MCS10 301

Research Methodology
Dr. N. K. Sakthivel, M.Tech., Ph.D.
Vice Principal, NCERC








Syllabus ( L : 3, T : 1)
October 6, 2014 2

Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis (13)
Collection of primary Data, Observation method, Interview Method,
Collection of data through Questionaries' and schedules, Secondary
Data, Processing Operations, Statistics in research, Measures of
Central Tendency, Other methods of data collection, Collection of
Secondary data.
Formulation of Research Task Literature Review Importance &
Methods Sources Quantification of Cause Effect Relations
Discussions Field Study Critical Analysis of Generated Facts
Hypothetical proposals for future development and testing,
selection of Research task.






Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 3
Introduction : Data Collection
Method of data collection for the Research Study
Types of Data
Primary
secondary
Primary : Collected afresh and for the first time, and thus
happen to be original in character
The secondary data, on the other hand, are those which
have already been collected by someone or already been
passed through the statistical process





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 4
i. Collection of Primary Data
Several Methods of collecting primary data,
particularly in surveys and descriptive researches
Important ones are
Observation Method
Interview Method
Through Questionnaires,
Through Schedules






Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 5
Collection of Primary Data
Other Methods Which Include
Warranty Cards
Distributor Audits
Pantry Audits
Consumer Panels
Using Mechanical Devices
Through Projective Techniques
Depth Interviews
Content Analysis.





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 6
Collection of Primary Data
Observation Method
Information is sought by way of investigators own
direct observation without asking from the
respondent
Study for Speed Breaker, For Laying Four Lane
Interview Method
Personal Interview (Face to Face Contact) and
Telephonic Interview
Structured Interview with predetermined questions
Good approach but Expensive and Time Consuming






Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 7
Guidelines for Successful Interviewing
Interviewer must plan in advance and should fully
know the problem under consideration
Interviewers approach must be friendly and informal
All possible effort should be made to establish proper
rapport with the interviewee; people are motivated to
communicate when the atmosphere is favourable
Interviewer must know that ability to listen with
understanding, respect and curiosity is the gateway to
communication
To the extent possible there should be a free-flowing
interview and the questions must be well phrased





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 8
Collection of Primary Data
Through Questionnaires
This method of data collection is quite popular,
particularly in case of big enquiries
It is being adopted by private individuals, research
workers, private and public organisations and even by
governments
Processed through Post / Email
Good but Too Late
The control over questionnaire may be lost once it is
sent
Need to Create Form, Questions and Sequences





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 9
Guidelines for Constructing Questionnaire /
Schedule

View the Problem for developing Questionnaire /
Schedule
Appropriate form of questions depends on the nature of
information sough
Rough draft of the Questionnaire/Schedule be prepared,
giving due thought to the appropriate sequence of putting
questions
Pilot study should be undertaken for pre-testing the
questionnaire
Questionnaire must contain simple but straight forward
directions for the respondents







Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 10
Collection of Primary Data
Through Schedules
It is like Questionnaires
Collecting Message / Information through
Representative






Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 11





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 12





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 13
Review Questions

1. Enumerate the different methods of collecting data.
Which one is the most suitable for conducting
Enquiry Regarding family welfare programme in
India? Explain its merits and demerits
Enquiry regarding Quality of Education
Enquiry regarding Job Opportunities for CSE /
ECE / Mech
Enquiry regarding Higher Studies at Foreign
Universities





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 14
Collection of Primary Data
Warranty Cards
Distributor Audits : Through salesmen getting information to
estimate market size, market share, seasonal purchasing
pattern and so on
Pantry Audits and Consumer Panels : Find out what types of
consumers buy certain products and certain brand
Using Mechanical Devices Camera and etc.
Through Projective Techniques for psychologists
Depth Interviews: psycho-social situation for understanding the
attitudes of people
Content Analysis





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 15
ii. Collection of Secondary Data
Published Data
Various Publications Of The Central, State Are Local
Governments
Various Publications Of Foreign Governments Or Of
International Bodies And Their Subsidiary Organisations
Technical and Trade Journals, Books
Magazines And Newspapers
Reports Prepared By Research Scholars, Universities,
Economists
Unpublished Data
Found In Diaries, Letters





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 16
Collection of Secondary Data : Characteristics

Reliability of Data
Suitability of Data
Adequacy of Data







Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 17
Processing Operations
The data, after collection, has to be processed and
analysed in accordance with the outline laid down for
the purpose at the time of developing the research plan
This is essential for a scientific study and for ensuring
that we have all relevant data for making
contemplated comparisons and analysis
Editing, Coding, Classification and Tabulation of
Collected Data





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 18
Processing Operations
Editing
Examining Collected Raw Data
Careful scrutiny of the completed questionnaires
Coding
Class for every data item
Classification
Classification According to Attributes
Classification According to Class Intervals





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 19





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 20
Processing Operations
Tabulation of Collected Data
It conserves space and reduces explanatory and descriptive
statement to a minimum.
It facilitates the process of comparison.
It facilitates the summation of items and the detection of
errors and omissions.
It provides a basis for various statistical computations





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 21





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 22
Statistics in Research
Tool ( Mean, Mode, Median, SD, Regression, Correlation/PC,
Association, Time Series Analysis, )
Purposes
Measures of central tendency or statistical averages
Measures of Dispersion
Measures of Asymmetry
Measures of Relationship





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 23
Statistics in Research
Measures of central tendency or statistical averages
Measures of Dispersion
Measures of Asymmetry
Measures of Relationship





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 24
Analysis of Data





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 25
Analysis of Data





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 26
Analysis of Data





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 27
Analysis of Data





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 28
Analysis of Data





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 29
Analysis of Data





Module 2 : Data Collection and Analysis
October 6, 2014 30
Analysis of Data