79

TABLES 52-57.-THE BLACKBODY AND ITS RADIANT ENERGY

T A B L E 5 2 . 4 Y M B O L S A N D D E F I N I N G EXPRESSIONS FOR R A D I A N T
ENERGY m

Radiant energy is energy traveling in the form of electromagnetic waves. It is measured

in units of energy such as ergs, joules, calories, and kilowatt hours. Some units, symbols,
and abbreviations used in discussing radiant energy are as follows :
Designation

Radiant energy

.......

Spectral radiant energy.

Radiant energy density.
Radiant flux

Symbol and
defining
expression

......

dU
U,= -&

......

u=-

dU
dV
dU

.......... +(P)= 7

..

Radiant flux density.

Radiant intensity of a
source ..............

Unit

W=-- d+
dA
J=*

dw

dJ
Spectral radiant intensity
JA=
dx
Radiant flux density of
a source per unit solid
dW
angle ............... B, (N)=

erg/cm
watt, erg/sec
watt/cma
watt/steradian

Proposed
term 01.

Radiant energy
Spectral radiant
energy
Radiant energy density
Radiant flux (radiance *)
Radiant flux density
(radiancy *)
Radiant intensity

watt/steradian

Spectral radiant intensity

do

watt/(steradian cm)

Steradiancy *

Radiant intensity of a
source per unit area..
Radiant flux per unit
area

B = - dJ
Steradiancy *
watt/(steradian cm)
dA
Irradiancy
............... E = - dd+A
......
The standard radiator is the blackbody, which may be defined as a body that absorbs
all the radiation that falls upon it, i.e., it neither reflects nor transmits any of the incident
radiation. From this simple definition and some very plausible assumptions it can be shown
that the blackbody radiates more energy than any other temperature radiator when both
are at the same temperature. The total amount of energy (i.e., for all wavelengths)
radiated by a blackbody depends upon the temperature raised to the fourth power and a
constant u that had to be measured:
W = uT4
If a blackbody is radiating to another blackbody it will at the same time receive radiation
from the second blackbody and, under the proper geometrical conditions, the net radiation
lost by the first blackbody is
W = U ( Ti4- Ta)
The spectral distribution of this radiation is given by the Planck equation :
J X5 cAd/[exp(cr/AT) - 11 t
For values of the product AT less than 3OOOp deg, the Wien equation
J X= cAd/[exp (cr/AT)l
gives values that are correct to better than 1 percent.
The values of a number of the radiation constants have been selected from Table 26 and
are given in Table 53. AAI the blackbody calculations given were made with these constants.
Some calculated results for the total radiation W for a series of temperatures and of JX
for a range of temperatures and for wavelengths have been calculated and are given in
Tables 54-56.
These terms apply only to a source. The term radiance
a
. Rev. Sci. Instr., vol. 7. p. 322, 1936.
is not recommended as a substitute for radiant flux; however, if a single term is desired to express the
radiant flux from a source, the word radiance is suggested as the most logical.
t See footnote 5a.
p. 7.
ad For a more extensive list of values of J , reference should be made to two papers by Parry Moon:
Journ. Math. and Phys., vol. 16, p. 133. 1937; Publ. Electr. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1947.
SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

SO

T A B L E BS.-RADIATION

CONSTANTS

Velocity of light.. ............................

Planck's constant .............................
Boltzmann's constant .........................
Stefan-Boltzmann constant * ..................
Wien's displacement law.. .....................
The principal corollaries are :
L

c = 2.99776 x 10" cm sec-'

h = 6.6242 x
erg-sec
k = 1.3805 X lo-'' erg deg-'
u = 5.673 X lo-" erg cm" deg-' sec-'
= Ac1A4F(AT)
T =6

