United S ta tes Pa tent [ 1 9 1

US 005404388A
[ 1 1 ] Pa tent N u m b er : 5, 404, 388
[ 45] D a te o f Pa tent: Ap r . 4, 1 9 9 5 Eu
[ 54] D IGITAL MEAS UREMEN T OF AMPLITUD E
AN D PHAS E OF A S IN US OID AL S IGN AL
AN D D ETECI'ION OF LOAD COIL BAS ED
ON S AID MEAS UREMEN T
[ 7 5] Inv ento r : J a i H. Eu , Ra l eig h , N . C.
[ 7 3] As s ig nee: N o r th er n Tel ec o m Lim ited, Mo ntr ea l ,
Ca na da
[ 2 1 ] Ap p l . N o . : 2 5, 56 5
[ 2 2 ] Fil ed: Ma r . 3, 1 9 9 3
[ 51 ] Int. Cl . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H04M 1 / 2 4; H04M 3/ 2 2
[ 52 ] US . Cl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9 / 2 4; 37 9 / 1 ;
37 9 / 2 7 ; 37 9 / 2 9 ; 37 9 / 30
[ 58] Fiel d o f S ea r c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9 / 1 , 2 2 , 2 4, 2 7 , 2 9 ,
37 9 / 30, 33
[ 56 ] Ref er enc es Cited
U. S . PATEN T D OCUMEN TS
4, 307 , 2 6 7 1 2 / 1 9 81 Peo p l es . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 9 / 1 7 5. 3 R
4, 350, 849 9 / 1 9 82 Ah iy a 37 9 / 30
4, 443, 6 6 2 4/ 1 9 84 N a kh l a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9 / 30
4, 486 , 6 2 7 1 2 / 1 9 84 Beem a n et a l . 1 7 9 / 1 7 53 R
4, 6 2 0, 06 9 1 0/ 1 9 86 Go dwin et a 1 . . . . . . . . 1 7 9 / 1 7 5. 3 R
4, 845, 7 37 7 / 1 9 89 Oh l endo r f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9 / 30
4, 852 , 1 45 7 / 1 9 89 Bev er s et a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9 / 2 7
4, 853, 9 50 8/ 1 9 89 Cr a ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9 / 2 4
4, 87 0, 6 7 5 9 / 1 9 89 Fu l l er et a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9 / 2 7
4, 882 , 7 42 1 1 / 1 9 89 Ka is er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9 / 30
5, 07 3, 9 2 0 1 2 / 1 9 9 1 Ma s u ka wa 5, 1 42 , 56 0 8/ 1 9 9 2 N eer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9 / 30
OTHER PUBLICATION S
Ib r a h im et a l . , A N o v el D ig ita l Ph a s e Meter , IEEE
Tr a ns a c tio ns o n Ins tr u m enta tio n a nd Mea s u r em ent, v o l .
IM- 36 , N o . 3, S ep . 1 9 87 , p p . 7 1 1 - 7 1 6 .
Mic h el etti, Ph a s e Ang l e Mea s u r em ent Between Two
S inu s o ida l S ig na l s , IEEE Tr a ns a c tio ns o n Ins tr u m enta
tio n a nd Mea s u r em ent, v o l . 40, N o . 1 , Feb . 1 9 9 1 , p p .
40- 42 .
D er iv a tio n o f th e Th r ee Pa r a m eter (Kno wn Fr e
q u enc y ) S ine- W a v e Cu r v e? t Al g o r ith m , Ap p endix to
IEEE S ta nda r d 1 057 , p p . 33- 34.
Ma h m u d et a l , A Mic r o p r o c es s o r - Ba s ed D u a l S l o p e
Ph a s e Meter , IEEE Tr a ns a c tio ns o n Ins tr u m ents a nd
Mea s u r em ent, v o l . 37 , N o . 3, S ep . 1 9 88, p p . 37 4- 37 8.
W a g dy et a l . , Er r o r s in S a m p l ed D a ta Ph a s e Mea s u r e
m ent, IEEE Tr a ns a c tio ns o n Ins tr u m enta tio n a nd Mea
s u r em ent, v o l . IM- 34, N o . 4, D ec . 1 9 85, p p . 507 - 509 .
Pr im a r y Ex a m iner - S tep h en Ch in
As s is ta nt Ex a m iner - V ij a y S h a nka r
Atto r ney , Ag ent, o r Fir m - La r dner & Fo l ey
[ 5? ] ABS TRACT
In dig ita l m ea s u r em ent o f th e a m p l itu de a nd p h a s e o f a
s inu s o ida l s ig na l o f kno wn f r eq u enc y b y th e l ea s t s q u a r e
er r o r m eth o d, th e s a m p l ing f r eq u enc y a nd s a m p l e s iz e
a r e c a r ef u l l y s el ec ted to s a tis f y a c er ta in r el a tio ns h ip .
Under th es e c o nditio ns , th e m ea s u r em ents a r e s im p l i
? ed a nd a c c u r a c y im p r o v ed. Th is tec h niq u e o f m ea s u r
ing a s inu s o ida l s ig na l is a p p l ied to th e detec tio n o f a
l o a d c o il in a tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s l o o p c ir c u it. Th e
m a g nitu de a nd p h a s e o f th e dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc e o f
th e l o o p a r e m ea s u r ed th r o u g h th e u s e o f a s er ies o f
dis c r ete s inu s o ida l s tim u l u s s ig na l s o f p r edeter m ined
f r eq u enc ies a nd a dig ita l s ig na l p r o c es s ing tec h niq u e.
6 Cl a im s , 2 D r a wing S h eets
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1
D IGITAL MEAS UREMEN T OF AMPLITUD E AN D
PHAS E OF A S IN US OID AL S IGN AL AN D
D ETECTION OF LOAD COIL BAS ED ON S AID
IV IEAS UREMEN T
FIELD OF THE IN V EN TION
Th e p r es ent inv entio n r el a tes g ener a l l y to m ea s u r ing
tec h niq u es o f th e m a g nitu de a nd p h a s e o f a s inu s o ida l
s ig na l . In p a r tic u l a r th e p r es ent inv entio n is dir ec ted, in
o ne a s p ec t, to a dig ita l m ea s u r em ent tec h niq u e o f th e
m a g nitu de a nd p h a s e u s ing a m o di? ed l ea s t s q u a r e er r o r
m eth o d, a nd in a f u r th er a s p ec t th e tec h niq u e is a p p l ied
to th e detec tio n o f l o a d c o il s in a tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s
l o o p c ir c u it.
BACKGROUN D OF THE IN V EN TION
Th e a m p l itu de (m a g nitu de) A (A> O) a nd p h a s e < l > o f
th e s inu s o ida l s ig na l X (t) o f th e f o r m
wh er e m is a kno wn a ng u l a r f r eq u enc y in r a dia n p er
s ec o nd, a r e im p o r ta nt p a r a m eter s to m ea s u r e in m a ny
p r a c tic a l m ea s u r em ent a nd c o ntr o l a p p l ic a tio ns in th e
p o wer s y s tem o r th e l ike. Ma ny m eth o ds h a v e b een
p r o p o s ed f o r th e p u r p o s e a nd inc l u de th e z er o - c r o s s ing
detec tio n (ZCD ) m eth o d, th e dis c r ete Fo u r ier tr a ns
f o r m (D FT) m eth o d, a nd th e l ea s t s q u a r e er r o r m eth o d
(LS M) . Th e z er o - c r o s s ing detec tio n m eth o d tr a ns f o r m s
th e s ig na l s into two s q u a r e wa v es , a nd th en m ea s u r es
th e tim e dif f er enc e b etween th e z er o - c r o s s ing s o f th e
two s q u a r e wa v es wh ic h is p r o p o r tio na l to th e p h a s e.
