Introduction To Networking: Slide 1

Slide 1
Introduction To Networking
Slide 2
Copyright(c)2006, Groove Systems. All Rights Reserved.
Introduction
Introduction
OSI Model Layers
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Communication Between Systems
Interaction Between OSI Model Layers
Slide 3
Introduction
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference
model describes how information from a software
application in one computer moves through a
network medium to a software application in
another computer
The OSI reference model is a conceptual model
composed of seven layers: Physical, Data Link,
Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and
Application, each specifying particular network
functions
Slide 4
Introduction
The OSI Model is a theoretical representation of
what happens between two nodes communicating
on a network
It does not prescribe the type of hardware or software that
should support each layer
Each layer is reasonably self-contained so that the
tasks assigned to each layer can be implemented
independently
This enables the solutions offered by one layer to be
updated without adversely affecting the other layers
Slide 5
OSI Model Layers
Slide 6
OSI Model Layers
The seven layers of the OSI
reference model can be divided
into two categories:
upper layers
lower layers
Slide 7
OSI Model Layers
The upper layers of the OSI model deal with application issues
and generally are implemented only in software
The highest layer, the application layer, is closest to the end user
Both users and application layer processes interact with software
applications that contain a communications component
The term upper layer is sometimes used to refer to any layer
above another layer in the OSI model.
The lower layers of the OSI model handle data transport issues
The physical layer and the data link layer are implemented in
hardware and software
The lowest layer, the physical layer, is closest to the physical
network medium (the network cabling) and is responsible for
actually placing information on the medium
Slide 8
OSI Model Layers
Slide 9
Application Layer
The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the
end user, which means that both the OSI
application layer and the user interact directly with
the software application
The application layer services facilitate
communication between software applications and
lower-layer network services so that the network
can interpret an application's request and, in turn,
the application can interpret data sent from the
network
Slide 10
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer provides a variety of coding
and conversion functions that are applied to
application layer data
These functions ensure that information sent from
the application layer of one system would be
readable by the application layer of another system
Presentation layer services also manage data
encryption (such as the scrambling of passwords)
and decryption
Slide 11
Session Layer
The session layer establishes, manages, and
terminates communication sessions
Communication sessions consist of service requests
and service responses that occur between
applications located in different network devices
Among the session layer's functions are establishing
and keeping alive the communications link for the
duration of the session, keeping the communication
secure, synchronizing the dialog between the two
nodes, determining whether communications have
been cut off, and, if so, figuring out where to restart
transmission, and terminating communications
Slide 12
Transport Layer
The transport layer accepts data from the session
layer and manages the end-to-end delivery of data
Generally, the transport layer is responsible for
making sure that the data is delivered error-free
and in the proper sequence
Flow control generally occurs at the transport layer
Flow control manages data transmission between devices so
that the transmitting device does not send more data than
the receiving device can process
Slide 13
Transport Layer
Some Transport layer protocols take steps to ensure
that data arrives exactly as it was sent
These protocols are known as connection-oriented,
because they establish a connection with another node
before they begin transmitting data
Acknowledgments are also used in subsequent
communications to ensure that data was properly
delivered
For every data unit a node sends, its connection-oriented
protocol expects an acknowledgment from the recipient
Slide 14
Transport Layer
To ensure data integrity further, connection-
oriented protocols such as TCP use a checksum
A checksum is a unique character string that allows
the receiving node to determine if an arriving data
unit matches exactly the data unit sent by the
source
Slide 15
Transport Layer
A connectionless protocol does not establish a
connection before transmitting and makes no effort
to ensure that data is delivered error-free
These protocols are more efficient than a
connection-oriented protocol and are useful in
situations in which data must be transferred quickly,
such as live audio or video transmissions over the
Internet
Slide 16
Transport Layer
Transport layer protocols break large data units
received from the Session layer into multiple
smaller units, called segments