Jm
-AT6 - 'I

The first corollary is sometimes given as the Wien's displacement law, and 6 as the
displacement constant.
Wien displacement constant.. .................. 6 = 0.2897 cm deg
First radiation constant t
All lengths in cm, d A = 1 cm.. ............. c1 = 3.740 X
erg sec-' cm2
Area cm', A in p, d A = 0 . 0 1 ~...............
.
CI = 3.740 >( 10' erg sec" cm2
Second radiation constant. .....................
cz = 1.4380 cm deg
The unit of energy chosen for the above values is the erg. Any other unit of energy (or
power) may be used if the proper conversion factor is used (Table 7).
Values of cz used at different times.-This
second radiation constant has been determined many times in the last 40 years. Shown below are the values used at different
times. [ A new determination of the value of cz by G. A. W. Rutgers (Physica, vol. 15,
p. 985, 1949) gives two values : 14325. & 20 and 14310. & 20 p deg.1
Date

1911.. ..................................
1915.. ..................................
1917....................................
1922....................................
1925....................................
1936....................................
1944....................................
1949.. ..................................
For 27r solid angle.

National Bureau
of Standards

14.500~"K
14350
14320g
143206
14320 I/
14320
14380

Nela
Park

14500p "K
14460
14350
14350
14320
14320
14320

i For the general case, c1 may be written in the following symbolic form:

(wavelength unit)" x power unit

area x wavelength interval x solid angle
this case 5 .
This form shows that the value of the numeric depends upon the several units used-in
If I , is the normal intensity, i.e., per unit solid angle perpendicular to the surface, sJAo gives the
radia2ion per 2 8 solid angle. T h e energy radiated within a unit solid angle around the normal, is 0.92 Jo.
T h e above values are for a plane blackbody; for a spherical blackbody the radiation for 2a solid angle
equals 2aJ0.
For calculations the use of the radiation constants u and c2 a s given follows directly and causes but
little trouhle. T h e numeric for c2 must be expressed in the unit of wavelength times the absolute temperature. If the wavelength is expressed in 11 the numeric hecomes 14380.
When Planck's equation is used for calculations, it may be written as follows for blackbody of area A:
J,dX = ( A c i P / [exp ( c 2 / X T ) - 1I)dX
where dX is the wavelength interval for which the radiation is to he calculated. T h e first value of c1
given in the table is for all dimensions in centimeters-a
condition almost never met in practice. T h e
second value is for the wavelength expressed in microns and d X = 0.01fl.
If this second value of c2 be used in calculation with Planck's equation and summed step by step,
the results will be the total energy per second, per 2a solid angle, per unit area for the wavelength
interval covered X expressed in u.
t I . , G Priest: in January 1932, used cp= 14350 in his work on color temperature.
I J. F. Skogland, in 1929, used c t = 14330 in his tables of spectral energy distrihution of a blackbody.
11 D. U.
Judd, in 1933, used cI= 14350 in his calculations related to the T.C.I.standard observer.
c1 = numeric

SYITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

T A B L E 54.-RADIATION
IN ERGS ( W X 10") A N D GRAM-CALORIES ( W ' X 10"') P E R CM' P E R SEC, F O R 2 a S O L I D ANGLE,
FROM A P E R F E C T R A D I A T O R A T t o F R O M -27OoC T O +56"C A N D FOR T F R O M 300K T O 5500K
I
Q

i5

r
D
-4
D
W
r

rn

v)

Tzmp.

-270
-250
-200
-190
-180
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
- 80
- 70
- 60
- 50
- 40
- 30
- 20
- 10
- 8
- 6
- 4
- 2
0
2

u = 5.672

erg cm-2 sec-1

5.656
1.632
1.625
2.713
4.272
9.301
1.305
1.783
2.382
3.121
4.020
5.100
6.383
7.896
9.662
1.171
1.407
1.676
1.983
2.330
2.720
2.804
2.890
2.977
3.067
3.158
3.252

-3

1
3
3
3
3
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

5
5

5
5
5

5
5

5
5
5

Energy radiated from

values given in the table.