Th is m eth o d s u f f er s f r o m p h a s e er r o r s c l u e to th e h y s te
r es is a nd dif f er ent s ig na l a m p l itu des . An a r tic l e entitl ed
A N o v el D ig ita l Ph a s e Meter b y Ib r a h im et a l in
IEEE Tr a ns a c tio ns o n Ins tr u m enta tio n a nd Mea s u r e
m ent, V o l . V IM- 36 , p p 7 1 1 - 7 1 6 , S ep tem b er 1 9 87 , de
s c r ib es s u c h a m ea s u r em ent.
Th e dis c r ete Fo u r ier tr a ns f o r m m eth o d p er f o r m s th e
D FT o n N dig itiz ed s a m p l es o f th e s ig na l X (t) wh ic h
a r e s a m p l ed u nif o r m l y a t a h ig h er r a te th a n th e N y q u is t
s a m p l ing r a te. Th e s ig na l X (t) is c o nv er ted into a c a u s a l
dis c r ete- tim e s inu s o ida l s ig na l X (Il )
x (n) =A s in(a m T+4> ) f o r n=0, 1 , 2 , . . . (1 )
wh er e T is a s a m p l ing p er io d in s ec o nds . S u b s eq u entl y
th e D FT c o ef ? c ient is o b ta ined a nd u s ing th is c o ef ? c i
c u t th e a m p l itu de a nd p h a s e o f th e s ig na l a r e c a l c u l a ted.
Th e m eth o d h o wev er s u f f er s th e ef f ec t o f s p ec tr a l l ea k
a g e f r o m th e edg e dis c o ntinu ities a r is ing f r o m th e b eg in
ning a nd ending o f th e s a m p l es .
In a n a r tic l e entitl ed Ph a s e Ang l e Mea s u r em ent
Between Two S inu s o ida l S ig na l s b y R. Mic h el etti in
IEEE Tr a ns a c tio ns o n Ins tr u m enta tio n a nd Mea s u r e
m ent, V o l . 40, N o . 1 , p p 40 42 , Feb r u a r y 1 9 9 1 , a new
a l g o r ith m f o r m ea s u r em ent o f p h a s e a ng l e is des c r ib ed
to b e b a s ed o n th e l ea s t s q u a r e er r o r m eth o d (LS M) .
Th e a l g o r ith m p r o c es s es dig itiz ed s a m p l es o f two inp u t
s ig na l s to c a l c u l a te th e p h a s e a ng l e b etween th em . Th e
a l g o r ith m is a g ener a l f o r m o f m ea s u r ing tec h niq u e a nd
u s es a ny a r b itr a r y dis c r ete s a m p l ing f r eq u enc ies a nd
s a m p l e s iz es . Co m p u ta tio n is q u ite c o m p l ic a ted.
Th e p r es ent inv entio n is a new m o di? ed LS M' o f
m ea s u r ing th e m a g nitu de a nd/ o r p h a s e a ng l e o f a s inu
s o ida l s ig na l . W ith in a wide v a r iety o f p o s s ib l e a p p l ic a
tio ns , th e p r es ent dis c l o s u r e des c r ib es em b o dim ents
1 5
2 0
2 5
45
50
6 0
6 5
2
wh er ein th e no v el m eth o d is im p l em ented in th e tel e
p h o ne env ir o nm ent.
In th e ? el d o f tel ec o m m u nic a tio ns , a tel ep h o ne s u b
s c r ib er s l o o p m a y c o nta in o ne o r m o r e l o a d c o il s wh ic h
c o m p ens a te c a p a c itiv e a nd indu c tiv e im p eda nc e m a tc h
ing to im p r o v e f r eq u enc y r es p o ns e f o r a na l o g tel ep h o ne
s ig na l s . D ig ita l s er v ic es s u c h a s Integ r a ted S er v ic es
D ig ita l N etwo r k(IS D N ) , D ig ita l S u b s c r ib er Line
(D S L) , As y m m etr ic D ig ita l S u b s c r ib er Line (AD S L)
a nd Hig h - b it r a te D ig ita l S u b s c r ib er Line (HD S L) r e
q u ir e m u c h h ig h er b a ndwidth th a n th e a na l o g p l a in o l d
tel ep h o ne s er v ic e (POTS ) do es a nd s inc e l o a d c o il s
b eh a v e l ike a l o w p a s s ? l ter with a c u to f f f r eq u enc y o f
a b o u t 4 kHZ, th ey a r e a n im p edim ent to del iv er y o f
th es e dig ita l s er v ic es . US . Pa t. N o . 4, 486 , 6 2 7 is s u ed
D ec . 4, 1 9 84 (Beem a n et a l ) des c r ib es a n a r r a ng em ent
f o r m o nito r ing th e a dm itta nc e o f a l ine du r ing a f r e
q u enc y s weep . Th e c h a r a c ter is tic a dm itta nc e l ev el de
ter m ines th e l o a ded o r u nl o a ded s ta tu s o f a tr a ns m is s io n
l ine. Ou tp u t l o g ic a s s o c ia ted with detec tio n c ir c u its
p r o v ides a dig ita l indic a tio n o f th e s ta tu s detec ted. US .
Pa t. N o . 4, 6 2 0, 06 9 is s u ed Oc t. 2 8, 1 9 86 (Go dwin et a l ) ,
o n th e o th er h a nd, tea c h es tec h niq u es f o r m ea s u r ing th e
l o o p im p eda nc e a t eith er o ne f r eq u enc y o r a p l u r a l ity o f
f r eq u enc ies . Ch a ng es in eith er th e r ea l p a r t o f th e im p e
da nc e o r th e p h a s e a ng l e a r e u s ed to deter m ine th e
l o a ded c o nditio n o f th e s u b s c r ib er s l o o p . Go dwin et a l
des c r ib e two m eth o ds o f m ea s u r ing th e im p eda nc e. One
m eth o d is s im p l y to c o nnec t a n a na l o g s tim u l u s s ig na l to
th e l o o p a nd m ea s u r e b y a na l o g s ig na l p r o c es s ing th e
r ea l p a r t a nd/ o r th e p h a s e a ng l e o f th e im p eda nc e. An
o th er m eth o d inv o l v es th e u s e o f l ine c ir c u its p r o v ided
a t a c entr a l o f f ic e dig ita l s witc h . Th e dig ita l s witc h u s es
c o des a nd th er ef o r e th is is a dig ita l m ea s u r em ent o f th e
im p eda nc e. Th e m eth o d a l s o u s es D ig ita l Fo u r ier
Tr a ns f o r m f o r c a l c u l a ting m a g nitu de a nd th e p h a s e
a ng l e o f th e im p eda nc e.
