai nhanh goi
la song Tien va song Hau; hai nhanh nay
khi ra en gan bien lai chia thanh 9 nhanh
o ra 9 ca (Cu Long - 9 con rong).
Cac ong bang ven bien mien Trung
c phan bo t Thanh Hoa en Phan Thiet;
la san pham boi tu cua cac con song chay
t sn ong Trng Sn xuong bien.
Viet Nam c bao boc bi Bien ong,
co hai vnh ln la Vnh Bac Bo va Vnh
Thai Lan. Dien tch cua Bien ong khoang
3,5 trieu km
2
.
a hnh them luc a khac nhau phan
Bac, Trung va Nam cua bien ong. a
hnh ay bien t Mong Cai en Hai Phong
rat phc tap do co hang nghn ao ln, nho
thuoc hai vnh Bai T Long va Ha Long.
a hnh ay bien vnh Bac Bo hi nghieng
ve pha ong Nam, o sau trung tam vnh
khoang 70-80 m; ca Vnh 90-100 m,
ra them luc a khoang 200m. T Nam
Hai Phong en Nghe An, a hnh them luc
a tng oi n gian, thoai dan t b ra
khi.
T nam Nghe Tnh en a Nang xuat
hien cac day e cat ngam chay song song
vi ng b, con pha ngoai khi cac
dang a hnh am dng xen ke phc tap
(Hnh 1.2).
Them luc a mien Trung rat doc, ng
Hnh 1.1. Viet Nam trong ong Nam A
5
Chng 1. Viet Nam, mot so net chu yeu
ang sau 100 m chay rat gan b. T b en
o sau 40-80 m a hnh b chia cat manh.
T o sau 40-80 m en 150 m co be mat
go ghe, sau o sau en 800-1.000 m ra
them luc a.
Them luc a pha Nam co a hnh
tng oi phang, xen ke a hnh am co ay
rong.
Quan ao Hoang Sa nam trong khoang
15
0
en 17
0
v Bac tren cao nguyen ngam b
chia cat co dien tch ln hn 100.000 km
2
.
Quan ao bao gom hn mot tram ao noi,
a, bai nong, bai ngam vi hn 60 ni a
c at ten, c chia thanh 3 cum ln la
Li Liem, Vnh An va Macclesfield.
Quan ao Trng Sa nam trong khoang
5
0
en 12
0
v Bac tren cao nguyen ngam b
chia cat co dien tch ln hn 300.000 km
2
.
Hnh 1.2. Ban o Viet Nam (Theo Atlat a ly Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Giao duc, 2004)
6
a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
Quan ao bao gom hang tram ao noi, a,
bai nong, bai ngam vi hn 130 ni a c
at ten, c chia thanh 8 cum ln la Song
T, Th T, Loai Ta, Nam Yet, Sinh Ton,
Bnh Nguyen, Trng Sa va Tham Hiem
(theo Bien ong, tap III, a chat-a vat
Hnh 1.3. Ban o kh hau Viet Nam (Theo Atlat a ly Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Giao duc, 2004)
7
Chng 1. Viet Nam, mot so net chu yeu
ly bien. 2003. NXB ai hoc Quoc gia Ha
Noi).
Viet Nam nam gon trong vong ai noi
ch tuyen chu anh hng cua kh hau nhiet
i gio mua nen quanh nam co nhiet o cao
va o am ln (Hnh 1.3).
Phan Bac cua lanh tho Viet Nam (tnh
en v tuyen 18
0
Bac) chu anh hng cua
kh hau nhiet i gio mua co mua ong
lanh. Mac du ch co 3 thang nhiet o trung
bnh di 20
0
C nhng cung co khong t ngay
ret en 5
0
C. Mua he la mua ma keo dai t
thang 4 en thang 10, la mua co thang co
nhiet o cao nhat trong nam (trung bnh 31-
32
0
C, cc ai vt 40
0
C) va cung thng
co bao.