cal cm-z sec-1

5r-2
1.351
3.899
3.883
6.482
1.021
2.222
3.118
4.261
5.693
7.458
9.605
1.219
1.525
1.887
2.309
2.798
3.361
4.006
4.738
5.567
6.500
6.700
6.904
7.114
7.327
7.546
7.769

OO( "K

ir

-10
-7
-5
-5
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3

Temp.

x lo-'

erg cmP deg-4 sec-'

erg cm-2 sec-1

"C

57----- n

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42

3.347
3.445
3.545
3.646
3.751
3.857
3.965
4.076
4.189
4.305
4.423
4.543
4.666
4.791
4.919
5.049
5.182
5.317
5.455
5.596
5.739
5.885
6.034
6.186
6.341
6.498
6.658

44
46
48
50
52
54
56

5
5
5
5

5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

5
5

be obtained from the value for this temp rature

cal cm-2 sec-*

erg cm-2 sec-1

7.998
8.231
8.470
8.713
8.962
9.216
9.475
9.740
1.001
1.029
1.057
1.086
1.115
1.145
1.175
1.206
1.238
1.271
1.304
1.337
1.371
1.406
1.442
1.478
1.515
1.553
1.591
)J

cal cm-2 sec-'

Temp.

W'
---7

"K

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
--L

~~

300* 4.5944
373.16 1.0998
400
1.4520
500
3.5450
600
7.3509
700
1.3619
800
2.3233
900
3.7214
1
00
5.6720
._..
1500
2.8715
2000
9.0752
2500
2.2156
3500
8.5115
~...
4500
2.3259
5500
5.1902

5
6
6
6

1.0978
2.6280
3.4700
8.4707
1.7565
- ~.
3.2542
5.5515
8.8922
1.3553
6.8614
2.1685
5.2942
2.0338
5.5577
1.2402

7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10

-2
-2
-2
-2

-1

-1
-1
-1
0
0

1
2
2
3

,.

-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2

multiplying it

)J

10'.

Likewi e

01

th :I

p ratu

!:

th t are 10 jmes the

T A B L E 55.-CALCULATED
S P E CTRAL I N T E N S I T I E S JA FOR A RANGE OF
W A V E L E N G T H S FOR A BLACKBODY O F U N I T A R E A FOR A RANGE
OF T E M P E R A T U R E S FROM 50K T O 25,000K*

82

3740 micron' watts

These values have been calculated for c1=
. cz = 14380~: deg; dA =
cm' dh 2n solid angles '
O.lp, /A = tabular JAx 10" watts for cm2 for 2n solid angle per 0.1~.
50"

75"

150-

1000

2000

4.675
2.6529
4.133
4.186
3.5716

-122
- 81
- 61
- 49
- 41

2.0145
1.5131
2.7124
1.8865
2.6982

-80
-53
4 0
-32
-27

1.3224
1.1427
6.949
4.005
2.344

-59
-39
-30
-24
-20

8.679
8.634
1.7803
8.501
2.0377

-39
-26
-19
-16
-13

3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0

1.4652
2.1714
1.2515
7.326
3.1917

1.1519
5.564
2.6566
6.367
2.8304

-23
-21
-17
-15
-13

1.0214
8.906
3.8701
1.8773
2.6652

-17
-16
-13
-11
-10

9.057
1.4255
5.638
5.534
2.5096

-12
-10

8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0

2.7831
8.386
1.2094
5.867
8.3288

4.455
3.5449
1.7620
1.7294
7.843

-12
-11
-10

1.7823
7.288
2.1269
9.391
2.4062

16.0
18.0
20.0
25.0
30.0

5.570
2.2775
6.647
3.8640
1.0564

40.0
50.0
75.0
100.0

2.7563
3.8137
3.4809
2.2338

- 35
- 31
- 25
- 22
- 19
- 17
- 16
- 14
- 13
- 12
- 11
- 10
- 10
- 9
- 8
- 8
- 8
- 8
- 8

273.16"