Th e p r io r a r t tec h niq u es f o r l o a d c o il detec tio n s u f f er
f r o m ina c c u r a te m ea s u r em ent, c u m b er s o m e p r o c edu r e,
s l o w r es p o ns e, etc .
OBJ ECTS OF THE IN V EN TION
It is th er ef o r e a n o b j ec t o f th e p r es ent inv entio n to
p r o v ide a m eth o d a nd a p p a r a tu s f o r m ea s u r ing th e a m
p l itu de a nd/ o r p h a s e o f a s inu s o ida l s ig na l .
It is a no th er o b j ec t o f th e p r es ent inv entio n to p r o
v ide a m eth o d a nd a p p a r a tu s f o r m ea s u r ing th e a m p l i
tu de a nd/ o r p h a s e o f a s inu s o ida l s ig na l b y u s ing th e
l ea s t s q u a r e er r o r tec h niq u e.
It is a f u r th er o b j ec t o f th e p r es ent inv entio n to p r o
v ide a m eth o d a nd a p p a r a tu s f o r detec ting l o a d c o il s in
a tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s l o o p c ir c u it.
S UMMARY OF THE IN V EN TION
Br ie? y s ta ted, o ne a s p ec t o f th e p r es ent inv entio n is
dir ec ted to a m eth o d o f dig ita l l y m ea s u r ing th e a m p l i
tu de A a nd/ o r p h a s e a ng l e 4) o f a s inu s o ida l s ig na l
X (t) =A s in(m t+q b ) , wh er e t is tim e a nd a ) is a kno wn
f r eq u enc y . Th e m eth o d c o m p r is es s tep s o f dig itiz ing th e
s inu s o ida l s ig na l to g ener a te dig itiz ed s a m p l e s ig na l s
s (n) , n=0, 1 , 2 , . . . , b y u s ing th e s a m p l ing p er io d
T=2 1 r l m s a nd th e s a m p l e s iz e N =kM wh er e m s is th e
s a m p l ing f r eq u enc y , kis a p o s itiv e integ er a nd M is th e
f u nda m enta l p er io d o f s in(2 wT) . Th e m eth o d f u r th er
inc l u des s tep s o f m u l tip l y ing th e dig itiz ed s a m p l e s ig
na l s b y s in(m nT) a nd c o s (m nt) a nd p r o c es s ing a l l th e
m u l tip l ied s ig na l s to g ener a te th e a m p l itu de A a nd/ o r
p h a s e a ng l e (1 : . _
5, 404, 388
3
In a c c o r da nc e with a no th er a s p ec t, th e p r es ent inv en
tio n is dir ec ted to a m eth o d o f m ea s u r ing dr iv ing p o int
im p eda nc es Z" , Ztg a nd L3 o f a tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s
l o o p , wh er e Z , Ztg a nd Z, g a r e r es p ec tiv el y th e dr iv ing
p o int im p eda nc e b etween th e tip a nd r ing , b etween th e
tip a nd g r o u nd, a nd b etween th e r ing a nd g r o u nd. Th e
m eth o d c o m p r is es s tep s o f s im u l ta neo u s l y a p p l y ing to
th e tip a nd r ing o f th e l o o p a s inu s o ida l s tim u l u s s ig na l
o f a p r edeter m ined f r eq u enc y w, a nd m ea s u r ing th e
s inu s o ida l s ig na l wh ic h is tr a ns m itted th r o u g h th e tip
a nd r ing to g ener a te a ? r s t p a ir o f r es p ec tiv e m ea s u r ed
s ig na l s . Th e m eth o d h a s f u r th er s tep s o f dig itiz ing th e
p a ir o f m ea s u r ed s inu s o ida l s ig na l s to g ener a te a ? r s t
p a ir o f r es p ec tiv e dig itiz ed s a m p l e s ig na l s s t1 (n) a nd
s , 1 (n) , wh er e n=0, 1 , 2 , . . . , b y u s ing th e s a m p l ing
p er io d T=2 r r / ws a nd th e s a m p l e s iz e N =kM wh er e m s
is th e s a m p l ing f r eq u enc y , kis a p o s itiv e integ er a nd M
is th e f u nda m enta l p er io d o f s in(2 m nT) a nd m u l tip l y ing
s a id s 1 (n) a nd $ r l (n) b y s in(wnT) a nd c o s (wnT) . Th e
m eth o d inc l u des m o r e s tep s o f a p p l y ing to eith er th e tip
o r r ing th e s inu s o ida l s tim u l u s s ig na l o f th e p r edeter
m ined f r eq u enc y a nd m ea s u r ing s inu s o ida l s ig na l s
wh ic h a r e tr a ns m itted th r o u g h th e tip a nd r ing to g ener
a te a s ec o nd p a ir o f r es p ec tiv e m ea s u r ed s ig na l s . Th e
m eth o d h a s s tep s o f dig itiz ing th e s ec o nd p a ir o f th e
m ea s u r ed s inu s o ida l s ig na l s to g ener a te a s ec o nd p a ir o f
dig itiz ed s a m p l e s ig na l s s , 2 (n) a nd 5, 2 (1 1 ) , wh er e n=0, 1 ,
2 , . . . , b y u s ing th e s a m p l ing p er io d T=2 1 r / m s a nd th e
s a m p l e s iz e N =kM a nd m u l tip l y ing th e s , 2 (n) , a nd s , 2 (n)
b y s in(wnT) a nd c o s (wnT) . Fina l l y th e m eth o d c o n
c l u des with a s tep o f p r o c es s ing a l l th e m u l tip l ied s ig
na l s o b ta ined th u s f a r to der iv e th e dr iv ing p o int im p ed
a nc es Z" , Z8 a nd Zy g o f th e l o o p .
In a c c o r da nc e with a y et a no th er a s p ec t, th e p r es ent
inv entio n is dir ec ted to a n a p p a r a tu s f o r detec ting th e
p r es enc e o f a l o a d c o il o n a tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s l o o p
b y m ea s u r ing dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc es th er eo f . Th e
a p p a r a tu s c o m p r is es a s inu s o ida l s ig na l g ener a to r f o r
g ener a ting a p l u r a l ity o f s inu s o ida l s tim u l u s s ig na l s o f
p r edeter m ined dis c r ete f r eq u enc ies , (0; , i=1 , 2 , 3 . . . , m ,
to b e a p p l ied to th e tip a nd r ing o f th e l o o p a nd m ea s u r
ing m ea ns f o r m ea s u r ing s ep a r a tel y th e c u r r ents wh ic h
? o w th r o u g h th e tip a nd r ing to g ener a te r es p ec tiv e
m ea s u r ed s inu s o ida l s ig na l s . Th e a p p a r a tu s f u r th er in
c l u des dig itiz ing m ea ns f o r dig itiz ing th e m ea s u r ed s inu
s o ida l s ig na l s to g ener a te r es p ec tiv e dig itiz ed s a m p l e
s ig na l s s t, (n) a nd s , 1 (n) , wh er e n=0, 1 , 2 , . . . a nd i=1 , 2 ,
3, . . . , m , b y u s ing th e s a m p l ing p er io d T=2 r r / ws a nd
th e s a m p l e s iz e N =kM wh er e m s is th e s a m p l ing f r e
q u enc y , kis a p o s itiv e integ er a nd M is th e f u nda m enta l
p er io d o f s in(2 m nT) , a nd p r o c es s ing m ea ns f o r p r o c es s
ing th e s a m p l e s ig na l s s ; , (n) , a nd s , - , (n) to der iv e th e
dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc es o f s a id l o o p f o r ea c h o f s a id
s er ies o f dis c r ete s inu s o ida l s tim u l u s s ig na l s .