Phan Nam cua lanh tho Viet Nam ac
trng cho kh hau nhiet i gio mua ien
hnh. Nhiet o trung bnh hang nam ong
bang khoang 26-27
0
C, s chenh lech nhau
gia thang nong nhat va lanh nhat ch
khoang 3-4
0
C. Hai mua ma va kho phan
biet ro ret hn mien Bac. Mua ma t
thang 4-5 en thang 10-11. Lng ma ri
chiem en 90% lng ma trong nam. Co
t bao.
Mien Trung va Nam Trung Bo co kh
hau chuyen tiep gia hai mien kh hau
noi tren. Vao mua ha trong khi ca nc co
lng ma rat ln th ca dai ven bien keo
dai t Nam eo Ngang en Phan Thiet lai
co thi tiet hanh kho nong nhat trong nam.
Nhng vao cac thang mua ma lai thng
co ma bao ln, lu lut.
Viet Nam co 2.360 song suoi co chieu
dai t 10 km tr len, nhng ch co 8% la cac
song ln, o la cac he thong song Hong,
song Cu Long, song Thai Bnh, song Ky
Cung- Bang Giang, song Ma, song Ca,
song Thu Bon, song Ba (hay a Rang) va
song ong Nai.
Rng Viet Nam ch con lai khoang
66 nghn km
2
trong o co 7 nghn km
2
rng
bao ve. Trong so cac loai rng co rng ban
thng xanh (37 nghn km
2
so vi 136 nghn
km
2
rng nguyen thuy), rng thng xanh
kho a hnh thap (10 nghn km
2
), rng
thng xanh nui (8 nghn km
2
), rng rung
la (3 nghn km
2
), rng kho ho Dau (2 nghn
km
2
), rng nui a voi (2 nghn km
2
), rng
la kim (gan 2 nghn km
2
), rng ngap man
(tren 1 nghn km
2
)
Viet Nam la mot at nc co 54 dan toc
vi 54 nen van hoa ac sac, trong o dan
toc Kinh (Viet) chiem 84% tong so dan.
Cac dan toc khac co so lng t 1 trieu en
vai nghn hay vai tram ngi. Ngon ng:
tieng Viet (chnh thc) va cac ngon ng
sac toc. Ton giao: Phat giao khoang 67%
dan so, Cong giao 8%, tn ngng ban a
(Cao ai, Hoa Hao..) Tin lanh, Hoi giao.
Dan so Viet Nam a vt qua con so 82
trieu ngi (2004). Mc tang trng dan so
khoang 1,4-1,8%/nam. Thap tuoi dan so la
thap tuoi tre, ac trng cho cac nc ang
phat trien. Mat o dan c trung bnh trong
ca nc la 250 ngi tren 1 km
2
. Nhng
cung co cac tnh
2
mat o dan thap hn 50
ngi tren 1 km
2
(Lai Chau, Kon Tum..) va
t 1.000-2.000 ngi tren 1 km
2
(Thai Bnh,
Thanh Hoa...) [theo 6].
Tai nguyen khoang san Viet Nam a
dang va phong phu. Tren ban o khoang
san Viet Nam a ang ky c hn 5.000
mo va iem quang vi khoang 60 chung
loai khoang san. Quang sat vi tong tr
lng tai nguyen d bao 1,2 ty tan; 22,82
trieu tan oxyt crom; 22 trieu tan titan; 3,6
8
a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
ty tan than; 6 ty tan bauxit; 0,1 trieu tan
thiec-wonfram; 1,2 trieu tan ong; 0,152
trieu tan nikel; 2,92 trieu tan ch, hang tram
tan vang; 2,1 ty tan apatit, 17 trieu tan at
hiem; nhieu ty tan cac khoang san vat lieu
xay dng, vat lieu gom, s thuy tinh; co
nhieu vung quang a quy... [theo 5]. Tiem
nang tai nguyen than anthracit va than m
la 10 ty tan vi tr lng anh ga la 2,1
ty tan; tiem nang than nau la 250 ty tan.
Rieng ve tai nguyen dau kh c trnh bay
trong chng 3 quyen sach nay.
Tiem nang nc di at cua Viet Nam
rat ln, tong tr lng ong t nhien toan
lanh tho cha ke phan hai ao la 1.513.445
m
3
/sec. Con tong tr lng khai thac nc
di at tren c s ket qua tm kiem tham
do 136 vung tren toan quoc vi tr lng
a c phe duyet cap A+B la 1.946.869
m
3
/ngay, cap C
1
la 2.780.637 m
3
/ngay, cap
C
2
la 17.505.395 m
3
/ngay [theo 9].
