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Ng Php Thng Dng trong Ting Anh Su tm: Mr.
Denn

Mi chi tit xin lin h: http://facebook.com/dennisnguyendinh

MAO TU BAT DINH
1/ A ng trc mt ph m hoc mt nguyn m(o,y,e,u,a) c m l ph m.
V d:
- a game (mt tr chi); a boat (mt chic tu thy)
- a university (mt trng i hc); a year (mt nm)
- a European (mt ngi u); a one-legged man (mt ngi tht chn)

2/ An ng trc mt nguyn m hoc mt h cm.
V d:
- an egg (mt qu trng); an ant (mt con kin)
- an honour (mt nim vinh d); an hour (mt gi ng h)

3/ An cng ng trc cc mu t c bit c nh mt nguyn m.
V d:
- an SOS (mt tn hiu cp cu); an MSc (mt thc s khoa hc), an X-ray (mt tia X)

4/ A/An c hnh thc ging nhau tt c cc ging.
V d:
- a tiger (mt con cp); a tigress (mt con cp ci)
- an uncle (mt ng ch); an aunt (mt b d)
1/ Trc mt danh t s t m c.
V d:
- We need a microcomputer (Chng ti cn mt my vi tnh)
- He eats an ice-cream (Anh ta n mt cy kem)

2/ Trc mt danh t lm b tc t (k c danh t ch ngh nghip)
V d:
- It was a tempest ( l mt trn bo d di)
- She'll be a musician (C ta s l mt nhc s)
- Peter is an actor (Peter l mt din vin)

3/Trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh
V d:
- a lot (nhiu); a couple (mt cp/i); a third (mt phn ba)
- a dozen (mt t); a hundred (mt trm); a quarter (mt phn t)
Lu
a cng c dng trc half (na, ri), khi half theo sau mt s nguyn vn. Chng hn, 2
1/2 kilos = two and half kilos hoc two kilos and a half (hai k ri), nhng 1/2 Kg = half a kilo
(na k) [khng c a trc half ]. i khi ngi ta vn dng a + half + danh t, chng hn
nh a half-dozen (na t), a half-length (bc nh chp na ngi); a half-hour (na gi).

4/ Trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l ...
V d:
- 90 kilometres an hour (chn mi k l mt/gi)
- 4 times a day (bn ln mi ngy)
- 2 dollars a litre (hai la mt lt)
- a/an = per (mi)

Ng Php Thng Dng trong Ting Anh Su tm: Mr. Denn


5/ Trong cc thnh ng ch s cm thn
V d:
- What a pity! (tht ng tic!)
- Such a picturesque hill! (mt ngn i tht th mng!)
- What a beautiful painting! (mt bc tranh tuyt vi!)
nhng:
- Such picturesque hills! (nhng ngn i tht th mng!)
- What beautiful paintings! (nhng bc tranh tuyt vi !)

6/ a c th ng trc Mr/Mrs/Miss + h
V d:
- a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith
- a Mr Smith ngha l "mt ngi n ng mang tn Smith" v ngi ni khng bit ng
ny, trong khi Mr Smith (khng c a) ngha l "ng Smith" m ngi ni c bit.
KHONG DUNG MAO TU NHAT DINH

1/ Trc danh t s nhiu
A/An khng c hnh thc s nhiu. V vy, s nhiu ca a cat l cats v ca an apple l apples
.

2/ Trc danh t khng m c
V d:
- He gave us good advice (ng ta cho chng ti nhng li khuyn hay)
- I write on paper (Ti ghi trn giy)

3/ Trc tn gi cc ba n, tr phi c tnh t ng trc cc tn gi
V d:
- They have lunch at eleven (h dng cm tra lc 11 gi)
- You gave me an appetizing dinner (bn cho ti mt ba n ti tht ngon ming).

Tuy nhin, nu l ba n c bit nhn dp no , ngi ta vn dng mo t bt nh.
V d:
- I was invited to breakfast (ba im tm bnh thng)
(Ti c mi n im tm).
- We were invited to a dinner given to welcome the new director.
(Chng ti c mi d ba n ti cho mng v gim c mi).

Ni ring vOne
One (tnh t/i t) dng vi another/others.
V d:
- One day they drink wine, another day they drink beer.
(C ngy h ung ru, c ngy h ung bia).
- One (student) wanted to watch TV, another/others wanted to play chess
(C ngi (sinh vin) mun xem TV, ngi khc li mun nh c)

C th dng One trc day (ngy) /week (tun) /month (thng)/
year (nm)/summer (ma h)/winter (ma ng) ... ch mt thi gian c bit no .


V d:
- One night there was a persistent rain. (Mt m n, tri ma dai dng)
- One day you'll be sorry you spoke highly of your neighbours.
(Mt ngy no , bn s n hn l ca ngi nhng ngi lng ging ca mnh)

One cng l mt i t tng ng ca A/An.
V d:
- Did you get a seat? - Yes, I managed to get one.
(Bn tm c mt ch ngi cha? - Vng, ti xoay s c mt ch ngi)
S nhiu ca One theo cch ny l Some (vi, mt t).
V d:
- Did you get a refrigerator? - Yes, we managed to get some.
(Cc bn mua c t lnh cha? - Vng, chng ti xoay s c vi ci).

c bit l trong The rent is 400 a month (tin thu nh l 400 bng mt thng), khng th thay
a bng one.
HINH THUC CUA MAO TU XAC DINH

The dng cho c danh t m c (s t ln s nhiu) v danh t khng m c.
V d:
- The truth (s tht)
- The time (thi gian)
- The bicycle (mt chic xe p)
- The bicycles (nhng chic xe p)
DUNG MAO TU XAC DINH
The dng cho c danh t m c (s t ln s nhiu) v danh t khng m c.
V d:
- The truth (s tht)
- The time (thi gian)
- The bicycle (mt chic xe p)
- The bicycles (nhng chic xe p)
KHONG DUNG MAO TU XAC DINH
1/ Trc tn quc gia, tn chu lc, tn ni, tn h, tn ng.
V d:
Europe (Chu u), South America (Nam M), France (Php quc), Downing Street (Ph
Downing)

2/ Khi danh t khng m c hoc danh t s nhiu dng theo ngha chung nht, ch khng
ch ring trng hp no.
V d:
- I don't like French beer (Ti chng thch bia ca Php)
- I don't like Mondays (Ti chng thch ngy th hai)

3/ Trc danh t tru tng, tr phi danh t ch mt trng hp c bit.
V d:
- Men fear death (Con ngi s ci cht)
Nhng:


- The death of the President made his country acephalous (ci cht ca v tng thng
khin cho t nc ng khng c ngi lnh o).

4/ Saus hu tnh t (possessive adjective) hoc sau danh t s hu cch (possessive case)
.
V d:
- My friend, ch khng ni My the friend
- The girl's mother = the mother of the girl (M ca c gi)

5/ Trc tn gi cc ba n.
V d:
-They invited some friends to dinner.
(H mi vi ngi bn n n ti)
Nhng:
- The wedding breakfast was held in a beautiful garden
(Ba tic ci c t chc trong mt khu vn xinh p)
6/ Trc cc tc hiu.
V d:
- President Roosevelt (Tng thng Roosevelt)
- King Louis XIV of France (Vua Louis XIV ca Php)

7/ Trong cc trng hp sau y:
- Women are always fond of music (Ph n lun thch m nhc)
- Come by car/by bus (n bng xe t/xe byt)
- In spring/in autumn (Vo ma xun/ma thu), last night (m qua), next year (nm ti), from
beginning to end (t u ti cui), from left to right (t tri sang phi).
- To play golf/chess/cards (chi gn/ nh c/nh bi)

Lu
Nature mang ngha "T nhin , thin nhin " th khng dng the.
V d:
- According to the laws of nature (Theo quy lut t nhin)
- They couldn't tolerate city life anymore and went back to nature (H khng chu ni i
sng thnh th na v tr v vi thin nhin)

He listened to the radio (Anh ta nghe rai), nhng He watched television (Anh ta xem TV) ;
hoc He heard it on the radio (Anh ta nghe c vic trn rai), nhng He saw it on TV
(Anh ta thy vic trn TV).

Go home/get home (i v nh), be at home ( nh), nhng They returned to the bridegroom's
home (H tr li nh ch r). Go to bed/hospital/church/school/ work/prison (i ng/i nm
bnh vin/i l/i hc/i lm/ i t), nhng They went to the school to see their children's
teacher (H n trng gp thy ca con h) & The priest goes to the jail to pray for the
two dying prisoners (Linh mc n nh t cu nguyn cho hai ngi t ang hp hi) & She
will get a bus at the church (C ta s n xe byt ch nh th). Ni chung, khng th thiu
The nu n trng khng phi hc, n nh t khng phi t hoc n nh th
khng phi d l.
DANH TU


1/ Ting Anh c 4 loi danh t :
Danh t chung (Common nouns) : Bird (chim), Policeman (cnh st vin), Pen (bt).
Danh t ring (Proper nouns) : Vietnam (Vit Nam), London (Lun n), Mrs Hoa (B
Hoa), Peter (Peter).
Danh t tru tng (Abstract nouns) : Talent (ti nng), Mercy (lng nhn i), Joy
(nim vui), Sadness (ni bun).
Danh t tp hp (Collective nouns) : Crowd (m ng), Flock (n, by), Group
(nhm), Swarm (by, n), Team (i) ...

2/ Chc nng ca danh t:
Ch t ca mt ng t : Peter arrived (Tom n)
B tc t (complement) ca ng t Be , Become (tr nn), Seem (dng nh):
Peter becomes a soldier (Peter tr thnh ngi lnh)
Tc t (object) ca mt ng t : Last week, I saw Peter in this street (Tun ri, ti
gp Peter trn con ng ny)
Tc t ca mt gii t (preposition) : I spoke to his parents (Ti ni chuyn vi b
m anh ta)

Lu Danh t cng c th trong s hu cch : Peter's wallet (Ci v ca Peter)

GIONG CUA DANH TU
1/ Cc ging:
Ging c ch n ng, con trai v nhng con th c (i t nhn xng tng ng l
He/They)
Ging ci ch ph n, cc c gi v nhng con th ci (i t nhn xng tng ng l
She/They)
Trung tnh ch nhng vt v sinh, nhng ng vt m ta khng bit ging, k c nhng
a tr m ta cha r trai hay gi (i t It/They)

2/ Sau y l nhng danh t c hnh thc ging c v ging ci nh nhau:
Artist (ngh s), cook (u bp), driver (ti x), guide (hng dn vin), catholic (tn Thin
cha), scientist (nh khoa hc), tourist (du khch), passenger (hnh khch)...

3/ Sau y l nhng danh t c hnh thc ging c v ging ci khc nhau:
3.1
Boy (con trai), girl (con gi)
Bachelor (ngi cha v), spinster (ngi cha chng)
Bridegroom (ch r), bride (c du)
Father (cha), mother (m)
Gentleman (qu ng), lady (qu b)
Husband (chng), wife (v)
Uncle (ch, bc, cu), aunt (d, c, m)
Nephew (chu trai), niece (chu gi)
Widower (ngi go v), widow (ngi go chng)
Son (con trai), daughter (con gi)
Man (n ng), woman (n b)
Salesman,saleswoman (nam, n bn hng) ...



3.2
Duke (cng tc), duchess (n cng tc)
Prince (hong t), princess (cng cha)
Actor, actress (nam, n din vin)
Host, hostess (nam, n ch nhn)
Conductor, conductress (nam, n sot v)
Hero, heroine (anh hng/anh th)
Steward, stewardess (nam, n tip vin)
Waiter, waitress (nam, n phc v)
Heir, heiress (nam, n tha k)
Manager, manageress (nam, n gim c)
King (vua), queen (hong hu)
Earl (b tc), countess (n b tc)
Lord (lnh cha), lady (n lnh cha) ...