BRIEF D ES CRIPTION OF THE D RAW IN GS
Fo r a m o r e c o m p l ete u nder s ta nding o f th e p r es ent
inv entio n a nd f o r f u r th er o b j ec ts a nd a dv a nta g es
th er eo f , r ef er enc e m a y no w b e m a de to th e f o l l o wing
des c r ip tio n, ta ken in c o nj u nc tio n with th e a c c o m p a ny
ing dr a wing s , in wh ic h :
FIG. 1 is a ? o w c h a r t o f a dig ita l p h a s e m ea s u r em ent
a c c o r ding to o ne em b o dim ent o f th e p r es ent inv entio n;
a nd
FIG. 2 is a s c h em a tic dia g r a m o f a n a p p a r a tu s f o r
m ea s u r ing th e p h a s e a nd a m p l itu de o f a s inu s o ida l s ig na l
a c c o r ding to a no th er em b o dim ent o f th e p r es ent inv en
tio n.
2 0
2 5
35
40
45
50
55
6 5
4
D ETAILED D ES CRIPTION OF THE
PREFERRED EMBOD IMEN TS
Like th e D FT m eth o d m entio ned a b o v e, th e LS M
a p p r o a c h u s es N dig itiz ed s a m p l es o f X (t) to c a l c u l a te
th e a m p l itu de a nd p h a s e o f th e s ig na l . Th e eq u a tio n (1 )
a b o v e c a n b e ex p r es s ed a s a l inea r c o m b ina tio n o f
s in(m nT) a nd c o s (wnT) a s f o l l o ws :
x (n) =a s in(a m T) +b c o s (a m 'I) (2 )
wh er e a =Ac o s d) a nd b =As in d) . Th en th e a m p l itu de A
a nd th e p h a s e q b a r e o b ta ined a s f o l l o ws :
In dig ita l p r o c es s ing , th e r es p ec tiv e es tim a tes o f th e
c o ef ? c ients a a nd b a r e o b ta ined b y s o l v ing th e f o l l o w
ing l ea s t s q u a r e er r o r p r o b l em :
(5)
6 (1 1 , b ) = i N _ 1 (s (n) - X (n) ) 2
a , b N n=0
= - 1 IV E- l (s (n) a s in(a m 7 ) b c o s (a m T) ) 2
N " =0
wh er e s (n) is a dig itiz ed s a m p l e ta ken a t nT.
Th e ex p l ic it f o r m o f a u niq u e s o l u tio n to th e a b o v e
eq u a tio n is a v a il a b l e in D er iv a tio n o f th e Th r ee Pa r a m
eter s (Kno wn Fr eq u enc y ) S ine- W a v e Cu r v e? t Al g o
r it , IEEE S ta nda r d 1 057 , Ap p endix A, p p 33- 34,
J u l y 1 9 89 . Fu r th er m o r e, th e a b o v e- m entio ned a r tic l e b y
Mic h el etti des c r ib es a p er f o r m a nc e c o m p a r is o n o f th e
LS M a nd D FT m eth o ds th r o u g h th e u s e o f c o m p u ter
s im u l a tio n a nd s h o ws th a t th e two m eth o ds h a v e p r o
du c ed a l m o s t identic a l r es u l ts ev en in no is y env ir o n
m ents .
As wil l b e des c r ib ed b el o w, th e p r es ent inv entio n
p r o v ides a no v el a nd v er y s im p l i? ed s o l u tio n to th e
l ea s t s q u a r e er r o r p r o b l em b y s el ec ting a s u ita b l e s a m p l e
s iz e a nd s a m p l ing f r eq u enc y .
Fir s t, a s is wel l kno wn, th e o p tim a l s o l u tio ns (a N , b N )
to eq u a tio n (5) o f th e l ea s t s q u a r e er r o r p r o b l em a r e a s
f o l l o ws :
5, 404, 388
5
Us ing th is s o l u tio n, th e r es p ec tiv e es tim a tes AN a nd
N o f th e a m p l itu de A a nd p h a s e 4) c a n b e s ta ted b el o w:
N =ta n'l (b N / 1 N ) +(1 58" ( 1 N ) ) 7 T (9 )
Th e inv ento r r ea l iz ed th a t u nder c er ta in c ir c u m
s ta nc es , th e r el a tio ns h ip b etween s a m p l e s iz e N a nd
s a m p l e f r eq u enc y (a s , ex p r es s ed in eq u a tio ns (6 ) a nd (7 )
c o u l d b e s im p l i? ed. Th u s b y s el ec ting th e s a m p l e s iz e N
s u c h th a t N =kM W h er e kis a p o s itiv e integ er , th e
eq u a tio ns (6 ) a nd (7 ) c a n b e r edu c ed a s f o l l o ws :
2 kM- l _ (1 0)
a N = W - nio s (n) s m (m n7 ) f o r k l , 2 , 3, . . .
b 2 kM2 _ 1 f k 3 (1 1 )
N = W i=0 s (n) c o s (a m 7 ) o r = l , 2 , , . . .
wh er e M deno tes th e f u nda m enta l p er io d o f th e s ig na l
s in(2 n) nT) .
As a n ex a m p l e, a s inu s o ida l s ig na l s in(m nT+1 r / 2 ) ,
with th e a m p l itu de o f o ne a nd p h a s e o f 1 1 / 2 wh er e
w=2 1 r r a dia ns / s ec o nd a nd th e s a m p l ing inter v a l
T=0. 2 5 s ec o nds , is c o ns ider ed. Th e s a m p l es a r e a s
s u m ed'to c o nta in no no is e c o m p o nents s o th a t s (0) = l ,
s (l ) =0, s (2 ) = l , s (3) =0, s (4) = 1 , s (5) =0, s (6 ) - l , a nd
s (7 ) =0. S inc e th e f u nda m enta l p er io d o f th e s ig na l
s in(n1 1 / 2 +1 r / 2 ) is f o u r , th e m inim u m s a m p l e s iz e o f 2 is
inc l u ded f o r c a l c u l a tio ns . Th e c a l c u l a tio n r es u l ts f o r th e
a m p l itu de a nd p h a s e f o r ea c h s a m p l e s iz e N =2 , 3, 4, 5,
6 , 7 a nd 8 a r e s u m m a r iz ed in th e ta b l e b el o w. Fo r N =2 ,
4, 6 , a nd 8, th e c a l c u l a tio ns a r e do ne th r o u g h th e u s e o f
th e s im p l i? ed LS M b a s ed o n eq u a tio ns 1 0 a nd 1 1 a b o v e,
wh il e N =3, 5, a nd 7 a r e do ne th r o u g h th e u s e o f th e
LS M b a s ed o n eq u a tio ns (6 ) a nd (7 ) a b o v e. Fo r ea c h
s a m p l e s iz e, th e ex a c t a m p l itu de a nd p h a s e a r e o b ta ined.