2.2284
4.682
8.022
1.7882
2.5801

3.0513
2.6437
1.3255
6.445

JA

5.132
2.8227
4.329
2.7422
3.6847

3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0

2.0910
7.029
3.2026
7.443
1.2065

8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0

1.5856
1.8307
1.9447
1.8931
1.6573

16.0
18.0
20.0
25.0
30.0

1.3798
1.1229
9.057
5.309
3.2185

40.0
50.0
75.0
100.0

1.3385
6.414
1.5488
5.398

- 20
- 13
- 10
- 8
- 7
- 6
- 6
- 5
- 5
- 4
- 4
- 4
- 4
- 4
- 4
- 4
-- 4
- 5
- 5
- 5

-8
- 8
-7
-7
-7
-7
-7
-7

4.458
6.716
8.820
1.2204
1.2857
1.0313
7.148
2.7160
1.1788

5
6
6
7

For reference. see footnote 23.

SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

JA

6.870
3.4290
5.009
7.741
4.061

5.698
6.520
4.562
1.8043
1.7710

-18
-12

8.031
2.2819
8.215
1.6321
2.3657

-6

-5
-5
-4
-4

2.3911
5.383
7.825
9.085

2.8600
3.0957
3.1245
2.8201
2,342.5

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

9.310
8.875
8.102
6.312
4.736

1.8770
1.4838
1.1703
6.600
3.9044
1.5780
7.442
1.7613
6.081
I).

-9

-7
-6

-4

-4
-4
-5
-5

-5
-6
-6
-7

-9

-9
-8
-8
-7
- 7

-7
- 7

-6

-6
-6
-7
-7
-7

373.16'

300'

x
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

-9
-9
-8

n
-28
-19
-14
-11
-10

'A

A
'

A
'

1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

1.1772
.- _ _

3.5255
2.6366
1.9919
1.0432
5.890
2.2537
1.0306
2.3463
7.954

74.

(contirtued)

n
-14

-9
-7
-6
-5
-4
-.4
-4

-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-5
-5
-5
-6
-7

7.131
1.4984
2.5671
5.100
7.393
8.937
9.674
9.763
8.458
6.571
3.6674
2.0625
6.084
2.3256

2.2235
7.503
2.8499
1.2384
6.007

-9
-8
-7
-7
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
-6

-6
-6
-6
-6
-6
-7
-

*
500'

JA

1.2094
2.3203
6.647
3.8640
1.0564

It

-9
-6

-5
-4
-3

A'

1.4597
5.667
7.302
2.6287
5.223

-7
-5
-4

-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-3
-4
-4
-4
-4
-5
-5

-3
-3
-3
-3

6.007
4.748
3.7449
2.3601
1.5319

7.085
5.021
3.6384
1.7735
9.570

-4
-4

-4

1.0272
7.103
5.049
2.3814
1.2584

-7
-7

600"

3.2227
2.7040
2.2338
1.5050
1.0224

-5
-6
-6

7.570
9.152
9.9983
9.024
7.496

-5
-5
-6

-5
-5
-5
-5
-5

7.255
3.7257
9.800
3.5536

-3
-3
-3
-3

3.4705
1.5393
3.3726
1.1225

-6
-5
-5
-5
-5

4.032
3.7137
3.3001
2.2874
1.5411

-3

-4
-5

- 6

1.4265
2.1492
2.8224
3.7662
4.115

1.9230
2.7563
3.8137
4.018
3.7175

-3

-9
-8
-7

8.529
5.703
6.806
3.0050
7.701

4.451
1.9460
4.189
1.3811

-3
-3

-6
-6

T A B L E 55.-CALCULATED
S P E C T R A L INTENSlTllES JA FOR A RANGE OF
W A V E , L E N G T H S FOR A BLACKBODY O F U N I T A R E A FOR A RANGE
O F T E M P E R A T U R E S F R O M 50K TO 25,000"K (continued)
800"

A
.10
20
.30
.40
.45

.so

.55
.60
.65
.70

A'