4/ Trng hp c bit
Bull,cow (b c, b ci)
Duck, drake (vt trng, vt mi)
Cock, hen (g trng, g mi)
Gander, goose (ngng c, ngng ci)
Stag, doe (hu c, hu ci)
Tiger, tigress (cp c, cp ci)
Lion, lioness (s t c, s t ci)
Dog, bitch (ch c, ch ci)
SO NHIEU CUA DT
A S nhiu ca danh t
1/ Ch ring danh t m c mi c s nhiu.
2/ Thng th s nhiu ca danh t hnh thnh bng cch thm S vo s t.
V d:
Hilltop, hilltops (nh i)
Book, books (sch)
Seat, seats (gh)
Roof, roofs (mi nh)
Rose, roses (hoa hng)
Image, images (hnh nh)
Armed forces (lc lng v trang)
Window, windows (ca s) ....
- S c l /s/ sau m p, k, f, t. Sau nhng m khc th s c l /z/.
- S theo sau ce, ge, se hoc ze th c thm mt vn ph l /iz/

3/ S nhiu ca danh t tn cng bng s, ss, sh, ss, ch hoc x v mt vi danh t tn cng bng
o hnh thnh bng cch thm es (es theo sau s, ch, sh, ss hoc x s c l /iz/ )
V d: Tomato, tomatoes (c chua)
Bus, buses (xe byt)
Brush, brushes (bn chi)
Kiss, kisses (n hn)
Box, boxes (hp)
Church, churches (nh th).


- Tuy nhin, danh t gc nc ngoi hoc danh t tm lc tn cng bng o th ch thm s:
V d:
Dynamo, dynamos (my pht in)
Piano, pianos (n pian)
Kilo, kilos (k l)
Photo, photos (tm nh)
Radio, radios (rai)....

4/ Danh t tn cng bng ph m + y th b y v thm ies
V d:
Baby, babies (a b)
Country, countries (quc gia)
Fly, flies (con rui)
Lady, ladies (qu b)
Entry, entries (mc t trong t in)

5/ Danh t tn cng bngnguyn m + y th thm S nh bnh thng.
V d:
Boy, boys (con trai)
Day, days (ngy)
Donkey, donkeys (con la)
Monkey, monkeys (con kh)
Valley, valleys (thung lng)

6/ Mi hai danh t tn cng bng f hoc fe th b f hoc fe ri thm ves
Calf (con b), half (na, ri), knife (con dao), leaf (l), life (cuc i), loaf ( bnh m), self
(ci ti), sheaf (b, thp), shelf (ci k), thief (k cp), wife (v), wolf (con co).

Lu
- S nhiu ca hoof (mng guc), scarf (khn qung) v wharf (bn tu)
hnh thnh bng c hai cch (thm s hoc ves).
- Ngoi ra, cc danh t khc tn cng l f hay fe ch thm s nh bnh thng. Chng hn, Cliff
- cliffs (vch ), Handkerchief - handkerchiefs (khn tay), Safe, safes (kt st), Still life (Bc
tranh tnh vt) - still lifes ...

7/ Mt s danh t c s nhiu bng cch thay i nguyn m
V d:
Foot, feet (bn chn)
Tooth, teeth (rng)
Goose, geese (con ngng)
Man, men (n ng)
Woman, women (ph n)
Louse, lice (con rn)
Mouse, mice (con chut)

- S nhiu ca Child (a tr) v Ox (con b c) l Children v Oxen



8/ Cc danh t sau y lun l s nhiu v dng vi ng t s nhiu:
- Clothes (qun o), police (cnh st), outskirts (vng ngoi ), cattle (gia sc), spectacles (mt
knh), glasses (mt knh), binoculars (ng nhm), scissors (ci ko), pliers (ci km), shears
(ko ct cy), arms (v kh), goods/wares (ca ci), damages (tin bi thng), greens (rau
qu), earnings (tin kim c), grounds (t ai, vn tc), particulars (bn chi tit),
premises/quarters (nh ca,vn tc), riches (s giu c), savings (tin tit kim); spirits
(ru mnh), stairs (cu thang); surroundings (vng ph cn), valuables ( qu gi).
- Mt vi danh t tn cng bng ics nh Acoustics (m hc), athletics (in kinh), ethics (o
c), hysterics (cn kch ng), mathematics (ton hc), physics (vt l), linguistics (ngn ng
hc), phonetics (ng m hc), logistics (ngnh hu cn), technics (thut ng k thut), politics
(chnh tr) .... lun c hnh thc s nhiu v dng vi ng t s nhiu. Tuy nhin, i khi tn
gi ca cc mn khoa hc c xem nh s t. Chng hn, Mathematics is the science of
pure quantity (Ton hc l khoa hc v lng thun ty).

9/ Cc danh t sau y c hnh thc s nhiu, nhng li mang ngha s t:
News (tin tc), mumps (bnh quai b), measles (bnh si), rickets (bnh ci xng), shingles
(bnh zona), billiards (bi-da), darts (mn nm phi tiu), draughts (mn c vua), bowls (mn
nm bng g),
dominoes (min), the United States (Hip chng quc Hoa K). Chng hn, The news is bad
(Tin tc chng lnh) hoc The United States is a very big country (Hip chng quc Hoa K l
mt nc rt ln).

10/ Cc danh t sau y khng thay i khi s nhiu:
Fish (c), sheep (cu), deer (nai), salmon (c hi), cod (c thu), carp (c chp), plaice (c bn
sao), squid (c mc), turbot (c bn), aircraft (my bay), series (chui, dy), species (loi),
offspring (con ci).

11/ Cc danh t tp hp nh Group (nhm), team (i), gang (bng ng), band (ton, tp), pack
(by), staff (tp th nhn vin), community (cng ng), committee (y ban), crowd (m ng),
crew (thy th on), family (gia nh) .... c th dng ng t s t hay s nhiu. Chng hn,
The government has made up its mind / have made up their minds (Chnh ph quyt nh dt
khot), hoc Do / does your family still live there? (Gia nh bn vn sng ch?)

12/ Mt vi danh t gc Hy Lp hoc La Tinh vn c s nhiu theo quy lut ca ting Hy Lp hay
La Tinh, chng hn nh Crisis, crises (s khng hong); analysis, analyses (s phn tch); thesis,
theses (lun cng); oasis, oases (c o); basis, bases (nn tng); axis, axes (trc); appendix,
appendices (phn ph lc); genesis, geneses (ci ngun); erratum, errata (li in); memorandum,
memoranda (bn ghi nh); phenomenon, phenomena (hin tng); radius, radii (bn knh);
terminus, termini (ga cui). Nhng cng c trng hp theo quy lut ting Anh, chng hn nh
Dogma, dogmas (gio iu); gymnasium, gymnasiums (phng tp th dc); formula, formulas (th
thc) (cng c th dngformulae ). c bit, s nhiu ca Maximum c th l Maximums hoc
Maxima, ca Minimum c th l Minimums hoc Minima, ca Medium c th l Mediums hoc
Media.

Lu Khi danh t ch thi khong, s tin v khong cch theo sau mt s m, ng t s
ngi th ba s t. Chng hn, Three weeks is a long time for a holiday (Ba tun l mt thi gian
di i vi mt k ngh), Five miles is too far to walk (Nm dm th qu xa nu i b) hoc Three
quarters of the theatre was full (Ba phn t rp y khch).


B S nhiu ca danh t kp
1/ Cu to ca danh t kp
Danh t + danh t
V d: Balance sheet (Bng quyt ton)
Business card (Danh thip)
Street market (Ch tri)
Winter clothes (qun o ma ng)
Police station (n cng an)
Notice board (Bng thng bo)
Football ground (sn bng)

Danh t + danh ng t (gerund)
V d: Weight-lifting (C t)
Baby-sitting (Cng vic gi tr)
Coal-mining (S khai m than)
Surf-riding (Mn lt vn)
Horse-trading (S nhy bn sc so)

Danh ng t + danh t
V d: Living-room (Phng khch)
Waiting-woman (Ngi hu gi)
Diving-rod (Que d mch nc)
Landing craft (Xung b)
Driving-test (cuc thi ly bng li xe)
Swimming-match (cuc bi thi)

Phn bit
A coffee cup (Tch dng ng c ph) v a cup of coffee (tch c ph, tch ang ng c
ph)

2/ Thng th s nhiu ca danh t kp hnh thnh bng cch thm s vo t sau cng:
Boy-friends (bn trai); grown-ups (ngi trng thnh); Easter eggs (trng Phc sinh);
express trains (tu ho tc hnh). c bit,
Men drivers (ti x nam); women drivers (ti x n); women doctors (n bc s); menservants
(y t trai).

3/ Nu cu to ca danh t kp l danh t + ph t, danh t + gii t + danh t, chng ta s
thm s vo t ng u, chng hn nh hangers-on (k b t), lookers-on (khn gi), runners-up
(ngi ot hng nh), passers-by (khch qua ng), ladies-in-waiting (t n), fathers-in-law (b
v, b chng), sisters-in-law (ch em du, ch em v, ch em chng), commanders-in-chief (tng t
lnh), ambassadors-at-large (i s lu ng).

S nhiu ca ch vit tt:
OAPs (Old Age Pensioners) (ngi gi hu tr)
MPs (Members of Parliament) (ngh s)
VIPs (Very Important Persons) (yu nhn)
UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) (vt th bay khng xc nh)


DT DEM DUOC VA KHONG DEM DUOC
Tng quan:

1/ c im ca danh t m c:
Ch nhng g m c, chng hn nh a sandwich (mt ci bnh xng- uych), two
sandwiches (hai ci bnh xng-uych), a dog (mt con ch), three dogs (ba con ch), a
friend (mt ngi bn), ten friends (mi ngi bn), a cup of tea (mt tch tr), four cups
of tea (bn tch tr).
C th s nhiu, chng hn nh a day, many days.
C th theo sau mt s m, a/an hoc some (mt vi).

2/ c im ca danh t khng m c:
Ch nhng g khng m c hoc nhng g c tnh cch tru tng, chng hn nh
Money (tin bc), weather (thi tit), nature (thin nhin)......
Khng th s nhiu.
C th theo sau some (no ), ch khng th theo sau a/an hoc mt s m.

Ni thm v danh t khng m c:

1/ Danh t khng m c thng gp:
Bread (bnh m), cream (kem), gold (vng), paper (giy), tea (tr), beer (bia), dust (bi), ice
(nc ), sand (ct), water (nc), cloth (vi), gin (ru gin), jam (mt), soap (x bng),
wine (ru nho), coffee (c ph), glass (thy tinh), oil (du la), stone (), wood (g),
baggage (hnh l), damage (s thit hi), luggage (hnh l), camping (s cm tri),
furniture ( c), parking (s u xe), shopping (vic mua sm), weather (thi tit)...

2/ Danh t tru tng
V d: Advice (li khuyn), experience (kinh nghim), horror (khng khip), beauty (p),
fear (s hi), information (thng tin), courage (lng can m), help (s gip ), knowledge
(kin thc), death (ci cht), hope (nim hy vng), mercy (lng nhn t), pity (s ti nghip),
relief (s g ln), suspicion (s h nghi), work (cng vic) ...

3/ Danh t khng m c lun s t v khng theo sau a/an
V d: Those students don't want (any) help. They only want (some) knowledge.
(Cc sinh vin y khng cn s gip . H cn kin thc m thi)
I have no experience in this field.
(Ti chng c kinh nghim v lnh vc ny)

4/ Danh t khng m c thng theo sau some, any, no, a little .. .., hoc theo sau bit,
piece, slice, gallon...
V d: A bit of news (mt mu tin), a grain of sand (mt ht ct), a pot of jam (mt h mt), a
slice of bread (mt lt bnh m), a bowl of soup (mt bt sp), a cake of soap (mt bnh x
bng), a gallon of petrol (mt galon xng), a pane of glass (mt knh), a sheet of paper (mt
t giy), a glass of beer (mt ly bia), a drop of oil (mt git du), a group of people (mt nhm
ngi), a piece of advice (mt li khuyn)...