In th e ta b l e, * indic a tes a n integ er m u l tip l e o f h a l f th e
f im da m enta l p er io d o f s in(n'r r / 2 +n/ 2 ) .
S a m p l e S iz e N
Item s 2 3 4 5 6 7 8'
Am p l itu de AN 1 l l l l l 1
Ph a s e 4w 1 r / 2 1 r / 2 7 7 / 2 IT/ 2 1 1 / 2 1 1 / 2 1 r / 2
Oo e? ic ient a N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
As a n em b o dim ent o f th e p r es ent inv entio n, a m o r e
p r a c tic a l a l g o r ith m ic im p l em enta tio n o f th e a b o v e tec h
niq u e is u s ed. Th is im p l em enta tio n u s es th e s im p l i? ed
LS M a nd deter m ines a u to m a tic a l l y th e s a m p l e s iz e N
b y u p da ting iter a tiv el y th e es tim a tes f o r th e a m p l itu de
a nd p h a s e u ntil th e s p edf l ed a c c u r a c y is o b ta ined. Th e
im p l em enta tio n do es no t r eq u ir e th e s a m p l e s iz e to b e
p r edeter m ined a s in th e c a s e o f th e LS M a nd D FT
m eth o ds . Th e s a m p l e s iz e is a u to m a tic a l l y deter m ined
to o p tim iz e th e tr a deo f f b etween th e a c c u r a c y a nd th e
c o m p u ta tio na l c o s t, wh ic h is q u ite c o ntr a r y to th e c o n
v entio na l a p p r o a c h .
Ref er r ing to FIG. 1 , th e im p l em enta tio n a c c o r ding to
o ne em b o dim ent c o ns is ts o f initia l iz a tio n a nd m a in
s tep s .
Initia l iz a tio n S tep
D eter m ine th e s a m p l ing inter v a l T a nd l et M b e th e
f u nda m enta l p er io d o f eith er s in(a m T) o r s in(2 c o nT) .
1 5
2 5
45
55
6 5
6
D eter m ine th e p o s itiv e v a l u es o f 6 , , a nd 1 , f o r th e ter m i
na tio n c r iter ia , wh ic h wil l b e des c r ib ed b el o w. S et a n
u p p er l im it N , f o r th e s a m p l e s iz e a nd a l o wer l im it f o r
th e a p p a r ent s ig na l - to - no is e r a tio , AS N RL, th en s et th e
s a m p l e c o u nter 1 1 to z er o , th e f u nda m enta l p er io d '
c o u nter kto o ne, a nd th e f o l l o wing initia l iz a tio n p a r a m
eter s to z er o : PT=0, a N =O, a nd b N =0.
Ma in S tep
. S et i=0, a , - =O, b , - =0 a nd Pi=0
2 . Ob ta in a dig itiz ed s a m p l e s (n) ta ken a t t=nT a nd
th en u p da te th e f o l l o wing : '
If i=M I, r ep l a c e i b y i+l a nd th en g o to S tep 3,
o th er wis e r ep l a c e i b y i+l a nd n b y n+1 , a nd
r ep ea t S tep 2 .
3. Co m p u te a N , b N , PT, Pa , a nd AS N R a s f o l l o ws :
Pa
AS N R = 1 0 l o g T? ?
_ a
If neith er o f th e c o nditio ns s p ec i? ed b el o w is s a tis
? ed, g o to S tep 4,
AS N R < AS N RL
nN u
o th er wis e th e a l g o r ith m is ter m ina ted a nd th e s o l u
tio n is r ea dil y a v a il a b l e. _
4. If th e f o l l o wing two c o nditio ns s p ec i? ed b el o w a r e
s a tis ? ed, th e a l g o r ith m is ter m ina ted a nd th e s o l u
tio n is r ea dil y a v a il a b l e,
| b 1 v b 1 v l < Kb
o th er wis e s to r e a N , b N a nd h a s f o l l o ws :
th en r ep l a c e kb y k+l a nd g o to S tep 1 .
5, 404, 388
7
In th e a b o v e a l g o r ith m , PT, Pa , a nd AS N R a r e th e
to ta l p o wer , th e a p p a r ent no is e p o wer a nd a p p a r ent
s ig na l - to - no is e r a tio r es p ec tiv el y a nd der iv ed a s f o l
l o ws . Fr o m eq u a tio n (5) a b o v e, th e m ea ns s q u a r e er r o r
e(a 1 v , b 1 v ) is g iv en b y :
_ (1 2 )
(: (n) _ a s in(m nT) - b c o s (a m 7 ) ) 2
In eq u a tio n (1 2 ) , th e m ea ns s q u a r e er r o r c a n b e th o u g h t
o f a s th e to ta l no is e p o wer wh ic h c o ns is ts o f th e a p p a r
ent no is e p o wer Pa a nd th e m o del l ing no is e p o wer Pm
de? ned b el o w:
1
Pm = ((a 1 1 1 02 + (b l 7 1 v ) 2 ) / 2
Th e a p p a r ent no is e p o wer a b o v e is o b v io u s l y th e dif f er
enc e b etween th e to ta l p o wer PTp r es ent in th e s a m p l es
a nd th e es tim a te P5 o f th e tr u e s ig na l p o wer , a nd th u s :
Th e a p p a r ent s ig na l - to - no is e r a tio is de? ned b y :
D etec tio n o f l o a d c o il s
Th e a b o v e m ea s u r em ent m eth o d is a p p l ied to th e
detec tio n o f l o a d c o il in th e tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s l o o p .
Th e a p p r o a c h is b a s ed o n th e m ea s u r em ent o f th e dr iv
ing p o int im p eda nc es (s o m etim es c a l l ed inp u t im p ed
a nc es ) th r o u g h th e u s e o f p r edeter m ined s inu s o ida l
s tim u l u s s ig na l s . Fir s t th e dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc es a r e
m ea s u r ed u s ing th e s tim u l u s s inu s o ida l s ig na l s a t r eg u l a r
inter v a l s o v er a c er ta in f r eq u enc y r a ng e a nd a r e s to r ed
f o r f u r th er p r o c es s ing . S u b s eq u entl y , a l l th e s to r ed im
p eda nc es a r e p r o c es s ed to l o c a te p o s s ib l e p o l es a nd
z er o s b y c a l c u l a ting m a g nitu de o r p h a s e v a r ia tio ns o v er
th e f r eq u enc y r a ng e.