3.2241
1.0851
1.4647
1.1129
9.103

2.9182
4.759
4.692
3.1506
1.5675

.90
1.oo
1.50

6.1514
1.9924
1.3423
5.840
3.0769

2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00

1.4607
2.8902
3.8565
4.129
3.3793

.75
.80

10.00
50.00
100.00

JA

1.3224
6.949
2.3444
8.906
2.6834

-54
-2 5
-15
-1 1
-9

3.3883
1.1123
6.9122
3.5633
5.517

10
9
8
7

3.8701
3.2828
1.8773
7.950
2.6652

8
7
6
6
5

4.671
2.5627
1.0193
3.1748
8.178

6
6
5
5
3

7.475
1.7823
7.288
2.1269
3.3803

5
4
4
3
2

1.8135
3.5650
1.0450
2.3367
1.6712

-2

- 32
- 20
- 14
- 13

- 11

.10
20
.30
.40
.45

- 1

1:2204
1.2857
1.0313
7.148

-1
-1
-2

2.9286
3.1995
2.8888
1.9221
1.1984

3
5
6

1.1643
3.5918
2.4184

-2
-5
- 6

1.6158
4.419
2.9379

--7.429
2.7665
1.8994

7.543
5.249
4.190
7.740
3.9513

22000

2000"

It

A'

-27
-11

-6

-4
-3
-2
-2
-2
-1

.50
.55
.60
.65
.70

1.3771
3.6546
7.935
1.4810
2.4599

.75

.90
1.00
1.50

3.7284
5.254
8.845
1.2691
2.4072

-1
-1
-1

2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00

2.1930
1.6350
1.1538
5.735
3.0360

10.00
50.00
100.00

3.0578
6.908
4.497

.so

JA

2
2
2
2
2

1800'

12000
7

n
-44
-19
-12
- 8
-7

- 70

1000~
&
I1

2.2235
2.8499
6.007
5.703
2.3321

J,

-23

- 9

-5
-3
-2
-2
- 1
-1
-1

1.5338 -20
7.485
- 8
5.308
-4
2.9228 - 2
-2
9.967

4
3
3
3

3
3
2
2
1

1.7774
3.0296
7.001
1.2943
5.236

2
2
2
1

-1
-1
-1
-1

- 1
-1

-1

6.916
6.398
5.185
3.0340
1.7597

-1
-1
-1

1.3213
1.0814
8.100
4.318
2.3772

-2
-5
-6

2.0858
5.2487
3.4566

-2
-5
-6

2.5678
6.0751
3.9787

*
2400'

J,

0
0
0
-1
- 1

4.626
3.025
1.964
8.855
4.439

0
0
0
1
1

6.151
3.8351
2.4167
1.0518
5.171

- 2
- 5
- 6

4.054
8.570
5.537

3.3001
2.2874
1.5411
7.255
3.7257

-2

3.5536
7.7413
5.020

-2
-5

-6

(continued)

3.5592 -18
1.1402 - 6
3.2616 - 3
1.1408 - 1
3.3440 - 1

0
0
0
1
1

SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

1.4334
5.761
1.7677
4.421
9.435

5.348
6.382
8.146
9.371
9.241

0
0

-5
-6

6
5
4
4
4

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

A'

-37
-16
-9
-6
-5

2.5864
3.2297
4.444
5.430
6.391

1.0817
1.4265
2.1492
2.8224
4.115

JA

7.477
1.3800
2.2141
3.1988
4.267

2.5154
5.126
8.932
1.3838
1.9592

1600"

9.2178
5.8022
2.0790
2.5732
2.4766

1
1
1
0
0

6.806
1.5618
3.0050
5.0622
7.701
- 1

-1

1400"
&

83

4.558
9.401
6.062

1.8689
5.947
1.5023
3.1867
5.907
9 847
..