5/ Mt vi danh t tru tng cng theo sau a/an, nhng vi ngha c bit v s t m thi.


- To have a wide knowledge of literature, we need read much( c mt kin thc rng ri v
vn hc, chng ta phi c sch nhiu).
- This micro-computer is a great help to our study (Ci my vi tnh ny rt c ch cho vic hc
ca chng ti)
- Do you think these prisoners have a love of music/a hatred of dishonesty? (Bn c ngh rng
cc t nhn ny yu m nhc/cm ght s bt lng hay khng?)
- It's a pity you forgot to do it (Tic l bn qun lm iu )
- It's a shame he offended against my teacher (Tht l h thn khi anh ta xc phm n thy
ti)

Lu
He raises chickens in his garden (Anh ta nui g trong vn nh mnh), nhng I like to
eat chicken (Ti thch n tht g).
My house has six rooms (Nh ti c su phng), nhng There's no room in the car for the
dog (Xe t khng c ch no cho ch ngi).
We've been to France five times (Chng ti sang Php nm ln), nhngTime is a great
healer 1(thi gian l thuc cha lnh mi vt thng).
SO HUU CACH
S hu cch

's dng cho danh t s t, danh t s nhiu khng tn cng bng 's, t sau cng trong
danh t kp, hoc sau t vit tt:
V d:
The chemist's (shop) (ca hng dc phm)
Children's toys ( chi ca tr em)
My sister's friend (bn ca ch ti)
Peter's suitcase (va li ca Peter)
Her father-in-law's house (nh ca b chng c ta)
The PM's bodyguards (v s ca th tng)
The VIP's briefcase (cp ti liu ca yu nhn)

' dng cho danh t s nhiu tn cng bng s, k c danh t s t tn cng bng s
V d:
My sisters' friend (bn ca cc ch ti)
The workers' wages (lng ca cc cng nhn)
Socrates' philosophy (trit l ca Socrates)

Lu
Khi s dng s hu cch, phi b mo t ng trc ngi hoc vt s hu.
V d:
- The villa of the senator = The senator's villa (Bit th ca thng ngh s)
- The wife of the shoemaker = The shoemaker's wife (V ca ngi th giy)
- The toys of Jack = Jack's toys

Khi no dng s hu cch?

S hu cch (possessive case) ch yu dng cho ngi, quc gia hoc ng vt. i khi
ngi ta cng dng s hu cch trong cc trng hp sau y:


The tree's branches (cc cnh cy) = The branches of the tree
The yacht's mast (ct thuyn bum) = The mast of the yacht
The company's profits (Li nhun ca cng ty) = The profits of the company
A week's holiday (k ngh mt tun)
Today's paper (bo ra ngy hm nay)
Twenty minutes' break (ngh gii lao 20 pht) = a twenty-minute break
Yesterday's news (tin tc hm qua)
Two days' delay (chm tr hai ngy) = a two-day delay
For heaven's sake (v Thng )
The baker's (tim bnh m)
The butcher's (tim bn tht)
The dentist's (phng khm ca nha s)
Tomorrow, we'll have a birthday party at Hoa's (Ngy mai, chng ta s n mng sinh nht ti
nh Hoa)

Khi no dng Of + danh t din t s s hu?

Khi c mt cm t (phrase) hoc mnh (clause) theo sau "s hu ch".
V d:
- I want to know the house of the girl in uniform (Ti mun bit nh ca c gi mc ng
phc)
- They are speaking to the father of the young man they met at the airport (H ang ni
chuyn vi cha ca ngi thanh nin m h gp sn bay)

Khuynh hng chung l dng Of + danh t, khi "s hu ch" l vt ch khng phi
ngi.
V d:
- The gate of the villa (cng ca bit th)
- The front of the house (mt tin ca cn nh)
- The legs of the chair (chn ca ci gh)

Phn bit: My aunt's paintings (Nhng bc tranh thuc quyn s hu ca d ti hoc do d ti v)
v The paintings of my aunt (Nhng bc tranh t d ti)
TINH TU CHI PHAM CHAT
1/ Tnh t ch phm cht khng thay i theo ging v s ca danh t.
V d:
- An old woman (Mt b lo) & Old women (Cc b lo)
- An old man (Mt ng lo) & Old men (Cc ng lo)
2/ V tr ca tnh t ch phm cht
Trc danh t.
V d:
- A poor family (Mt gia nh ngho)
- An unhappy teacher (Mt ngi thy bt hnh)
- Difficult problems (Nhng bi ton kh)
- Sau danh t, nu tnh t c b ng km theo.
V d:
- Burgundy is a region famous for its wines
(Burgundy l mt vng ni ting v cc loi ru vang)


- A shelf full of crockery (Mt ngn cha y snh s)
Sau cc ng t Be, Become, Seem, Appear, Feel, Get/Grow, Keep, Look, Make, Smell,
Sound, Taste, Turn.
V d:
- He looks world-weary (Anh ta c v chn i)
- This event made them more optimistic
(S kin ny khin h lc quan hn)
- After a persistent rain, everyone felt cold
(Sau mt cn ma dai dng, mi ngi u cm thy lnh)
- That music sounds beautiful (Khc nhc y nghe tht hay)
- The weather will keep fine (Thi tit s vn c p)
- This milk smells sour (Sa ny c mi chua)

Phn bit
- This waiter looks very curious (Ngi hu bn ny trng rt t m) v He looks curiously at
his boss (Anh ta nhn ch mnh vi v t m)

3/ Tnh t dng nh danh t
- Cc tnh t Old (gi), Young (tr), Elderly (cao tui), Aged (cao tui), Blind (m), Deaf
(ic), Disabled (tn tt), Handicapped (tn tt), Healthy (mnh kho), Sick (au m), Living
(sng), Dead (cht), Wounded (b thng), Injured (b thng), Rich (giu), Poor (ngho),
Needy (tng thiu), Unemployed (tht nghip), Jobless (tht nghip), Wicked (xu xa) c
th theo sau The ch loi ngi c mt trong nhng c trng va ni. By gi, cc tnh
t ny tr thnh danh t v nn nh l ng t theo sau chng phi ngi th ba s
nhiu.

V d:
- The handicapped deserve our help
(Nhng k tt nguyn rt ng cho chng ta gip )
- Special recreational programs for the elderly
(Cc chng trnh gii tr c bit dnh cho ngi cao tui)
Cc tnh t ch quc gia cng do cch ny m tr thnh danh t. Chng hn, The Scotch (Ngi
Xct-len), the Dutch (Ngi H Lan), the French (Ngi Php), the British (Ngi Anh), the
Swiss (Ngi Thy S), the Taiwanese (Ngi i Loan), the Vietnamese (Ngi Vit Nam)...

4/ Phn t dng nh tnh t
Hin ti phn t (...ING) v qu kh phn t (...ED) cng c th dng nh tnh t. By gi,
hin ti phn t mang ngha ch ng, cn qu kh phn t mang ngha th ng.
V d:
- A confusing question (Mt cu hi khin ngi nghe bi ri) & The boy looks confused
when he sees his parents at the door of his classroom (Cu b c v bi ri khi thy b m
ca lp).
- A touching story (Mt cu chuyn khin ngi nghe xc ng) & I was very touched to
hear from my bosom friends (Ti rt xc ng khi nhn c tin nhng ngi bn ch ct
ca ti).

5/ Th t sp xp cc tnh t ch phm cht


Thng thng, khi nhiu tnh t cng nh tnh cho mt danh t, chng s c sp xp theo
th t sau y: Tnh t ch kch thc - Tnh t ch c tnh v cm xc - Tnh t ch tui tc -
Tnh t ch hnh dng - Tnh t ch mu sc - Tnh t ch cht liu - Tnh t ch ngun gc - Tnh
t ch cng dng [thng l danh ng t trong danh t kp, chng hn nh Leading question
(cu hi khn ngoan dn n cu tr li ng ca ngi hi), Waiting room (phng ch
i),Riding breeches (qun mc khi ci nga)].
V d:
- A long double-edged sword (Mt thanh gm hai li di)
- A small square box (Mt ci hp vung nh)
- Merciful black policemen (Nhng vin cnh st da en nhn t)
- Red velvet gloves (Nhng chic gng nhung )
- An elegant Italian restaurant (Mt nh hng thanh lch)

6/ Cc trng hp c bit ca tnh t ch phm cht
6/1 Tnh t ch phm cht dng vi cc i t one/ones, khi one/ones ch mt danh t c
cp trc .
V d:
- Gather ripe plums instead of the unripe ones.
(Hy hi mn chn thay v mn cn xanh)
- If you don't buy a voluminous book, two small ones will do
(Nu bn khng mua mt quyn sch to tng th hai quyn nh cng
dng ri)

6/2 Tnh t ch phm cht dng nh i t.
- First/Second (th nht/th hai)... vn l tnh t nu dng vi one/ones, nhng s
l i t nu khng dng vi one/ones.
V d:
- Which of these two do you prefer? - I prefer the second (one)
(Trong hai ci ny, bn thch ci no hn? - Ti thch ci th hai hn)

Lu
- I find that it is impossible to tame this bear = I find it impossible to tame this bear (Ti thy l
khng th thun ho con gu ny)
- It is very kind of you to help him
(Bn tht l t t mi gip hn)
- It is ungracious of him not to acknowledge your help
(Hn tht l khim nh mi khng cm n s gip ca bn)
- It is boring to tell lies all day long
(Tht l chn ngt khi phi ni di sut ngy)
- It is necessary to seize this golden opportunity
(iu cn thit l nm ly c hi ngn vng ny)
- It is not necessary for you to be in such a hurry
(Bn khng cn phi hp tp nh vy)
- It is lucky that we have a correction pen
(May l chng ti c bt xo)
- It is lucky for us that he has a correction pen
(May cho chng ti l anh ta c bt xo)
- I am afraid of naughty words


(Ti s nhng li l tc tu)
- I am afraid of hearing naughty words
(Ti s nghe nhng li l tc tu)
- I am afraid to hear naughty words
(Ti s nghe nhng li l tc tu)
- I am afraid (that) they will be late for school
(Ti e rng chng s i hc tr)
- This lesson is easy to understand
(Bi hc ny d hiu)
- It is strange that they haven't remembered the way to the airport
(L mt iu l h qun hn ng ra sn bay)
- Students are ready to accept task assignment after graduation
(Cc sinh vin sn sng chu s phn cng sau khi tt nghip)
- I am very happy to see you again
(Ti rt vui mng gp li cc bn)
SO SANH
1/ C 3 cp so snh:

Cp nguyn So snh hn Cc cp

Tall Taller Tallest
Honest More honest Most honest

2/ Quy tc
C hai cch to hnh thc so snh hn v cc cp cho tnh t.
a) Thm er (so snh hn) v est (cc cp) sau:
Mi tnh t mt vn. Chng hn, Fast (nhanh) - Faster (nhanh hn) - Fastest (nhanh nht);
Strong (mnh) - Stronger (mnh hn) - Strongest (mnh nht).
Mt vi tnh t hai vn (ch yu l tn cng bng y, le v ow). Chng hn, Quiet (yn tnh)
- Quieter (yn tnh hn) - Quietest (yn tnh nht); Dirty (bn) - Dirtier (bn hn) - Dirtiest
(bn nht); Simple (n gin) - Simpler (n gin hn) - Simplest (n gin nht); Narrow
(hp) - Narrower (hp hn) - Narrowest (hp nht).
Tnh t bt u bng Un v theo sau l hai vn. Chng hn, Unhappy (khn kh) -
Unhappier (khn kh hn) - Unhappiest (khn kh nht).