Tai lieu khao sat cua 87 song va oan
song tren lanh tho Viet Nam co tiem nang
ly thuyet cua thuy ien Viet Nam khoang
308 ty kwh/nam vi tong cong suat khoang
70 nghn MW. Tiem nang ky thuat cua thuy
ien Viet Nam c xac nh da tren so
lieu cua 363 v tr thuy ien va va ln
(cong suat tren 10 MW) tren 31 song va
oan song la 72 ty kwh/nam vi cong suat
17.566 MW [theo 4]
2. Chnh quyen
Viet Nam ten goi ay u la Cong hoa
Xa hoi Chu ngha Viet Nam. Chnh the
la Nha nc Xa hoi Chu ngha. Thu o la
Ha Noi. Co 64 tnh va thanh pho. Ve hanh
phap ng au Nha nc la Chu tch, ng
au Chnh phu la Thu tng.
Ve lap phap co Quoc hoi la c quan co
quyen lc cao nhat.
Ve t phap co Vien Kiem sat Nhan dan
Toi cao va Toa an Nhan dan Toi cao.
3. S phat trien kinh te xa hoi
3.1. Cau truc ha tang
Tong chieu dai ng bo trong ca nc
khoang 106.048 km, trong o co 11.353
km ng quoc lo, 14.499 km ng cap
tnh, 24.624 km ng cap huyen, 3.211
km ng o th, 5.451 km ng chuyen
dung. Cac con ng nay phai i qua 5.802
cau va nhieu ben pha.
Tong chieu dai ng sat Viet Nam
la 3.259,5 km.
He thong ng song dai khoang 90-10
nghn km, ke ca cac kenh rach, he thong
nay phat trien manh ong bang song
Hong va song Cu Long.
Viet Nam co ng b bien hnh ch S
dai tren 3.200 km nam ngang tren cac tuyen
hang hai quoc te Tay Thai Bnh Dng nen
co tiem nang phat trien van tai ng bien
xay dng cac cang bien va cac can c dch
vu dau kh.
Hang khong Viet Nam ang m rong
khong gian bay. Ca nc co 3 san bay quoc
te va 12 san bay noi a.
Bu chnh vien thong Viet Nam ang
c phat trien vi toc o nhanh va s dung
cac cong nghe tien tien. Mang li ien
thoai di ong phu tren ca nc. D kien
trong thi gian ti Viet Nam se co ve tinh
vien thong rieng cua mnh.
Hien nay tong cong suat cua nganh ien
khoang 8.806 MW; thuy ien chiem khoang
50% tong cong suat. Li ien quoc gia a
9
Chng 1. Viet Nam, mot so net chu yeu
a en 506/517 huyen trong ca nc. Nam
2003 san lng ien la hn 41 ty kwh, d
kien en nam 2005 la 53 ty kwh, 2010 la 93
ty kwh [theo 1, 2, 6].
3.2. Cac nganh kinh te-xa hoi chu yeu
Toc o tang trng Tong san pham
trong nc (GDP) bnh quan trong 5 nam
(2001-2005) la 7,5%. Ty trong nong lam
ng nghiep trong GDP (nam 2005 la 19%)
giam nhng van tang kha ve tr so tuyet
oi. Xuat khau gao khoang 4,0 trieu tan,
ng th hai the gii.
Cong nghiep va xay dng tang 14,5-
15% chiem ty trong 42% trong GDP. Cac
nganh dch vu chiem ty trong 39% trong
GDP.
Nam 2004 ca nc co 2,2 trieu tre em
theo hoc mau giao, 17,5 trieu hoc sinh pho
thong, gan 1 trieu sinh vien theo hoc 187
trng ai hoc, cao ang. Cac c s y te
cua nha nc va t nhan phat trien manh.
au t trc tiep nc ngoai (tnh ti 20-
12-2002, ch tnh cac d an con hieu lc) la
3.669 d an (trong o cong nghiep dau kh
29 d an). Tong von ang ky au t la 39
ty USD (trong o dau kh la 3,2 ty USD),
a thc hien 20,7 ty USD (trong o dau kh
3,5 ty USD).