1.5079
2.9157
4.674
1.2341

-1

2600'

JA

3.5731
1.1424
1.5160
3.6108
9.313

-16

-2
-1
-

1
0
0
0
0

1.8796
3.1902
4.773
6.502
8.244

0
0

9.890
1.1360
1.3606
1.4880
1.2651

0
1

7.852
4.707
2.8935
1.2233
5.917

0
0

0
0

0
0

--

3.4723
3.5613
1.5016
6.376
4.295

0
0
0
1

-2
- 5

-6

5.064
1.0229
6.573

0
0

1
1

- 01
-2
-4
-6

-31
-13

-7

- 45
-3
-3
-2

-2
-2
-3
-1
-1
-1
0

0
0

-1

-1
-1
-2
-5
-6

2800"
*
A'

1.8569 -14
8.235
-5
5.657
-2
9.695
-1
2.2404
0
4.142
6.543
9.222
1.1941
1.4500

0
0
0
1
1

1.6755
1.8625
2.1128
2.2133
1.6591

9.709
5.631
3.3905
1.3989
6.674

0
0

5.571
1.1061
7.097

1
1
1
1

-1
-2

4
-6

54

T A B L E 55.-CALCULATED
S P E C T R A L INTENSlTliES JA FOR A RANGE OF
W A V E L E N G T H S FOR A BLACKBODY OF U N I T A R E A FOR A RANGE
OF T E M P E R A T U R E S F R O M 50K T O 25,000'K (concluded)

3000"

3200'

n
'

.10
20
.30
.40
.45

5.698
4.562
1.7710
2.2819
4.795

-13
-4
-1
0

JA
1.1396
2.0402
4.807
4.825
9.330

.50
.55
.60
.65
.70

8.215
1.2195
1.6321
2.0227
2.3657

0
1
1
1
1

1.4957
2.1028
2.6895
3.2083
3.6313

.75

.90
1.00
1.50

2.6465
2.8600
3.0957
3.1245
2.1026

2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00

1.1703
6.600
3.9044
1.5780
7.442

1
0

10.00
50.00
100.00

6.081
1.1897
1.9581

JA

.so

1
1
1
1

0
0

-2

-4
-5

Ji

1.3165
1.2903
1.1884
1.0561
4.9320

2
2
2
2

2
2

3.4810
3.2227
2.7040
2.2338
8.487

0
1

2.3215
1.1922
6.650
2.5076
1.1372

1
1
0
0
0

3.6384
1.7735
9.570
3.4705
1.5393

-6

8.657
1.6064
1.0219

1
0
0

1.7181
9.178
5.247
2.0369
9.391

6.593
1.2732
8.130

- 2
- 4
- 6

A
'

1
1
1

0
0
0
1

7.361
1.3978
8.926

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

-2
-4

- *
10,000"