Lu
- Big (ln) - Bigger (ln hn) - Biggest (ln nht); Fat (bo) - Fatter (bo hn) - Fattest
(bo nht).
- Silly (di dt) - Sillier (di dt hn) - Silliest (di dt nht);
Floppy (mm) - Floppier (mm hn) - Floppiest (mm nht).
- Little (nh) - Littler (nh hn) - Littlest (nh nht);
- Rude (khim nh) - Ruder (khim nh hn) - Rudest (khim nh nht).

b) Thm More (so snh hn) v Most (cc cp) trc:
Mi tnh t ba vn (tr trng hp ni trn y). Chng hn, Attractive (hp dn) - More
attractive (hp dn hn) - Most attractive (hp dn nht).
Phn ln cc tnh t hai vn (tn cng bng ful, less, al, ant, ent, ic, ive, ous, hoc bt
u bng a). Chng hn, Distant (xa) - More distant (xa hn) - Most distant (xa nht);


Graceful (duyn dng) - More graceful (duyn dng hn) - Most graceful (duyn dng
nht).
Mi phn t dng nh tnh t. Chng hn, Boring (t nht) - More boring (t nht hn),
Most boring (t nht nht); Spoilt (h hng) - More spoilt (h hng hn) - Most spoilt (h
hng nht).

Lu
C nhng tnh t hai vn p dng c hai cch ni trn. Chng hn, Common (ph bin) -
Commoner/More common( ph bin hn) - Commonest/Most common (ph bin nht);
Clever (khn ngoan) - Cleverer/More clever (khn ngoan hn) - Cleverest/Most clever
(khn ngoan nht).
Nu nghi ng th nn dng More v Most.

3/ So snh bt quy tc
Good (tt), better , best
Bad (xu), worse , worst
Far (xa), farther / further , furthest / farthest
Little (t), less , least
Few (t), fewer / less , fewest / least
Many, Much (nhiu), more , most
Old (gi, c), elder / older , eldest / oldest

4/ Cu trc
4/1 So snh hn
C th dng Much, Far, A little, A bit trc tnh t cp so snh hn.
V d:
- Tom is much stronger than his rival
(Tom kho hn i th ca mnh nhiu)
- Are you feeling a little (a bit) better today?
(Hm nay bn thy trong ngi kho hn khng?)
Sau than c th l mt danh t, i t hoc mnh .
V d:
- London is bigger than Paris
(Lun n to hn Pari).
- Peter appeared more confused than his friends.
(Peter c v lng tng hn cc bn anh ta)
- My dad's older than yours
(B ti gi hn b bn)
- The exam is easier than I thought
(Cuc thi d hn ti ngh).

Lu
It's getting colder and colder (Tri cng lc cng lnh hn)
He became more and more anxious with every passing minute (Mi pht tri qua, anh ta
cng thm lo lng)


The more I miss my family, the more I miss my children (Cng nh gia nh, ti cng nh
cc con ti)
The more he thought about it, the worse the situation seemed (Anh ta cng ngh n iu
, tnh hnh cng c v t hn)
The more interesting it is, the more attention they pay (iu cng l th, h cng thm
ch )
You are taller than I (am) , nhng ngi ta thng ni You are taller than me .
He makes fewer spelling mistakes than you (do) , nhng ngi ta thng ni He makes
fewer spelling mistakes than you .
I have a faster car than he (does) , nhng ngi ta thng ni I have a faster car than him.

4/2 Cc cp
V d:
- Henry is the best child in his family
(Henry l a con tt nht trong gia nh)
- It was the happiest day of my life
( l ngy vui nht i ti)
- Her worst subject is chemistry
(Mn m c ta d nht l ho hc)
- My parents have two sons. I am the eldest
(B m ti c hai ngi con trai. Ti l con trai trng)
- All the boys are noisy, but Long is the noisiest
(Tt c cc b trai u lm n, nhng Long lm n nhiu nht)
- It is the strongest coffee (that) I have ever drunk
(y l c ph c nht m ti tng ung)
- It was the unhappiest month (that) we had ever spent
( l thng xui nht m chng ti tng tri qua)

5/ Ni thm v hnh thc so snh v cc cp
- She is as thin as a lath (C ta gy nh cy que)
- You are as tall as my brother (Bn cao bng anh ti)
- This schoolgirl is as white as a sheet (C n sinh ny trong trng nh mt t giy)
- An elephant is not so big as a whale (Voi khng to bng c voi)
Your tea is not so strong as mine (Tr ca bn khng c
bng tr ca ti)
- Mice are not as big as cats (Chut khng to bng mo)
- The least worry we have is about the weather (iu chng ti t lo lng nht l thi tit)
- His speech is less lengthy than I expected (Bi din vn ca ng ta t di dng hn ti
mong)
- This is the least interesting part of the dictionary (y l phn t hp dn nht trong quyn
t in)
- One of the least performed of Shakespeare's plays (mt trong nhng v kch t c trnh
din nht ca Shakespeare)
- She chose the least expensive of the hotels (B ta chn khch sn t t tin nht = B ta
chn khch sn r tin nht)
- She found the job less and less attractive
(C ta thy cng vic ngy cng bt hp dn)
- They are less and less interested in sport (H ngy cng bt quan tm n th thao)


- Less coffee than tea ( t c ph hn tr)
- You should smoke fewer cigarettes and drink less beer (Anh nn ht t thuc l hn v
ung t bia hn)
- I received less money than the others did (Ti lnh t tin hn nhng ngi khc)
- It rains less in London than in Manchester ( Lun n ma t hn l Manchester)

PHO TU
TONG QUAT VE PHO TU
Ph t l t b sung thng tin v thi gian, ni chn, mc , cch thc... cho mt ng
t, mt tnh t, mt cm t hoc mt ph t khc .
Ph t ch cch thc (Adverbs of manner): Slowly (chm chp), quickly (mt cch
nhanh nhn), joyfully (mt cch vui v), sadly (mt cch bun b), well (tt, gii), badly (ti,
d) ...
Ph t ch mc (Adverbs of degree): Enough (), absolutely (tuyt i), strictly
(trit ), fairly (kh, hon ton), completely (hon ton), entirely (hon ton), quite (hon
ton), just (va), nearly (gn nh), almost (gn nh), only (ch ring), too (qu), very (rt),
extremely (cc ), really (thc s)...
Ph t ch ni chn (Adverbs of place): Here (y), there (), near (gn), everywhere
(mi ni), nowhere (khng ni no), northwards (v pha bc), forwards (v pha trc),
backwards (v pha sau), clockwise (theo chiu kim ng h) ...
Ph t ch thi gian (Adverbs of time): Now (by gi), today (hm nay), tomorrow (ngy
mai), yesterday (hm qua), soon (ngay), still (vn cn), then (sau ), yet (cn, cn na),
afterwards (sau ny), before (trc ), at once (lp tc), lately (gn y), recently (gn
y) ...
Ph t ch s thng xuyn (Adverbs of frequency): Frequently (thng xuyn),
always (lun lun), never (khng bao gi), occasionally (thnh thong), usually (thng),
often (thng), regularly (u n), seldom (t khi, him khi), rarely (t khi, him khi)...
Ph t nghi vn (Interrogative adverbs): When? (lc no), where?( u), why? (ti sao),
how (nh th no? bng cch no?). Chng hn, When did he die? (Anh ta cht lc no?),
Where does she come from? (C ta t u n?), Why were you late? (Ti sao anh n
mun?), How is this word spelt? (T ny nh vn nh th no?).
Ph t quan h (Relative adverbs): When (khi m), where (ni m), why (v sao, ti sao).
Chng hn, Sunday is the day when very few people go to work (Ch nht l ngy m rt t
ngi i lm vic), One of the countries where people drive on the left (Mt trong nhng
nc ni ngi ta li xe v bn tri), That is the reason why I come here ( l l do v sao
ti n y).

Ngoi ra, cn c Ph t b ngha cu (Sentence adverbs) nh Certainly (chc chn),
Evidently (hin nhin), Obviously (hin nhin), Naturally (tt nhin), Clearly (r rng), Probably
(c l), Undoubtedly (khng nghi ng g na), Fortunately (may thay), Unfortunately (ri thay)
... Chng hn, Fortunately, everyone returned home safe and sound (May thay, mi ngi
u tr v nh bnh an v s).

SU THANH LAP PHO TU
Thng th ph t hnh thnh bng cch thm ly vo tnh t tng xng.
V d:
Large (rng ri) - Largely
Extreme (cc ) - Extremely


Brief (ngn gn) - Briefly
Boring (bun t) - Boringly
Repeated (lp i lp li) - Repeatedly
Quick (nhanh nhn) - Quickly
Happy (sung sng) - Happily
Greedy (tham lam) - Greedily
Useful (hu ch) - Usefully
Beautiful (p) - Beautifully
Normal (thng thng) - normally
Actual (thc s) - actually
Reliable (xc thc) - Reliably
Pitiable (ng thng) - Pitiably
Tangible (hin nhin) - tangibly
Credible (ng tin cy) - Credibly

Ngoi l
True (tht, ng), truly
Due (ng, ng), duly
Whole (ton b), wholly
Good (tt, gii), well
Other (khc), otherwise

Cng c trng hp tnh t v ph t ging nhau v hnh thc . Chng hn, Back seat (Gh
sau) - It takes me an hour to walk there and back (Ti phi mt mt ting ng h i t y
n ri quay v), A pretty girl (Mt c gi xinh xn) - The situation seems pretty hopeless
(Tnh th c v kh tuyt vng), In the near future (Trong tng lai gn y) - Sit near enough
to see the screen (Hy ngi gn nhn thy mn nh), Still water (Nc phng lng) - She
is still unconscious (C ta vn cn bt tnh), A little garden (Mt khu vn nh) - I slept very
little last night (m qua ti ng rt t), A late marriage (Mt cuc hn nhn mun mn) - She
married late (C ta ly chng mun), A nation-wide advertising campaign (Mt chin dch
qung co trn ton quc) - Police are looking for him nation-wide (Cnh st ang truy lng
hn trn ton quc), Bodily organs (Cc b phn ca c th) - The audience rose bodily to
salute the colours (Ton th c to ng dy cho c)...

Nhng tnh t tn cng bng ly, chng hn nh Friendly (thn thin), Likely (c th, chc),
Lonely (c n)..., khng c dng nh ph t. din t chng di dng ph t, ta phi
lp nhng cm t nh In a friendly manner/way (mt cch thn thin) chng hn.

PHO TU DUOI HINH THUC SO SANH
1/ t ph t c hai vn tr ln di hnh thc so snh v cc cp , ta thm more v most
trc ph t.
Chng hn, Calmly (Bnh tnh) - More calmly (bnh tnh hn) - Most calmly (bnh tnh nht),
Luckily (may mn) - More luckily (may mn hn), Most luckily (may mn nht).

c bit

Well Better Best
Badly Worse Worst


Little Less Least
Much More Most
Far Farther Farthest
Further Furthest
Early Earlier Earliest
Hard Harder Hardest
Fast Faster Fastest
Loud Louder Loudest

2/ V d minh ho
- He eats more quickly than I do/than me (Anh ta n nhanh hn ti)
- He eats as quickly as I do/as me (Anh ta n nhanh bng ti)
- He doesn't eat as quickly as I do/as me hoc He doesn't eat so quickly as I do/as me
(Anh ta khng n nhanh bng ti).
- They arrived earlier than I expected
(H n sm hn ti tng)
- The sooner you begin, the sooner you'll finish
(Bn bt u cng sm, bn cng sm xong vic)
- The sooner the better (Cng sm cng tt)
- heir child screamed loudest of all
(Con ca h ht to nht trong bn)
- Who arrived the earliest?
(Ai n sm nht?)