This process is known as segmentation
On certain types of networks, segmentation
increases data transmission efficiency
In some cases, segmentation is necessary for data
units to match a network's MTU (maximum
transmission unit), the largest data unit it will
carry
Reassembly is the process of reconstructing the
segmented data units
Slide 17
Transport Layer
Slide 18
Network Layer
The primary function of protocols at the network
layer, is to translate network addresses into their
physical counterparts and decide how to route data
from the sender to the receiver
Addressing is a system for assigning unique
identification numbers to devices on a network
Each node has two types of addresses:
1. network address
2. physical address
Slide 19
Network Layer
Network addresses follow a hierarchical
addressing scheme and can be assigned through
operating system software
They are hierarchical because they contain subsets
of data that incrementally narrow down the location
of a node
Network address formats differ depending on which
Network layer protocol the network uses
Network addresses are also called network layer
addresses, logical addresses, or virtual
addresses
Slide 20
Network Layer
Network layer protocols also determine the path
from point A on one network to point B on another
network by factoring in:
Delivery priorities (for example, packets that make up a
phone call connected through the Internet might be
designated high priority, whereas a mass e-mail message is
low priority)
Network congestion
Quality of service (for example, some packets may require
faster, more reliable delivery)
Cost of alternative routes
Slide 21
Data Link Layer
The primary function of the data link layer, is to
divide data received from the network layer into
distinct frames that can then be transmitted by the
physical layer
A frame is a structured package for moving data
that includes not only the raw data, or payload, but
also the sender's and receiver's network addresses,
and error checking and control information
Slide 22
Data Link Layer
Error checking is accomplished by a 4-byte Frame
Check Sequence (FCS) field, whose purpose is to
ensure that the data at the destination exactly
matches the data issued from the source
When the source node transmits the data, it
performs an algorithm (or mathematical routine)
called a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
CRC takes the values of all of the preceding fields in
the frame and generates a unique 4-byte number,
the FCS
Slide 23
Data Link Layer
The data link layer is divided the Data Link layer into two
sublayers
The upper sublayer of the Data Link layer, called the Logical
Link Control (LLC) sublayer, provides an interface to the
Network layer protocols, manages flow control, and issues
requests for transmission for data that has suffered errors
The Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer, the lower
sublayer of the Data Link layer, manages access to the
physical medium
Slide 24
Data Link Layer
You can find a network cards MAC address through
your computer's protocol configuration utility or by
simply looking at the card
The MAC address will be stamped directly onto the
card's circuit board or on a sticker attached to some
part of the NIC
Slide 25
Physical Layer
Protocols at the physical layer accept frames from
the data Link layer and generate voltage to transmit
signals
When receiving data, physical layer protocols detect
voltage and accept signals, which they pass on to
the data Link layer
Physical layer protocols also set the data
transmission rate and monitor data error rates
Connectivity devices such as hubs and repeaters
operate at the Physical layer
Network cards operate at both the Physical layer and at the
Data Link layer
Slide 26
Communication Between
Systems
Slide 27
Slide 28
OSI Model and
Information being transferred from a software
application in one computer system to a software
application in another must pass through the OSI
layers
For example, if a software application in System A
has information to transmit to a software application
in System B, the application program in System A
will pass its information to the application layer
(Layer 7) of System B
Slide 29
OSI Model and
The application layer then passes the information to
the presentation layer (Layer 6), which relays the
data to the session layer (Layer 5), and so on down
to the physical layer (Layer 1)
At the physical layer, the information is placed on
the physical network medium and is sent across the
medium to System B
Slide 30
OSI Model and
The physical layer of System B removes the
information from the physical medium, and then its
physical layer passes the information up to the data
link layer (Layer 2), which passes it to the network
layer (Layer 3), and so on, until it reaches the
application layer (Layer 7) of System B
Finally, the application layer of System B passes the
information to the recipient application program to
complete the communication process.
Slide 31
Interaction Between OSI
Model Layers
A given layer in the OSI model generally
communicates with three other OSI layers: the
layer directly above it, the layer directly below it,
and its peer layer in other networked computer
systems

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