Thu ngan sach Nha nc tang 11,3%,
boi chi van c kiem che khong qua 5%
GDP. Trong 5 nam (2001-2005) a tao c
7 trieu viec lam, giam ty le that nghiep
(5,8% thanh th). Tong au t phat trien
bang 35,6% GDP la mot ty le cao so vi
cac nc trong khu vc [theo 3, 7].
4. Chien lc phat trien kinh te-xa hoi
giai oan 2001-2010
ai hoi IX ang Cong san Viet Nam
(4-2001) a quyet nh Chien lc phat
trien kinh te-xa hoi giai oan 2001-2010
nh sau:
a nc ta ra khoi tnh trang kem
phat trien; nang cao ro ret i song vat
chat, van hoa, tinh than cua nhan dan; tao
nen tang e en nam 2020 nc ta c ban
tr thanh mot nc cong nghiep theo hng
hien ai hoa. Nguon lc con ngi, nang
lc khoa hoc va cong nghe, ket cau ha tang;
tiem lc kinh te, quoc phong, an ninh c
tang cng; the che kinh te th trng nh
hng xa hoi chu ngha c hnh thanh ve
c ban; v the cua nc ta tren trng quoc
te c nang cao.
Muc tieu cu the cua Chien lc la:
a GDP nam 2010 len t nhat gap oi
nam 2000..
Tch luy noi bo nen kinh te at tren 30%
GDP. Nhp o tang xuat khau gap tren
2 lan nhp o tang GDP.
Ty trong trong GDP cua nong nghiep
16-17%, cong nghiep 40-41%, dch vu
42-43%. Gia tang gia tr nong nghiep
(ke ca thuy san, lam nghiep) bnh quan
hang nam 4-4,5%, cong nghiep khoang
10-10,5%. Bao am cung cap u va an
toan nang lng (ien, dau kh, than)
Phat trien manh ket cau ha tang va dch
vu.
Nang len ang ke ch so phat trien con
ngi (HDI) cua nc ta. Toc o tang
dan so en nam 2010 con khoang 1,1%.
Giai quyet viec lam ca thanh th va
nong thon. Hoan thanh pho cap trung
hoc trong ca nc. Tang tuoi tho trung
bnh len 71 [theo 8].
10
a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
1. Bao Nhan Dan so 17632 th t ngay
5-11-2003
2. Bao Thanh Nien so 300 (2865) th hai
ngay 27-10-2003
3. Bao cao cua Chnh phu tai ky hop lan
th 4 Quoc hoi khoa XI. Bao Nhan
Dan so 17618 ngay 22-10-2003.
4. Chng trnh khoa hoc cong nghe
cap Nha nc giai oan 1999-2000.
Xay dng chien lc va chnh sach
phat trien nang lng ben vng. Ma so
KHCN.09. Ha Noi 12-2001.
5. inh Van Dien va nnk, 1995. Tai
nguyen khoang san Viet Nam. Nhng
net khai quat ve lch s phat trien. Mot
so quy luat sinh khoang chu yeu. a
chat, Khoang san va Dau kh T.2 tr. 7-
30. Cuc a chat Viet Nam xuat ban.
Ha Noi-1995.
6. Le Ba Thao, 2002. Viet Nam lanh tho
va cac vung a ly (tai ban lan th hai).
Nha xuat ban The Gii.
7. Nguyen Manh Hung (chu bien), 2003.
Kinh te xa hoi Viet Nam 2002. Ke
hoach 2003. Tang trng va hoi nhap.
Nha xuat ban Thong Ke 2003.
8. Van kien ai hoi ai bieu toan quoc
lan th IX, 2001. Nha xuat ban Chnh
tr Quoc gia.
9. Vo Cong Nghiep va nnk, 1995. Tiem
nang nc di at cua Viet Nam.
a chat, Khoang san va Dau kh. T.2.
tr.107-119. Cuc a chat Viet Nam xuat
ban. Ha Noi. 1995.
Tai lieu tham khao