VI TRI PHO TU
1/ Ph t ch cch thc (Adverbs of manner)
ng sau ng t. Chng hn, This old man drinks heavily (ng lo ny nghin ru nng),
She walked sluggishly (C ta i mt cch u oi).
ng sau tc t nu cu c mt tc t. Chng hn, He rendered me a service voluntarily
(Anh ta t nguyn gip ti), They speak French well (H ni ting Php gii).
ng trc gii t hoc sau tc t khi ng t + gii t + tc t (nhng phi ng trc
gii t nu tc t di). Chng hn, She glances shyly at him hoc She glances at him shyly
(C ta e thn lic nhn anh ta), nhng She glances shyly at everyone who attends her wedding
ceremony (C ta e thn nhn nhng ngi n d l ci ca c ta).
ng trc ng t nu tc t di. Chng hn, The teacher carefully marked all the incorrect
sentences on the blackboard (Thy gio cn thn nh du mi cu sai trn bng en), He
furiously declares that any latecomer will be blacklisted (Anh ta in tit tuyn b rng ai n
tr s b ghi vo s en).

2/ Ph t ch mc (Adverbs of degree)
ng trc mt ph t hoc mt tnh t b ngha cho ph t hoc tnh t y. Chng hn, It is
absolutely impossible (iu hon ton khng th c), She sings very well (C ta ca rt
hay).
c bit
- They have only two children
(H c vn vn hai a con)
- Only five people were hurt in the accident
(Ch c nm ngi b thng trong v tai nn)


- For external use only
(Dng ngoi da m thi)
- I only waited a few minutes, but it seemed like hours
(Ti ch i vi pht thi, m c nh my gi ng h)
- I hardly know this telephone number
(Ti va mi bit s in thoi ny m thi)
- I can hardly lift this bag
(Ti kh m nhc ni ci bao ny)
- Hardly anybody came
(Hu nh chng ai n)
-There's hardly any milk left
(Hu nh chng cn cht sa no)
-He has hardly any money
(Anh ta hu nh chng c tin)
- They hardly ever go to bed before midnight
(Hu nh h chng bao gi i ng trc na m)
- He can scarcely have said so
(Chc l anh y khng ni nh th)
- There were scarcely fifty strikers there
( ch c vn vn nm mi ngi nh cng)
- This river isn't deep enough for swimming
(Dng sng ny cha su bi li)
- Write clearly enough for us to read it
(Hy vit r cho chng ti c c)

3/ Ph t ch s thng xuyn (Adverbs of frequency)
ng sau th n gin ca To be. Chng hn, Your hands are still dirty (Tay anh vn cn bn),
He is always modest about his achievements (Anh ta lun khim tn v nhng thnh tu ca
mnh).
Trc th n gin ca tt c cc ng t khc. Chng hn, I continually have to remind him
of his family (Ti phi lin tc nhc hn nh n gia nh hn), He sometimes writes to me
(Thnh thong anh ta c vit th cho ti), My father never eats meat (Cha ti chng bao gi n
tht).
Sau tr ng t trong th kp. Chng hn, I have never been abroad (Ti cha bao gi ra
nc ngoi), You should always check your oil before starting (Bn nn lun lun kim tra du
nht trc khi khi hnh), We have often been there (Chng ti tng n lun).

4 Ph t ch ni chn (Adverbs of place)
ng sau ng t. Chng hn, Her parents live abroad (Cha m c ta sng nc ngoi),
They are waiting for us downstairs (H ang i chng ti tng di), Are you going
anywhere? (Anh nh i bt c ni no ch?).
Sau ng t + tc t hoc ng t + gii t + tc t. Chng hn, I've seen that old
women somewhere (Ti gp b lo ni no ), We looked for it everywhere (Chng
ti tm n khp ni).

5/ Ph t ch thi gian (Adverbs of time)


ng u hoc cui mnh . Chng hn, Eventually he won hoc He won eventually
(Cui cng anh ta thng), Then we walked home hoc We walked home then (Ri chng ti
i b v nh). Tuy nhin, tt nht l tra t in trc khi dng ph t ch thi gian.
DAI TU
TINH TU NGHI VAN
Who (i t)
Whom (i t)
What (i t v tnh t)
Which (i t v tnh t)
Whose (i t v tnh t)

V d minh ho
a) Who
- Who told him the news? (Ai bo tin cho anh ta?)
- Do you know who damaged my car?
(Bn c bit ai lm hng xe ti hay khng?)
- I wonder who phoned this morning
(Ti chng bit ai gi in thoi sng nay)
- Who ate my bread? (Ai n bnh m ca ti?)
- Who is that bespectacled girl? (C gi eo knh l ai?)

b) Whom
- Thay v Whom did they invite? (H mi nhng ai?), ngi ta thng ni Who did they
invite?
- Thay v Whom did you see at church? (Bn gp ai nh th?), ngi ta thng ni Who
did you see at church?
- Thay v With whom did you go? (Bn i vi ai?), ngi ta thng ni Who did you go
with?
- Thay v To whom are you speaking? (Bn ang ni chuyn vi ai?), ngi ta thng ni
Who are you speaking to?

c) Whose
Whose l tnh t.
- Whose house was broken into? (Nh ca ai b bn trm vo?)
- Whose book are they reading? (H ang c sch ca ai?)

Whose l i t.
- Whose are these newspapers ? (Nhng t bo ny l ca ai?)
- Whose is that house? (Nh l ca ai?)

d) Which
Which l tnh t.
- Which hat is hers? (M no l ca c ta?)
- Which way is quicker - by taxi or by pedicab?
(ng no th nhanh hn - bng taxi hay bng xe xch l?)
- Which languages did you study at school?
(Anh hc nhng th ting g trng?)
- Which journalist (of all journalists) do you admire most?


(Nh bo no bn ngng m nht?)
- Thay v To which address will you send this letter? (Bn s gi th ny n a ch no),
ngi ta thng ni Which address will
you send this letter to?. Tng t, thay v In which region do you work? (Bn lm vic
vng no?), ngi ta thng ni Which region do you work in?

Which l i t.
- Which is her hat? (M ca c ta l m no?)
- Which of them is the tallest? (Ngi no trong s h l cao nht?)
- Which of these two photos do you like best?
(Bn thch bc no nht trong hai bc nh ny?)

e) What
What l i t.
- What happens? (C chuyn g xy ra vy?)
- What made him so furious? (iu g khin hn in tit ln vy?)
- What are you thinking? (Bn ang ngh g vy?)
- What's the date? (Hm nay ngy bao nhiu?)
- What does he say? (Anh ta ni g vy?)
- What did you do that for? = Why did you do that?
(Bn lm iu nhm mc ch g?)
- What is this bag for? (Ci bao ny dng lm g?)
- What does this word mean? (T ny ngha l g?)
- What does she do? = What is she? = What is her profession?
(C ta lm ngh g?)
- What's your name? (Tn bn l g?)
- What was the weather like? (Thi tit nh th no?)
- What does she look like? (C ta trng th no?)

What l tnh t (nhng rt t dng cho ngi).
- What date is it? (Hm nay ngy bao nhiu?)
- What experience have you had? (Bn c kinh nghim g?)
- What documents has he read? (Hn c nhng ti liu no?)
- At what depth does the wreck lie?
(Xc tu m nm su bao nhiu?)

Lu
- Thay v What age are you?/What is your age?, ngi ta thng ni How old are you? (Bn
bao nhiu tui?)
- Thay v What height is he?/ What is his height?, ngi ta thng ni How tall is he? (Anh ta
cao bao nhiu?)
DAI TU NHAN XUNG
1/ Hnh thc

Ch t Tc t

S t Ngi th nht I Me


Ngi th hai You You
Ngi th ba He/She/It Him/Her/It
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S nhiu Ngi th nht We Us
Ngi th hai You You
Ngi th ba They Them

Hnh thc c ca ngi th hai s t l Thou (ch t), Thee (tc t)
He dng cho nam gii v ng vt ging c & She dng cho n gii v ng vt ging ci &
It dng cho s vt.
V d:

- This is my father. He is a postman
(y l cha ti. ng l nhn vin pht th)
- This is my mother. She is an actress
(y l m ti. B l din vin)
- This is my car. It is very beautiful
(y l xe t ca ti. N th rt p)

2/ V d minh ho
- This is my grandmother. She is old. Do you know her?
(y l b ti. B y th gi. Bn c bit b y hay khng?)
- Did you see the elephant? - Yes, I saw it and it saw me
(Bn thy voi cha? - Vng, ti thy n v n thy ti)
- My sister and I attend the same school
(Ch ti v ti hc cng mt trng)
- Where's Ba? - That's him over there (Ba u ri? - Anh ta kia ka)
- They gave you dinner. Did you thank them for it?
(H i bn n ti. Bn cm n h v vic cha?)
- She will stay with us (C y s li vi chng ta)
- You need to speak to someone like him
(Bn cn phi ni chuyn vi nhng ngi nh anh ta)

Lu
- Thay v It is I (ti y), ngi ta thng ni It's me.
- Thay v She is taller than I am (c ta cao hn ti), ngi ta thng ni She is taller than
me.
-Thay v He doesn't know as much as she does (anh ta khng bit nhiu bng c ta),
ngi ta thng ni He doesn't know as much as her .
- Khng ni It was him who told me the news (chnh anh ta bo tin cho ti), m phi ni It
was he who told me the news .
- C th ni Turn off the fan hoc Turn the fan off (Hy tt qut !), nhng nu dng i t
nhn xng th phi ni Turn it off.
- Vi vai tr ch t, You v One c th c dng nh nhau. Chng hn, You cannot live
on water (Bn khng th sng bng nc l) hoc One cannot live on water (Ngi ta
khng th sng bng nc l) . Tuy nhin, You vn thn mt v thng dng hn One.


- They cng c ngha l Ngi ta . Chng hn, They say (that) he behaves very badly
towards his mother (Ngi ta ni rng hn i x vi m hn rt t).

3/ Ni ring v It
It thng dng cho mt vt, mt em b, hoc mt con vt m ta khng bit thuc ging g.
V d:
- Where's your gun? - It is in the drawer.
(Khu sng ca bn u? - N trong ngn ko)
- Do you see that bird? It is singing very happily.
(Bn c thy con chim kia khng? N ang ht rt vui)
- Her new baby is very chubby. It weighs more than four kilos.
(a con mi sinh ca c ta rt mm mm. N nng hn bn k)

i khi It cng dng cho ngi.
V d:
- Who is that/Who is it? - It's me
(Ai ? - Ti y)

It dng trong cc thnh ng ch thi gian, khong cch, thi tit, nhit , thy triu
V d:
- What time is it? - It is six (My gi ri? - Su gi ri)
- How far is it to London? - It is about 100 miles.
(n Lun n bao xa? - Khong 100 dm)
- It is raining/snowing (Tri ang ma/ang tuyt ri)
- It's a fine night (Tri m p)
- It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto
(Tht l nng/lnh/mt trong hang ny)

Cu trc It + is + tnh t + nguyn mu
V d:
- It is easy to criticize (Ph phn th d) thay v To criticize is easy .
- It is better to get up early (Nn dy sm th tt hn) thay v To get up early is bettter .

Thay v She finds (that) it is boring to stay at home (C ta thy ngi nh tht l chn), ta c
th ni She finds it boring to stay at home .

It thay cho mt cm t hay mnh c cp trc .
V d:
- He smokes in bed, though his wife doesn't like it.
(Hn ht thuc trn ging, mc d v hn chng thch iu )
- Yes, I am always a late riser. What about it?
(Vng, ti lun dy mun. Anh ngh sao v iu ?)