In o ne o f th e p r ef er r ed em b o dim ents , th e m ea s u r e
m ents a r e p er f o r m ed b y u s ing th e s etu p wh ic h is s c h e
m a tic a l l y il l u s tr a ted in FIG. 2 . Th e inter na l tip a nd r ing
ter m ina l s a r e c o nnec ted to th e ex ter na l tip a nd r ing
ter m ina l wir es . Th e s etu p o n th e r ing s ide is identic a l to
th a t o n th e tip s ide to m a inta in th e b a l a nc e b etween tip
a nd r ing . A dig ita l s ig na l g ener a to r 1 0 a nd two dig ita l
to - a na l o g c o nv er ter s 1 2 p r o du c e p r edeter m ined s inu s o i
da l s tim u l u s s ig na l s in th e f r eq u enc y r a ng e o f 500 Hz to
4 KHz , in s tep s o f a b o u t 500 Hz wh ic h a r e to b e u s ed to
s weep th e tip a nd r ing c ir c u its . An o p er a tio na l a m p l i? er
1 4 c o ntr o l s th e a p p l ic a tio n o f th e s tim u l u s s ig na l s to th e
tip a nd r ing c ir c u its , a s wil l b e des c r ib ed b el o w. On th e
tip s ide, a s o u r c e r es is to r R5, a nd m ea s u r ing r es is to r s
Rm ; p r o du c e a p o tentia l dif f er enc e p r o p o r tio na l to th e
c u r r ent wh ic h ? o ws th r o u g h th e tip c ir c u it. Th e p o ten
1 5
2 0
2 5
30
35
40
45
55
6 0
6 5
8
tia l dif f er enc e is a p p l ied th r o u g h a n a na l o g ? l ter 1 6 to
a n a na l o g - to - dig ita l c o nv er ter 1 8 wh o s e o u tp u t is p r o
c es s ed a nd s to r ed a t dig ita l s ig na l p r o c es s ing m ea ns 2 0. _
Like th e tip s ide, th e r ing s ide h a s a s o u r c e r es is to r Rs ,
a nd m ea s u r ing r es is to r s R, , , , . A p o tentia l dif f er enc e
g ener a ted a t th e r es is to r s is f ed th r o u g h a n a na l o g ? l ter
2 2 to th e AD C 1 8. Th e c a l c u l a tio ns u s ing s ine a nd c o
s ine f u nc tio ns a r e s c h em a tic a l l y s h o wn in th e dig ita l
s ig na l p r o c es s ing m ea ns 2 0. Two 4 KHz " a na l o g ? l ter s
1 6 o n th e tip a nd r ing s ides a r e u s ed f o r th e f r eq u enc y
s (n) 2 - AN Z/ Z + ((8 a N ) 2 + (b - b N ) 2 ) / a " a ng e o f inter es t. Fo r ea c h s tim u l u s s inu s o ida l s ig na l , a
s a m p l ing f r eq u enc y is p r edeter m ined to g u a r a ntee a
r a tio na l f u nda m enta l f r eq u enc y , th u s r es u l ting in th e
s a m p l e s iz e o f a n integ er m u l tip l e o f th e f u nda m enta l
p er io d. As ex p l a ined a b o v e, th is is needed to p r o du c e
th e a c c u r a c y in th e m ea s u r em ents o f th e a m p l itu de a nd
p h a s e o f th e dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc es . Fo r ea c h f r e
q u enc y , a l o o ku p ta b l e is u s ed to p r o v ide c o r r es p o nding
a m p l itu des f o r r ea l - tim e p u r p o s e. Th e l o o ku p ta b l e is
g ener a ted b y u s ing th e f o l l o wing f o r m u l a ;
s in (Zn'f n/ f S ) f o r n=0, 1 , 2 , . . . , 00
wh er e f ; a nd f a r e s a m p l ing f r eq u enc y a nd th e s tim u l u s
s ig na l f r eq u enc y , r es p ec tiv el y . Th e s iz e o f th e l o o ku p
ta b l e is eq u a l to o ne c y c l e o r th e m u l tip l e o f o ne c y c l e
f o r th e a b o v e dis c r ete s ig na l , th a t is , it is eq u a l to th e
nu m b er o f da ta p o ints l is ted in th e ta b l e. S inc e ea c h
l o o ku p ta b l e c o nta ins th e a m p l itu de s ta r ting f r o m z er o
to m 1 c o ns ec u tiv el y , th e s ig na l c a n b e r ep ea ted a s
l o ng a s r eq u ir ed wh er e m deno tes th e nu m b er o f s a m
p l es p er c y c l e. Th e s el ec tio n o f th e s a m p l ing f r eq u enc y
a nd s tim u l u s s inu s o ida l s ig na l f r eq u enc y is s u m m a r iz ed
in th e ta b l e b el o w.
S tim u l u s Fr eq u enc y S a m p l ing Fr eq u enc y
(Hz ) N u m b er o f S a m p l es (Hz )
49 5. 9 58 9 4 46 6 2 0. 046 6
1 01 3. 47 9 9 2 46 6 2 0. 046 6
1 456 . 87 6 9 6 46 6 2 0046 6
2 1 1 9 . 09 3 9 6 46 6 2 0. 046 6
2 457 . 003 1 2 0 49 1 40. 0500
307 1 . 2 50 1 2 8 49 1 40. 0500
351 0. 004 1 1 2 49 1 40. 0500
409 5. 004 9 6 49 1 40. 0500
In th e em b o dim ent, a l l th r ee im p eda nc es (tip - r ing ,
tip - g r o u nd a nd r ing - tip ) a t a g iv en f r eq u enc y a r e o b
ta ined b y two s ta g e m ea s u r em ents f o r ea c h s tim u l u s
f r eq u enc y a s s h o wn in th e ta b l e b el o w:
S ta g e Tip S ide Ring S ide
I 30 V o l ts Pea k 30 V o l ts Pea k
1 1 30 V o l ts Pea k 0 V o l ts
Th e m a g nitu des o f th e c u r r ent in th e tip a nd r ing
c ir c u its a t th e two S ta g es a b o v e a r e o b ta ined b y f u r th er
p r o c es s ing v a l u es s to r ed in th e b u f f er s 2 4. Us ing th e
m ea s u r em ent r es u l ts o f c u r r ents LP (tip c u r r ent) a nd 1 , ?
(r ing c u r r ent) , wh er e p =l o r 2 a nd s ig ni? es wh eth er
th e m ea s u r em ent is a t S ta g e I o r II, th e netwo r kv a l u e o f
ea c h im p eda nc e is c a l c u l a ted a t a n im p eda nc e c a l c u l a
tio n m ea ns 2 6 b y u s ing th e f o l l o wing eq u a tio ns in wh ic h
V 4, a nd V , (p =l o r 2 ) a r e v o l ta g es a p p l ied o n th e tip
a nd r ing s ide r es p ec tiv el y a t eith er S ta g e I o r II.
5, 404, 388
9
1 1 1 09 1 1 30) + Ir z (Bn Br l ) +
Ir 1 (Br z Ba ) + Ir 2 (Br l Bn)
Th e p o l es a nd z er o s o f th e dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc e
c a n b e l o c a ted in two m eth o ds wh ic h wil l b e des c r ib ed
b el o w, a m a g nitu de- b a s ed m eth o d a nd p h a s e- b a s ed
m eth o d.
Ma g nitu de- b a s ed m eth o d
Th e m a g nitu de o f th e dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc e o v er
th e f r eq u enc y r a ng e o f th e inter es t is kno wn to b e a
no nl inea r f u nc tio n o f f r eq u enc y c a l l ed a n im p eda nc e
f u nc tio n f o r s im p l ic ity .