Jh

15,000~

?I

'A

-8
-1

1.1225
2.0216
1.2808

-2
-4

-5

-4
0

2
2
2

3
1

1
1
0
0
0

-1
-4

-5

25,000

20,000~
JA

I,

II

5
5

6
5
5
5
4

3
3
3
3

2.1268
8.820
1.2857
1.0313
8.653

2
3
4
4
3

2.5671
9,763
6.571
3.6571
2.7323

4
4
4
4
4

2.8224
3.3001
1.5411
7.255
5.1415

4
4

1.1917
6.981
2.6523
1.1370
7.825

3.3793
2.9415
2.5311
2.1601
1.8485

3
3
3
3
3

7.148
5.869
4.816
3.9614
3.2718

3
3
3
3
3

2.0625
1.5762
1.2201
9.563
7.586

4
4
4
3
3

3.7257
2.7563
2.0780
1.5936
1.2456

4
4
4
4
4

5.542
4.026
2.9907
2.2654
1.7461

4
4
4
4
4

2
2
2
2
2

1.5780
1.3494
9.945
7.429
2.1278

3
3
2
2
2

2.7160
2.2670
1.6067
1.1643
3.0625

3
3
3
3
2

6.084
4.931
3.3311
2.3256
5.505

3
3
3
3
2

9.800
7.836
5.178
3.5536
8.008

3
3
3
3
2

1.3667
1.0845
7.078
4.810
1.0537

4
4
3
3
3

1
1

8.024
3.6391
1.8756
6.438
2.7665

1
1

2
1
1
0
0

1.9004
8.194
4.088
1.3487
5.664

2.7017
1.1494
5.684
1.8549
7.741

2
2

0
0

1.1106
4.926
2.5026
8.443
3.5918

3.5077
1.4804
7.280
2.3625
9.818

2
2
1
1
0

1.8994
3.2700
2.0663

-1
4
-5

2.4184
4.099
2.5793

2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00

5.049
2.3814
1.2584
4.451
1.9460

10.00
50.00
100.00

1.3811
2.4375
1.5391

1
0
0

-4
-5

2
2
2
2
2

1
.

.90
1.00
1.50

-1

3.8137
4.004
4.018
3.9080
3.7175

1.3818
7.607
4.432
1.7598
8.217

6.728
6.007
4.748
3.7449
1.2494

.so

1
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

.7s

9.032
1.0789
1.2052
1.2825
1.3168

6.611
6.754
6.662
6.248
3.4032

9.9983
9.6424
9.024
8.279
7.496

.so

.55
.60
.65
.70

0
1
1

0
1
1

1
I
1
1
1

1
2
2
2

-2

0
0

3.9491
4.164
4.327
4.228
2.5919

1.4597
7.302
5.223
9.152
9.906

-1

1.2094
6.647
1.0561
2.7563
3.4034

9.1199
1.8251
9.616
4.565
6.877

-10
- 2

5.840
1.4607
3.8565
4.129
3.8032

.10
20
.30
.40
.45

5.3650
1.3998
1.7358
1.2640
2.1962

-11
- 3

&
J,
n

$1

8000"

4000'

JA

3.2321
4.237
5.113
5.807
6.303

* 6000"

3500"

&

SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

-1
-4
-5

3.7177
6.185
3.8748

1
1
0
-1

-4
-5

5.020
8.254
5.194

1
1

0
-1

-3
-5

6.318
1.0318
6.448

-1
-3
-5

T A B L E 56.-BLACKBODY

85

SPECTRAL INTENSITIES

Auxiliary table for a short method of calculating JX for any temperature. (Menzel, Harvard University.)
Let J o = intensity for To= 10,000 OK; for another temperature T " K :
J / J o = CAf(exp ( @ d o )
- l)I/[A6(exp ( a / A T )- 111
For ease of calculation To was taken as 10,000 OK.
= tabular JAX 10" watts, for cm* for 2* solid
angle per 0.1~. Choose A = k T o / T ; then JX= Jo( T/T0)'. As an example find JX for 0 . 5 ~and 6oOO "K
~ 1.2857 X lo'. JA
from value of JAfor 0 . 3 ~given in Table 55. 0 . 5 ~= 0 . 3 ~10,000/6000. JX for 0 . 3 =
for A = 0 . 5 ~= 1.2857 X lo4 X (6,000/10,000)6 = 9.998 X 10'.
10,000~

J,

.OLOO
.0150
.0200
.0250
.0300

1.3224
1.1427
6.949
4.005
2.3444

-49
-29
-20
-14
-10

.1450
.15m
.1600
.1700
.1800

2.8776
3.3806
4.458
5.586
6.716

3
3
3
3
3

.5500
.6000
.6500
.7000
.7500

.0350
.0400
.0450
.0500
.0550

1.0214
8.906
2.6833
3.8700
3.2828

-7
-6
-4
-3
-2

1.8773
7.950
2.6652
7.427
1.7823

-1

.0950
.lo00
.lo50
.1100
.1150
.1200
.1250
.1300

7.805
8.820
9.735
1.0536
1.1215
1.1769
1.2204
1.2524
1.2739
1.2859
1.2895
1.2857
1.2601
1.2163
1.1606