It lm ch t cho cc ng t khng m ch ring ai
V d:
- It appears that there has been a mistake
(Dng nh c s nhm ln)
- It seems that he's resigned (Dng nh ng ta t chc)


DAI TU PHAN THAN
1/ Hnh thc

Ch t Tc t

S t Ngi th nht I Me
Ngi th hai You You
Ngi th ba He/She/It Him/Her/It
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S nhiu Ngi th nht We Us
Ngi th hai You You
Ngi th ba They Them

Hnh thc c ca ngi th hai s t l Thou (ch t), Thee (tc t)
He dng cho nam gii v ng vt ging c & She dng cho n gii v ng vt ging ci &
It dng cho s vt.
V d:

- This is my father. He is a postman
(y l cha ti. ng l nhn vin pht th)
- This is my mother. She is an actress
(y l m ti. B l din vin)
- This is my car. It is very beautiful
(y l xe t ca ti. N th rt p)

2/ V d minh ho
- This is my grandmother. She is old. Do you know her?
(y l b ti. B y th gi. Bn c bit b y hay khng?)
- Did you see the elephant? - Yes, I saw it and it saw me
(Bn thy voi cha? - Vng, ti thy n v n thy ti)
- My sister and I attend the same school
(Ch ti v ti hc cng mt trng)
- Where's Ba? - That's him over there (Ba u ri? - Anh ta kia ka)
- They gave you dinner. Did you thank them for it?
(H i bn n ti. Bn cm n h v vic cha?)
- She will stay with us (C y s li vi chng ta)
- You need to speak to someone like him
(Bn cn phi ni chuyn vi nhng ngi nh anh ta)

Lu
- Thay v It is I (ti y), ngi ta thng ni It's me.
- Thay v She is taller than I am (c ta cao hn ti), ngi ta thng ni She is taller than
me.
-Thay v He doesn't know as much as she does (anh ta khng bit nhiu bng c ta),
ngi ta thng ni He doesn't know as much as her .


- Khng ni It was him who told me the news (chnh anh ta bo tin cho ti), m phi ni It
was he who told me the news .
- C th ni Turn off the fan hoc Turn the fan off (Hy tt qut !), nhng nu dng i t
nhn xng th phi ni Turn it off.
- Vi vai tr ch t, You v One c th c dng nh nhau. Chng hn, You cannot live
on water (Bn khng th sng bng nc l) hoc One cannot live on water (Ngi ta
khng th sng bng nc l) . Tuy nhin, You vn thn mt v thng dng hn One.
- They cng c ngha l Ngi ta . Chng hn, They say (that) he behaves very badly
towards his mother (Ngi ta ni rng hn i x vi m hn rt t).

3/ Ni ring v It
It thng dng cho mt vt, mt em b, hoc mt con vt m ta khng bit thuc ging g.
V d:
- Where's your gun? - It is in the drawer.
(Khu sng ca bn u? - N trong ngn ko)
- Do you see that bird? It is singing very happily.
(Bn c thy con chim kia khng? N ang ht rt vui)
- Her new baby is very chubby. It weighs more than four kilos.
(a con mi sinh ca c ta rt mm mm. N nng hn bn k)

i khi It cng dng cho ngi.
V d:
- Who is that/Who is it? - It's me
(Ai ? - Ti y)

It dng trong cc thnh ng ch thi gian, khong cch, thi tit, nhit , thy triu
V d:
- What time is it? - It is six (My gi ri? - Su gi ri)
- How far is it to London? - It is about 100 miles.
(n Lun n bao xa? - Khong 100 dm)
- It is raining/snowing (Tri ang ma/ang tuyt ri)
- It's a fine night (Tri m p)
- It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto
(Tht l nng/lnh/mt trong hang ny)

Cu trc It + is + tnh t + nguyn mu
V d:
- It is easy to criticize (Ph phn th d) thay v To criticize is easy .
- It is better to get up early (Nn dy sm th tt hn) thay v To get up early is bettter .

Thay v She finds (that) it is boring to stay at home (C ta thy ngi nh tht l chn), ta c
th ni She finds it boring to stay at home .

It thay cho mt cm t hay mnh c cp trc .
V d:
- He smokes in bed, though his wife doesn't like it.
(Hn ht thuc trn ging, mc d v hn chng thch iu )
- Yes, I am always a late riser. What about it?


(Vng, ti lun dy mun. Anh ngh sao v iu ?)

It lm ch t cho cc ng t khng m ch ring ai
V d:
- It appears that there has been a mistake
(Dng nh c s nhm ln)
- It seems that he's resigned (Dng nh ng ta t chc)

DAI TU VA TINH TU SO HUU
Tnh t s hu i t s hu

My (ca ti) Mine (ca ti)
Your (ca anh/ch) Yours (ca anh/ch)
His/Her/Its His/Hers
(ca anh ta/c ta/n) (ca anh y/c y)
Our (ca chng ta/chng ti) Ours (ca chng ta/chng ti)
Your (ca cc anh ch) Yours (ca cc anh ch)
Their (ca h/chng n) Theirs (ca h/chng n)

V d:
- This is his handkerchief. Where is ours?
(y l khn tay ca anh ta. Ci ca chng ti u?)
- Your do your work and I do mine
(Bn lm vic ca bn, ti lm vic ca ti)
Lu : ng nhm tnh t s hu Its v cm t It's (vit tt ca It is)

1/ c im
Tnh t s hu ty thuc s hu ch, ch khng ty thuc vt s hu. Do vy, nh ca
anh ta l His house, nh ca c ta l Her house. M ca anh ta l His mother, m ca c ta l
Her mother.
Tnh t s hu khng ty thuc s ca vt s hu. Chng hn, my friend (bn ca ti), my
friends (cc bn cu ti), their room (phng ca h), their rooms (cc phng ca h).
... ca con vt hoc s vt th dng Its. Chng hn, The dog wags its tail (con ch vy ui),
Depraved culture and its evils (vn ho i try v nhng tc hi ca n), The table and its
legs (ci bn v cc chn ca n).
Own cng c thm vo nhn mnh s s hu. Chng hn, Does that car belong to the
company, or is it your own? (chic xe t y ca cng ty, hay ca ring anh?), Their own
garden (mnh vn ring ca h).
Tnh t s hu cng c dng trc cc b phn c th. Chng hn, My legs hurt (ti au
chn), Her head is aching (c ta ang nhc u).

2/ i t s hu thay cho tnh t s hu + danh t
V d:
- This is their apartment hoc This (apartment) is theirs
(y l cn h ca h hoc Cn h ny l ca h )
- You're using my telephone. Where's yours ?
(Anh ang dng my in thoi ca ti. Ci ca anh u?)


... of mine ngha l One of my ... (mt... ca ti).
V d:
- A friend of mine = one of my friends (mt ngi bn ca ti)
- A teacher of hers = one of her teachers (mt ngi thy ca c y)

DAI TU BAT DINH
Tnh t bt nh:

- There's only one piece of cake left (Ch cn li mt mu bnh)
- This mendicant is blind in both eyes (Ngi n xin ny m c hai mt)
- A ring on each finger (Mt ci nhn trn mi ngn tay)
- Take either half, they are exactly the same
(Hy ly na ny hoc na kia, c hai u bng nhau)
- Neither boy was present (C hai a b u khng c mt)
- I have read this book several times (Ti c quyn sch ny nhiu ln)
- All dogs are animals, but not all animals are dogs
(Tt c cc con ch u l ng vt, nhng khng phi tt c cc ng vt u l ch)
- The buses go every ten minutes (C mi mi pht li c chuyn xe byt)
- I have a lot of bread, but I haven't much butter
(Ti c nhiu bnh m, nhng ti chng c nhiu b)
- There are many spelling mistakes in this newspaper (T bo ny c nhiu li chnh t)
- There's some ice in the fridge (C mt t trong t lnh)
- You may come here at any time (Bn c th n bt c lc no)
- I have little time for watching TV (Ti c t thi gian xem TV)
- Give me a little sugar (Hy cho ti mt t ng)
- There were few people at his funeral (C t ngi d m tang ng ta)
- The jailer asked us a few questions (Vin cai ngc hi chng ti vi cu)
- We have enough food for two weeks' holiday (Chng ti c thc phm cho k ngh hai
tun)
- No words can express my homesickness (Khng li no din t c ni nh nh ca ti)
- Would you like another cup of tea? (ng mun dng mt tch tr na khng?)
- Where are the other students? (Cc sinh vin khc ang u?)

i t bt nh
- This problem is one of great difficulty (Vn ny l vn rt kh khn)
- We both want to go hunting (C hai chng ti u mun i sn)
- He gave the boys five dollars each (ng ta cho mi a b 5 la)
- I've bought two cakes - you can have either
(Ti mua hai ci bnh - anh c th ly mt trong hai ci )
- I chose neither of them (Ti khng chn ci no trong hai ci c)
- Several of us decided to walk (Nhiu ngi trong chng ti quyt nh i b)
- We had several loaves left - All (of them) were crisp
(Chng ti cn nhiu bnh m - Tt c (cc bnh m ) u gin)
- Everybody goes to church (Mi ngi u i nh th)
- I'll give you everything I have (Ti s cho bn mi th m ti c)
- Nobody came to see me (Khng ai n thm ti)
- None of them wants to stay (Khng ngi no trong bn h mun li)


- I have nothing to eat (Ti chng c g n c)
- Ask anyone in your room (Hy hi bt c ai trong phng bn)
- Did you know many of them? (Bn c bit nhiu ngi trong bn h khng?)
- As a student, she has much to learn (L sinh vin, c ta c nhiu iu cn phi hc hi)
- How many loaves do you want? - A lot (Bn cn bao nhiu bnh m? - Nhiu lm)
- Do you need more money? - No, there's plenty in the safe (ng cn thm tin na khng? -
Khng, vn cn nhiu trong kt st)
- I agree to some of what you said (Ti ng vi phn no nhng iu bn ni)
- He doesn't like any of these flowers (Hn khng thch bt c hoa no trong nhng hoa ny)
- I can understand little of what he said (Ti hiu c cht t nhng iu hn ni)
- If you've got any spare sugar, could you give me a little?
(Nu bn cn ng, bn cho ti mt t c khng?)
- Is this sum of money enough for their business trip?
(S tin ny cho chuyn cng tc ca h hay khng?)
- Many are called, but few are chosen (Nhiu ngi c gi n, nhng t ngi c
chn)
- My father has written many historical novels, but I've only read a few (of them)
(B ti vit nhiu tiu thuyt lch s, nhng ti ch mi c vi quyn (trong s ))
- We must help others less fortunate than ourselves
(Chng ta phi gip nhng ngi khc km may mn hn chng ta)
- This shirt is too big; I'll try another (Ci o s mi ny to qu; ti s th mt ci khc)

Lu
Much (tnh t) ng trc danh t khng m c , Much (i t) thay chodanh t khng
m c . Much cng c th l ph t, chng hn nh I didn't enjoy that comedy (very)
much (Ti khng thch v hi ny lm) hoc She's much better today (Hm nay c ta kh
hn nhiu).
Much phn ngha vi Little.
Many (tnh t) ng trc danh t m c , Many (i t) thay cho danh t m c .
Many phn ngha vi Few.
Little cng c th l ph t v tnh t ch phm cht. Chng hn, I slept very little last
night
(m qua, ti ng rt t) [Ph t] vLittle holes to let air in (Nhng l nh khng kh
vo) (Tnh t ch phm cht).
A little cng c th l ph t, chng hn nh They are a little worried about the next
entrance examination (H hi lo v k thi tuyn sinh sp ti).
Enough cng c th l ph t, chng hn nh You aren't old enough to join the army
(Bn cha tui gia nhp qun i)

DAI TU QUAN HE

Ch t Tc t S hu

Cho ngi Who Whom/Who Whose
That That
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cho vt Which Which Whose/Of which
That That


Trong ting Anh chnh thc, Whom thay cho Who khi Who khng phi l ch t ca mnh
quan h. Chng hn, Are you the witness whom/that the police are looking for? (Anh c
phi l nhn chng m cnh st ang tm hay khng?)
Trong vn ni, ngi ta thng lc b i t quan h khi i t ny l tc t. Chng hn,
Isn't that the shirt (which/that) you wore? ( khng phi ci o s mi m bn mc
ch?), That's the stone (that) he broke the window with ( chnh l hn m nh hn
p v ca s). Tuy nhin, khng th lc b i t quan h nu i t ny l ch t ca
mnh quan h. Chng hn, The mason who stands with arms akimbo is closely related
to my driver (Ngi th n ng chng nnh c quan h h hng gn vi ti x ca ti),
She's the girl who/that broke my heart (C ta chnh l c gi lm ti au kh), That's the
stone which/that broke the window ( chnh l hn lm v ca s).
Whose l s hu cch ca Who v i khi ca c Which.
V d:
- This is the girl. Her father is a policeman (y l c gi. Cha c ta l cnh st vin) -->
This
is the girl whose father is a policeman (y l c gi m cha l cnh st vin).
- This is the steel tube. Its inner walls are rusty (y l ng thp. Cc vch bn trong n
b r)
--> This is the steel tube whose inner walls are rusty (y l ng thp m cc vch bn
trong b r).