If th e im p eda nc e f u nc tio n [ Z(f ) | is m o no to nic a l l y
dec r ea s ing o v er th e f r eq u enc y r a ng e o f inter es t, it is
h ig h l y l ikel y th a t o ne p o l e is l o c a ted a t f =0, wh il e o ne
z er o is l o c a ted a t f = no . In th is c a s e, o f c o u r s e, no l o a d
c o il s a r e ex p ec ted to b e p r es ent in th e s u b s c r ib er s l o o p .
If th e im p eda nc e f u nc tio n | Z(f ) | is no t m o no to nic a l l y
dec r ea s ing o v er th e f r eq u enc y r a ng e o f inter es t, s o m e
p o l es a nd z er o s a r e ex p ec ted in th a t f r eq u enc y r a ng e.
Po l es a r e l o c a ted b y identif y ing l o c a l m a x im u m p o ints
wh il e z er o s a r e l o c a ted b y identif y ing l o c a l m inim u m
p o ints . Th e p r es enc e o f l o a d c o il s is ex p ec ted.
To l o c a te p o l es a nd z er o s with in th e f r eq u enc y r a ng e,
? r s t th e p a tter n o f c h a ng e in th e im p eda nc e f u nc tio n is
identi? ed b y u s ing th r ee c o ntig u o u s p o ints (f 1 , | Z1 ] ) ,
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
30
35
45
50
1 0
(l o c a l m inim u m p o int) is ex p ec ted b etween th e f r eq u en
c ies f 1 a nd f 3.
To l o c a te m o r e a c c u r a tel y p o l es a nd z er o s , th e f o l
l o wing q u a dr a tic a p p r o x im a tio n Q (f ) to th e im p eda nc e
| Z(f ) | is p er f o r m ed:
wh er e a , b , a nd c a r e c o ef f ic ient c o ns ta nts . Us ing th e
a b o v e th r ee p o ints , th e c o ns ta nts a r e g iv en a s f o l l o ws :
b :
If a > 0, th en a l o c a l m inim u m p o int f is o b ta ined b y
u s ing th e f o l l o wing f o r m u l a :
Th is p o int is c o ns ider ed to b e a z er o . On th e o th er h a nd,
if a < 0, th en a l o c a l m a x im u m p o int f is o b ta ined b y th e
s a m e eq u a tio n a b o v e. Th is p o int is c o ns ider ed to b e a
p o l e.
Ph a s e- b a s e m eth o d
Th e p h a s e- b a s ed m eth o d u s es th e p h a s e o f th e dr iv ing
p o int im p eda nc es . Th e dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc e Z is a
c o m p l ex nu m b er s o th a t it c a n b e s ta ted a s f o l l o ws :
wh er e X " a nd Y ; , deno tes r es p ec tiv e r ea l a nd im a g ina r y
p a r ts . Th u s th e p h a s e o f th e dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc e
c a n b e s ta ted a s s h o wn b el o w.
Th e p h a s es m ea s u r ed a r e s o r ted in a s c ending o r der
a c c o r ding to th e s tim u l u s s inu s o ida l f r eq u enc ies . Th en
th e s ig n c h a ng es (f r o m p l u s to m inu s o r f r o m m inu s to
p l u s ) o f th e p h a s es a r e deter m ined. If th er e is no s ig n
c h a ng e a t a l l (a l l p l u s es o r a l l m inu s es ) , no p o l es a nd
z er o s o v er th e b a ndwidth o f 4 KHz a r e ex p ec ted. If a
s ig n c h a ng e is o b s er v ed, a p o l e o r z er o is ex p ec ted to
ex is t b etween th e two s tim u l u s f r eq u enc ies . Th e ta b l e
b el o w s h o ws th e r es u l ts o f o ne ex p er im ent. In th e ta b l e,
th e s ig n o f th e p h a s e f o r th e no nl o a ded l o o p is no t
c h a ng ed a t a l l , th a t is , r em a ins neg a tiv e.
f in Hz
S ig n o f 4m
49 5. 9 58 1 01 3. 47 9 1 456 . 87 6 2 1 1 9 . 09 3 2 457 . 003 307 1 . 2 50 351 0. 004 409 5. 004
(f 2 , | Z2 I) a nd (f 3, | Z3| ) . If a n inc r ea s e is f o l l o wed b y 6 5 Ho wev er , if th e s u b s c r ib er l ine c o nta ins l o a d c o il s , th e
a dec r ea s e , th e p o l e (l o c a l m a x im u m p o int) is ex
p ec ted b etween f r eq u enc ies f 1 a nd f 3. On th e o th er h a nd,
if a dec r ea s e is f o l l o wed b y a n inc r ea s e , th e z er o
s ig n o f th e p h a s e o f th e dr iv ing im p eda nc e is c h a ng ed
a l o ng with th e f r eq u enc y . Th is is il l u s tr a ted in th e ta b l e
b el o w, wh er e two s ig n c h a ng es a r e s een.
5, 404, 388
1 1 1 2
f inHz 49 5. 9 58 1 01 3. 47 9 1 456 . 87 6 2 1 1 9 . 09 3 2 457 . 003 307 1 . 2 50 351 0. 004 409 5. 004
S ig n o f 4m + + +
Al th o u g h th e p h a s e- b a s ed m eth o d r eq u ir es th e a c c u
r a c y o f p h a s e m ea s u r em ent, it p r o v ides ex c el l ent c a p a
b il ity f o r detec ting a c c u r a tel y th e p r es enc e o r a b s enc e
o f p o l es a nd z er o s in h ig h l y no is y env ir o nm ents .
Th e p r es ent inv entio n c a l ib r a tes a u to m a tic a l l y th e
p h a s e o f ea c h s tim u l u s s ig na l j u s t b ef o r e a c tu a l im p e
da nc e m ea s u r em ent is p er f o r m ed. Th e ina c c u r a c y
wh ic h m a y b e c a u s ed b y s p ec tr a l l ea ka g e is r edu c ed
b ec a u s e th e nu m b er o f s a m p l es a r e del ib er a tel y deter
m ined b y s el ec ting th e b es t s a m p l ing f r eq u enc y a nd
s tim u l u s s ig na l f r eq u enc y , u s ing th e l ea s t m ea n s q u a r e
m eth o d. By s el ec ting th es e f r eq u enc ies , a nd a l s o th e
s a m p l e s iz es , th e p r es ent inv entio n m inim iz es dep en
denc y o n o th er ex ter na l f a c to r s s u c h a s th e p r es enc e o f
f o r eig n AC a nd D C c o m p o nents . Th e p r es ent inv entio n
c a n p er f o r m th e l o a d c o il detec tio n tes t o f a no r m a l
s u b s c r ib er s l o o p with in a b o u t 5 s ec o nds , th u s a l l o wing
th e m eth o d to b e a p p l ied to th e r o u tine tes t. It s h o u l d
a l s o b e no ted th a t th e inv entio n do es no t r eq u ir e m ea
s u r em ent s etu p a t th e o th er end o f th e tes t p o int, a s
c o m p a r ed to o th er kno wn m eth o ds .