.1350
.1400

3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3

.8000
.8500
.9000
.9500
1.000

.0600
.0650
.07OO
.0750
.0800
.0850

.1900
.2000
.21#
.2m
.2300
.2400

5.869
4.816
3.9614
3.2718
2.7160
2.2670
1.9031
1.6067
1.3641
1.1643
8.613
6.494
4.980
3.8782
3.0625
2.4487
1.9805
1.6183
1.3348
1.1106
7.867
5.724
4.262
3.2372
2.5026
1.4015
8.443

J,

J,

1.2894
2.1269
3.3049
4.881
6.899
9.391
1.2365
1.5819

1
1
2
2
2

.2900
.3000
.3200
.3400
.3600

2
2
2
3
3

.3800
.4200
.4400
.4600

1.0977
1.0313
9.640
8.977
8.335

1.9732
2.4062

3
3

.4800
so00

7.724
7.148

3.7891

O
. m 7.288

SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

.4OOo

1.100
1.200
1.300
1.400
1.500
1.600
1.700
1.800
1.900
2.000
2.200
2.400
2.600
2.800
3.000

3.500
4.000

J ,

3
3
3
3
3

4.500
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000

5.383
3.5918
1.7761
9.756
5.797

3
3
3
3
3

9.000
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00

3.6548
2.4184
1.1807
6.433
3.7904

2
2
2
2
2

18.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00

2.3790
1.5667
6.4692
3.1346
1.6954

2
2
2
2
2

40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00

9.979
6.236
4.099
2.8042
1.9793

1
1
1
1
1

65.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00

1.4390
1.0698
6.306
3.9340
2.5793

1
0

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4

0
0
0

-5
-5
-5

86

T A B L E 57.-CHANGES

DUE T O A C H A N G E IN c2

The adoption of a new value for cz changes the calculated values for J A by an amount
that varies indirectly' with both the wavelength and the temperature for values of AT
<3000, as follows:
d h - -d ~ z
JA
AT
that is, a larger value of c;. results in a smaller value of JA. Values of this correction factor
for this change in cz have been calculated and are given in the tables for five temperatures
and a range of wavelengths that cover the visible spectrum. As these percentage correction
factors are given they are the percentage of the J A for 14320, deg that must be subtracted
from it to give J ~ ~ J S O .
A change in cz also results in a different value of the extrapolated temperature as measured with an optical pyrometer for a definite ratio of brightness. Thus

To the accuracy necessary for most work, values for other wavelengths, other temperatures, or other values of cz within these ranges can be found by interpolation.
P a r t 1.-Percentage

change in J, for a change in c, from 14320 to 14380, degrees

Xins

2200
K

2300

"K

2:OO
K

2200
K

.32
.34
.36
.38
.40
.42
.44
.46
.48
.SO
.52
.54
.56

9.8
9.2
8.7
8.2
7.8
7.4
7.0
6.7
6.4
6.2
5.9
5.7
5.5

8.5
7.9
7.5
7.1
6.7
6.4
6.1
5.8
5.6
5.3
5.1
4.9
4.8

7.5
7.0
6.6
6.3
5.9
5.7
5.4
5.1
4.9
4.7
4.5
4.4
4.2

6.7
6.3
5.9
5.6
5.3
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.1
3.9
3.8

O
3:O

Ainu

6.0
5.7
5.3
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.4

.58
.60
.62
.64
.66
.68
.70
.72
.74
.76
.78
.80

2!00
K

2:OO

5.3
5.1
4.9
4.8
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8

4.6
4.4
4.3
4.1

4.0

3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3

2:OO
K

4.1
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9

2200

3zOO
K

3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6

3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3

P a r t 2 . 4 h a n g e in temperatures, AT, extrapolated from 1336 to the temperature T

given, c2 changed from 14320 to 14380, degrees
T"K

AT

1500'K

-.6

1800K

-2.4

SMITHSONIAN PHYSICAL TABLES

2000K

2500K

3000K

3500K

4000'K

5000K

-4.1

-8.7

-15.5

-22.3

-33.0

-56.4