Mnh quan h (Relative clauses)

a) Mnh quan h xc nh (Defining relative clauses) l mnh xc nh ngi hoc vt
va c nhc n trc . Chng hn, ta c cu The man who told me the news refused my
invitation to dinner (Ngi n ng bo tin cho ti t chi li mi n ti ca ti). Trong cu ny,
who told me the news l mnh quan h. Nu b mnh ny, ngi n ng m chng ta
ang ni n s khng r rng. Tuyt i khng t du phy gia danh t v mnh quan
h xc nh.
V d:
- We're looking for someone (who) we can rely on
(Chng ti ang tm ngi m chng ti c th tin cy)
- The novel is about a young man who falls in love with .. ..
(Tiu thuyt ni v mt chng trai phi lng .. ..)
- These are the children (that) I looked after last summer
(y l nhng a tr m ti trng nom ma h va qua)
- The clothes that are on the floor are dirty
(Qun o trn sn nh l qun o bn)
- Read the passage to which I referred in my talk
(Hy c on m ti nhc n trong cuc ni chuyn)
- A house which overlooks the park will cost more
(Nh nhn ra cng vin s t tin hn)
- The roof on which I was standing collapsed suddenly (Mi nh m ti ang ng trn
bng nhin sp) = The roof which I was standing on collapsed suddenly = The
roof I was standing on collapsed suddenly.

c bit


Thay v The first scientist who discovers/discovered this principle (Nh khoa hc u
tin tm ra nguyn l ny), ta c th ni The first scientist to discover this principle.
Thay v The only one who understands/understood this equation (Ngi duy nht
hiu c phng trnh ny), ta c th ni The only one to understand this equation .
hay v Employees who work overtime will be entitled to extra pay (Nhn vin lm thm
ngoi gi s c hng tin ph tri), ta c th ni Employees working overtime will
be entitled to extra pay .
Thay v A decision which enables investors to expand their business (Mt quyt
nh
cho php gii u t khuch trng vic lm n ca h), ta c th ni A decision
enabling
investors to expand their business.

b) Mnh quan h khng xc nh (Non-defining relative clauses) ni r thm v ngi hoc
vt c xc nh. Khc vi mnh quan h xc nh, mnh quan h khng xc nh
c phn cch bng du phy v khng th b i t quan h. Khc vi mnh quan h
xc nh, mnh quan h khng xc nh khng phi l thnh phn ct yu ca cu v c th
loi b m chng nh hng g. c bit l khng dng That thay cho Which m u mt
mnh quan h khng xc nh. Mnh quan h khng xc nh thng dng trong vn vit
hn l vn ni.
V d:
- My boss, who is very superstitious , always believes in ghosts (ng ch ca ti, ngi
rt m tn d oan, lun lun tin l c ma)
- This letter is from my father-in-law, whom you met last week at the airport (Bc th ny
l ca b v ti, ngi m anh gp tun ri sn bay).
- Mrs Hoa, to whom we are speaking , owns a well-known supermarket in this city (B
Hoa, ngi m chng ti ang ni chuyn, l ch mt siu th ni ting thnh ph ny)
- My sister gave me this shirt, which she had sewed herself
(Ch ti cho ti ci o s mi ny, ci o m ch t tay may)
- That house, which I bought ten years ago , is still solid.
(Cn nh y, cn nh m ti mua cch y 10 nm, vn cn
vng chc)
- Their hotel, whose staff are very helpful, is an example to all other hotels (Khch sn
ca h, ni nhn vin phc v rt c lc, l mt tm gng cho tt c cc khch sn
khc
noi theo)

Ni thm v What v Which

What cng c ngha l "Nhng iu m/Nhng g m".
V d:
- What you owned excited their envy (Nhng g bn c kch thch lng ghen t ca h).
- What he said was untrue (Nhng g hn ni u tri vi s tht).
- We studywhat our teacher teaches us (Chng ta hc nhng iu m thy gio dy chng
ta).
Which cng c ngha l "iu ".


V d:
- He said he had no money to go home, which was really absurd
(Anh ta ni rng anh ta khng c tin v nh, iu ht sc v l)
- Our car broke down suddenly, which made our journey less exciting
(Xe chng ti b hng t xut, iu khin cuc hnh trnh ca chng ti bt phn ho
hng)

DAI TU VA TINH TU CHI DINH
1/ Tnh t ch nh (demonstrative adjectives) thay i theo s ca danh t.
V d:
- That boy is very agile
(Cu b y rt lanh li)
- These tourists come from Japan
(Cc du khch ny n t Nht Bn)
- What does this word mean?
(T ny ngha l g?)
- Those loaves are for the picnic
(Nhng bnh m y dnh cho ba n ngoi tri)
- At that time, she was singing her child to sleep
(Lc y, c ta ang ru con ng)

This/These/That/Those + danh t + of + yours/hers. .. i khi dng nhn mnh thay
cho your/her... These words of yours are not convincing = Your words are not convincing
(Li l ny ca anh chng c sc thuyt phc) That shirt of Ba's is always dirty = Ba's shirt
is always dirty. (Ci o smi ca Ba lun lun bn)

2/ i t ch nh (demonstrative pronouns)
V d:
- This is my room. That's hers.
(y l phng ca ti. Kia l ca c ta)
- These are the bright colours. Those are the dark ones.
(y l nhng mu ti. Kia l nhng mu sm)
- This is cng c th dng gii thiu.
V d:
-Ba (to An): This is my sister Hoa.
(Ba ni vi An: y l Hoa, em gi ti)
- Ba (to Hoa): Hoa, this is An.
(Ba ni vi Hoa: Hoa, y l An)

Those c th c mt mnh quan h xc nh theo sau:
V d:
- Those who don't want to come there will stay at home.
(Ai khng mun n th nh)

This/That c th ch mt danh t, cm t hay mt mnh c cp trc:
V d:
- We are binding books. We do this every day.


(Chng ti ang ng sch. Ngy no chng ti cng lm vic ny)
- He avowed his faults. Wasn't that a praiseworthy behaviour?
(Anh ta nhn li ca mnh. khng phi l li x s ng khen sao?)

3/ This/These, That/Those dng vi one/ones
Khng nht thit phi c one/ones theo sau cc t ch nh ni trn, tr phi sau This, that ... l
mt tnh t.
V d:
- This shirt is too tight. I'll wear that (one )
(Ci o smi ny cht qu. Ti s mc ci kia)
I like this red one /these red ones.
(Ti thch ci mu ny/nhng ci mu ny)

The former & The latter

The former = Ngi th nht, vt th nht (trong hai ngi, trong hai vt)
The latter = Ngi th hai, vt th hai (trong hai ngi, trong hai vt)
V d:
- I have two French friends, the former is an engineer and the latter is a lawyer
(Ti c hai ngi bn Php, ngi th nht l k s v ngi th hai l lut s)
- If I had to choose between wealth and peacefulness, I'd prefer the latter
(Nu phi chn gia s giu sang v s thanh nhn, ti thch ci th hai hn)

GIOI TU
TONG QUAT
Gii t l mt t (At, Between, In, On, Under...) hoc nhm t (Apart from, In front of, Instead
of, On account of...) ng trc danh t hoc i t ch v tr, thi gian, cch thc... Cng c
trng hp hin ti phn t c dng lm gii t (Considering, Following, Regarding,
Concerning...).
V d:
- The murderer is to be shot at dawn (K git ngi s b x bn lc bnh minh)
- B comes between A and C in the English alphabet
(B ng gia A v C trong bng ch ci ting Anh)
- A country in Europe (Mt nc chu u)
- Dirty marks on the ceiling (Vt bn trn trn nh)
- The water flows under the bridge (Nc chy di cu)
- We sometimes drink lemonade instead of coffee
(i khi chng ti ung nc chanh thay cho c ph)
- Apart from her nose, this actress looks very glamorous
(Ngoi ci mi ra, n din vin ny trng rt quyn r)
- Decision concerning the export of timber (Quyt nh v vic xut khu g)
VI TRI CUA GIOI TU
a) Trc danh t. Chng hn, Our boat was rocked by the waves (Thuyn ca chng ti b
sng nh lc l), The earth moves round the sun (Tri t chuyn ng quanh mt tri).
b) Trc i t. Chng hn, An obese man stood in front of her (Mt g bo ph ng trc
mt c ta), Your name comes after mine on the list (Tn bn ng sau tn ti trn danh sch),


The policeman to whom she was speaking (Vin cnh st m c ta ang ni chuyn), About
whom are you thinking? (Bn ang ngh n ai vy?) .
c) Trc danh ng t. Chng hn, Why don't you help me instead of just standing there? (Ti
sao bn khng gip ti thay v ng ngy ra ?), He is always forward in helping others (Anh
ta lun st sng gip ngi khc).
d) Sau ng t. Chng hn, The boy asked for more money (Cu b xin thm tin), I have
thought about this very carefully (Ti suy ngh rt k v vic ny).
e) Sau tnh t. Chng hn, He was very good to me when I was ill (Anh ta rt tt vi ti khi ti
bnh), New York is famous for its skyscrapers (New York ni ting nh nhng to nh chc
tri).
f) Sau danh t. Chng hn, They attached very great importance to the program (H rt coi
trng chng trnh ny), My teacher is known for excellence in all forms of sport (Thy ti ni
ting v ti ngh iu luyn trong mi loi hnh th thao).
g) Cui cu hi. Chng hn, Who are you thinking about? (Bn ang ngh n ai vy?), What
are they talking about? (H ang ni v iu g vy?).
h) Cui mnh quan h. Chng hn, The friend (who ) I went with (Ngi bn m ti i
chung), The photographs (that ) you are looking at were taken by my father (Nhng bc nh
m bn ang xem l do cha ti chp).
i) Cui mt cu dng th ng. Chng hn, The matter has not yet been dealt with (S vic
cha c gii quyt), Why is your daughter crying? - She has just been shouted at (Ti sao
con gi anh khc? - N va mi b mng).
j) Cui nhng cu nh What a terrible state she was in! (C ta trong mt tnh trng kinh
khng tht!), We have no merit to speak of (Chng ti chng c cng trng g ng ni n
c), An article hard to get rid of (Mn hng kh bn).

Lu

I relied on her being efficient (Ti tin vo vic c y c nng lc), ch khng ni I relied
on that she was efficient .
He left early to catch the last bus (Hn ra i sm kp chuyn xe byt cui cng), ch
khng ni He left early for to catch the last bus .
He moved towards me, ch khng ni He moved towards I .