W h a t is c l a im ed is :
1 . A m eth o d o f m ea s u r ing dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc es
Z , Ztg a nd L8 o f a tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s l o o p , wh er e
Z is th e dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc e b etween th e tip a nd
r ing o f s a id tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s l o o p , Zl g is th e dr iv
ing p o int im p eda nc e b etween th e tip a nd g r o u nd, a nd
L8 is th e dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc e b etween th e r ing a nd
g r o u nd, c o m p r is ing s tep s o f :
s im u l ta neo u s l y a p p l y ing to s a id tip a nd r ing a s inu s o i
da l s tim u l u s s ig na l o f a p r edeter m ined f r eq u enc y w;
m ea s u r ing s a id s inu s o ida l s tim u l u s s ig na l wh ic h is
tr a ns m itted th r o u g h s a id tip a nd r ing to g ener a te a
f ir s t p a ir o f r es p ec tiv e m ea s u r ed s ig na l s ;
dig itiz ing s a id ? r s t p a ir o f m ea s u r ed s inu s o ida l s ig na l s
to g ener a te a ? r s t p a ir o f r es p ec tiv e dig itiz ed s a m
p l e s ig na l s 82 1 (1 1 ) a nd s , 1 (n) wh er e n=0, 1 , 2 , . . . , b y
u s ing th e s a m p l ing p er io d T=2 'n'/ m s , a nd th e s a m
p l e s iz e N =kM wh er e to , is th e s a m p l ing f r e
q u enc y , kis a p o s itiv e integ er a nd M is th e f u nda
m enta l p er io d o f s in(2 m nT) ;
m u l tip l y ing s a id dig itiz ed s a m p l e s ig na l s s 1 (n) a nd
s t1 (n) b y s in(m nT) a nd c o s (m nT) ;
a p p l y ing to eith er s a id tip o r r ing s a id s inu s o ida l s tim
u l u s s ig na l o f s a id p r edeter m ined f r eq u enc y ;
m ea s u r ing s inu s o ida l s ig na l s wh ic h a r e tr a ns m itted
th r o u g h s a id tip a nd r ing to g ener a te a s ec o nd p a ir
o f r es p ec tiv e m ea s u r ed s ig na l s ;
dig itiz ing s a id s ec o nd p a ir o f m ea s u r ed s inu s o ida l
s ig na l s to g ener a te a s ec o nd p a ir o f r es p ec tiv e dig i
tiz ed s a m p l e s ig na l s s a (n) , a nd S r 2 (Il ) wh er e n=0, 1 ,
1 0
2 0
2 5
30
35
40
45
50
55
6 5
2 , . . . , b y u s ing th e s a m p l ing p er io d T=2 1 1 / c o s , a nd
th e s a m p l e s iz e N =kM;
m u l tip l y ing s a id dig ita l s a m p l e s ig na l s s 2 (n) , a nd
s , 2 (n) b y s in(wnT) a nd c o s (m nT) ; a nd
p r o c es s ing a l l o f s a id m u l tip l ied s ig na l s to der iv e th e
dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc es Z" , Ztg a nd Zy g o f s a id
tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s l o o p . '
2 . Th e m eth o d o f m ea s u r ing dr iv ing p o int im p ed
a nc es a c c o r ding to c l a im 1 , c o m p r is ing a f u r th er s tep o f
c a l c u l a ting th e a m p l itu de a nd/ o r p h a s e o f s a id dr iv ing
p o int im p eda nc es .
3. A m eth o d o f detec ting th e p r es enc e o f a l o a d c o il
o n a tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s l o o p , c o m p r is ing s tep s o f :
m ea s u r ing th e dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc es th er eo f a c
c o r ding to c l a im 1 u s ing ea c h o f a s er ies o f dis c r ete
s inu s o ida l s tim u l u s s ig na l s o f p r edeter m ined f r e
q u enc ies m i, i=1 , 2 , 3 . . . , m ; a nd
a na l y z ing c h a ng es in s a id s er ies o f dr iv ing p o int im p e
da nc e o b ta ined a b o v e to deter m ine th e p r es enc e o f
a l o a d c o il .
4. Th e m eth o d a c c o r ding to c l a im 3, wh er ein s a id
p r edeter m ined f r eq u enc ies (1 ) ; , i=1 , 2 , 3 . . . , m , a r e
with in a r a ng e o f 500 Hz to 4, 000 Hz .
5. An a p p a r a tu s f o r detec ting th e p r es enc e o f a l o a d
c o il o n a tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s l o o p b y m ea s u r ing dr iv
ing p o int im p eda nc es th er eo f c o m p r is ing :
a s inu s o ida l s ig na l g ener a to r f o r g ener a ting a p l u r a l ity
o f s inu s o ida l s tim u l u s s ig na l s o f p r edeter m ined
dis c r ete f r eq u enc ies , a n, i: 1 , 2 , 3 . . . , m , to b e
a p p l ied to th e tip a nd r ing o f s a id tel ep h o ne s u b
s c r ib er s l o o p ;
m ea s u r ing m ea ns f o r m ea s u r ing s ep a r a tel y c u r r ent
wh ic h ? o ws th r o u g h s a id tip a nd r ing to g ener a te
r es p ec tiv e m ea s u r ed s inu s o ida l s ig na l s ;
dig itiz ing m ea ns f o r dig itiz ing s a id m ea s u r ed s inu s o i
da l s ig na l s to g ener a te r es p ec tiv e dig itiz ed s a m p l e
s ig na l s s , , (n) a nd s n(n) , wh er e n=0, 1 , 2 , . . . a nd
i=1 , 2 , 3, . . . , m , b y u s ing th e s a m p l ing p er io d
T=2 'n'/ m s a nd th e s a m p l e s iz e N =kM wh er e m s is
th e s a m p l ing f r eq u enc y , kis a p o s itiv e integ er a nd
M is th e f u nda m enta l p er io d o f s in(2 wnT) ; a nd
p r o c es s ing m ea ns f o r p r o c es s ing s a id dig itiz ed s a m p l e
s ig na l s s ; , (n) , a nd s n{ n) to der iv e th e dr iv ing p o int
im p eda nc es o f s a id tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s l o o p f o r
ea c h o f s a id p l u r a l ity o f s inu s o ida l s tim u l u s s ig na l s . ,
6 . An a p p a r a tu s f o r detec ting th e p r es enc e o f a l o a d
c o il o n a tel ep h o ne s u b s c r ib er s l o o p b y m ea s u r ing dr iv
ing p o int im p eda nc es th er eo f , a c c o r ding to c l a im 5,
f u r th er c o m p r is ing s witc h ing m ea ns f o r c o ntr o l l ing th e
a p p l ic a tio n o f s a id s inu s o ida l s tim u l u s s ig na l s to s a id tip
a nd r ing s im u l ta neo u s l y to o b ta in dr iv ing p o int im p ed
a nc es a t a ? r s t s ta g e a nd to eith er s a id tip o r r ing to
o b ta in dr iv ing p o int im p eda nc es a t a s ec o nd s ta g e.
* * * *