Phn bit gii t v trng t

a) Please do not write below this line (Xin ng vit di dng ny) (gii t)
The passengers who felt seasick stayed below
(Hnh khch say sng th bn di) (trng t)
b) We left school after that event
(Chng ti ri gh nh trng sau bin c y) (gii t)
The day after, he apologized (Ngy hm sau, anh ta xin li) (trng t)
c) They knelt before the throne (H qu trc ngai vng) (gii t)
You should have told me so before
(L ra bn phi cho ti bit trc chuyn y) (trng t)
d) Gold fish swimming round the bowl
(C vng bi quanh chu) (gii t)
Stop turning your head round to look at the girls
(ng quay li nhn cc c gi na) (trng t)


DONG TU
TONG QUAT
ng t l t ch mt hnh ng, mt s kin hoc mt trng thi . Cm ng t (Phrasal
verb) l ng t c gii t hoc ph t km theo mang mt ngha khc vi ngha thng
thng .
V d :
- He translates a contract from Vietnamese into English
(Anh ta dch mt hp ng t ting Vit sang ting Anh)
- Many memorable events happened last year
(Nm ngoi xy ra nhiu s kin ng nh)
- The situation became unfavourable to them
(Tnh th tr nn bt li cho h)
- He takes after his father (Anh ta ging b anh ta)
- Turn on the lights ! (Bt n ln!)
- Please write back as soon as possible
(Xin vui lng vit th tr li cng sm cng tt)
- Their plane took off later than usual
(My bay ca h ct cnh mun hn thng l)

Ni ng t (Intransitive Verb) l ng t t n ngha v khng cn tc t theo sau.
Chng hn, The birdflies (Con chim bay), They are swimming (H ang bi). Ngoi ng t
(Transitive Verb) l ng t i hi c tc t (Object) theo sau th mi ngha. Chng hn,
Ba opens the window (Ba m ca s), The police took the suicides to the hospital (Cnh st
a nhng ngi t t n bnh vin). Nu khng c the window v the suicides , ta chng
bit Ba m ci g v Cnh st a ai n bnh vin. Tuy nhin, cng c ng t va l Ni
ng t va l Ngoi ng t . Chng hn, Please speak slowly (Xin vui lng ni chm li)
v Please speak English (Xin vui lng ni ting Anh), hoc The number of traffic
accidentsincreased from day to day (S v tai nn giao thng gia tng tng ngy mt) v She
increased her speed to evade the robbers (C ta tng tc thot khi bn cp).

Th (Tense), ta xc nh c thi im din ra mt hnh ng hoc mt s kin. Tng ng
vi Qu kh, Hin ti v Tng lai l Th qu kh , Th hin ti v Th tng lai .
- Th qu kh gm Qu kh n gin (Simple Past), Qu kh lin tin (Past Continuous),
Qu kh hon thnh (Past Perfect), Qu kh lin tin hon thnh (Past Perfect Continuous).
- Th hin ti gm Hin ti n gin (Simple Present), Hin ti lin tin (Present Continuous),
Hin ti hon thnh (Present Perfect), Hin ti lin tin hon thnh (Present Perfect
Continuous).
- Th tng lai gmTng lai n gin (Simple future), Tng lai lin tin (Future
Continuous), Tng lai hon thnh (Future Perfect), Tng lai lin tin hon thnh (Future
Perfect Continuous).

Cch (Mood) cho bit rng hnh ng do ng t din t l chc chn, c tnh cch mnh
lnh, phi ph thuc mt iu kin no , cha chc chn hoc ch mi l mong c m thi.
Chng hn, Trc thuyt cch (Indicative Mood) din t mt hnh ng , ang hoc s din
ra trong hin thc. iu kin cch (Conditional Mood) din t mt tng m vic thc hin
cn phi ty thuc mt iu kin no . Gi nh cch (Subjunctive Mood) din t hoc mt


mong c hoc mt tnh trng gi tng. Mnh lnh cch (Imperative Mood) din t mt
mnh lnh hoc mt li khuyn co.
V d :
- President Ho Chi Minh died in 1969 (Ch tch H Ch Minh t trn nm 1969)
- We are preparing for the university entrance examination (Chng ti ang chun b cho
k thi
vo i hc)
- Tomorrow morning, he will not preside at the monthly meeting (Sng mai, ng ta s
khng ch
tr cuc hp hng thng)
- Try hard to succeed and stop thinking about frivolities ! (Hy c gng ht mnh thnh
cng
v ng ngh n nhng chuyn lng bng na !)
- She can stay at home if she likes (C ta c th nh nu c ta thch)
- If we had been there yesterday morning, he would have invited us to breakfast ( Nu
sng
hm qua chng ti c mt , ng ta mi chng ti n im tm)
- Long live the king ! (c vua vn tu !)
- Heaven help us ! (Ly tri ph h chng con !)
- He staggers as though he were dead drunk (Hn bc long chong nh l say
mm)

Hnh thc
- Hnh thc khng nh (Affirmative Form) : Hoa is a programmer (Hoa l lp trnh vin),
They go shopping (H i mua sm), She smiled happily (C ta mm ci sung sng).
- Hnh thc ph nh (Negative Form) : Hoa is not / isn't a programmer (Hoa khng phi l
lp trnh vin), They do not / don't go shopping (H khng i mua sm), She did not / didn't
smile happily (C ta khng mm ci sung sng).
- Hnh thc nghi vn (Interrogative Form) : Is Hoa a programmer ? (Hoa c phi l lp trnh
vin hay khng?), Do they go shopping ? (H c i mua sm hay khng?), Did she smile
happily ? (C ta c mm ci sung sng hay khng?).
- Hnh thc nghi vn ph nh (Negative Interrogative Form) : Thay v Is Hoa not a
programmer ? (Hoa khng phi l lp trnh vin hay sao?), Do they not go shopping ? (H
khng i mua sm ch?) v Did she not smile happily ? (C ta khng mm ci sung sng
sao?), ngi ta thng vit Isn't Hoa a programmer ?, Don't they go shopping ? v Didn't she
smile happily ?
THI VA CACH CUA DONG TU
THI
THI HIEN TAI
Hnh thc

V d : TO WORK

Xc nh Ph nh Nghi vn Nghi vn ph nh
I work I don't work Do I work? Don't I work?
You work You don't work Do you work Don't you work?
He/she/it works He/she/it doesn't work Does he/she/it work? Doesn't he/she/it work?
We work We don't work Do we work? Don't we work?


You work You don't work Do you work? Don't you work?
They work They don't work Do they work? Don't they work?

Don't v Doesn't chnh l Do not v Does not. Chng hn, I do not work tnh lc thnh I
don't work, hoc Do you not work? tnh lc thnh Don't you work?
Th hin ti n gin c hnh thc ging nh nguyn mu, ch khc mt iu l thm S ngi
th ba s t (He/She/It). Chng hn, To play --> She plays, To stand --> He stands, To smile -->
She smiles.
Tuy nhin, phi thm ES nu ng t tn cng bng SS, CH, SH, X v O. Chng hn, To miss
--> She misses, To push --> He pushes, To clutch --> He clutches, To fix --> He fixes, To do --
> She does, To go --> It goes.
Cng ngi th ba s t, Y i thnh IES nu ng t tn cng bng ph m + Y. Chng hn,
To bury --> It buries, To identify --> He identifies, To deny --> She denies. Tuy nhin, nu ng
t tn cng bng nguyn m + Y th thm S nh bnh thng. Chng hn, To stay --> She
stays, To pay --> He pays, To obey --> He obeys.

Cng dng
Din t thi quen hoc n np.
V d:
- I bath every night (Ti no ti cng tm)
- How often do the buses run? (Cch bao lu li c xe byt?)
- He always brushes his teeth after meals (Anh ta lun chi rng sau khi n)
- You never get up early (Chng bao gi cc anh dy sm c)
- We go to church twice a week (Chng ti i l hai ln mi tun)
- They often advise me to attend evening classes (H thng khuyn ti hc lp m)

Din t trng thi hin nhin hoc s tht bt di bt dch.
V d :
- This packet contains twenty cigarettes (Gi ny ng hai mi iu thuc)
- English is easier to learn than French (Ting Anh d hc hn ting Php)
- The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
(Mt tri mc phng ng v ln phng ty)
- Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius (Nc si 100 C)
- What does this acronym mean? (Cm t vit tt ny ngha l g?)
- A full stop signifies the end of a sentence (Du chm ngha l ht mt cu)

Din t hot cnh sn khu, tin tc th thao ...
V d :
- When the curtain rises, a French officer is making advances to Eliza. The phone rings
suddenly. She picks it up and listens quietly. As for him, the French officer smokes while
staring into space (Khi mn ko ln, mt s quan Php ang tn tnh Eliza. in thoi bng
reo vang. Nng nhc in thoi ln v bnh thn lng nghe. V phn mnh, vin s quan
Php va ht thuc va nhn m m vo khong khng).

Din t mt d nh, mt k hoch trong tng lai.
V d:
- We leave London at 10.00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at 13.00. We spend two
hours in Paris and leave again at 15.00. We arrive in Rome at 19.30, spend four hours in


Rome... (Chng ti ri Lun n lc 10 gi sng Th Ba ti v n Paris lc 13 gi.
Chng ti Paris hai ting ng h v li ra i lc 15 gi. Chng ti n Rma lc 19 gi
30, Rma bn ting ng h...).

Thay choHin ti lin tin ca cc ng t Like, Dislike, Detest, Fear, Respect, Loathe, Hate,
Love, Believe , Trust , Want , Wish , Desire , Know , Perceive, Notice , Understand , Forget ,
Remember , Recollect , Consist , Contain , Concern , Belong , Possess , Own , Owe , Concern
, Matter , Appear (c v), Look (c v), Seem (dng nh), Smell (c mi), Taste (c v),
Sound (c v), Mean (c ngha l), Signify (c ngha l),See (hiu), Realize (hiu),
Recognize (nhn thc), Hold (cha ng), Keep (tip tc), Admire (khm phc)...
V d :
- I want to see him right now (Ti mun gp hn ngay by gi), ch khng ni I am wanting
to see him right now.
- The meat smells of garlic (Tht c mi ti), ch khng ni The meat is smelling of garlic.
- I perceive her smile as an ironic remark (Ti nhn thy n ci ca c ta l mt li nhn
xt ma mai), ch khng ni I am perceiving her smile as an ironic remark .

Din t mt iu kin.
V d:
- If he sees you, he'll give you a good talking-to
(Nu gp anh, hn s mng anh mt trn ra tr)
- We'll starve unless we find any barracks at the foot of the mountain
(Chng ta s cht i nu khng tm c doanh tri no chn ni)

THI HIEN TAI LIEN TIEN
Hnh thc

Hin ti lin tin = Hin ti n gin ca TO BE + Hin ti phn t.

V d : TO WORK

Xc nh Ph nh Nghi vn Nghi vn ph nh
I am working I am not working Am I working? Am I not working?
You are working You are not working Are you working? Are you not working?
He/she/it is working He/she/it is not working Is he/she/it working? Is he/she/it not working?
We are working We are not working Are we working? Are we not working?
You are working You are not working Are you working? Are you not working?
They are working They are not working Are they working? Are they not working

I am working , He is working , They are working ... thng tnh lc thnh I'm working , He's
working, They're working ...
I am not working , You are not working , He is not working ...thng tnh lc thnh I'm not
working , You're not working / You aren't working , He's not working / He isn't working ...
Am I not working? , Are you not working? , Is he not working? ... thng tnh lc thnh Aren't
I working? , Aren't you working? , Isn't he working? ...

Cng dng


Din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra.
V d:
- It is raining (Tri ang ma)
- The kettle is boiling (Nc trong m ang si)
- What are you doing? - I am feeding the pigs
(Anh ang lm g vy? - Ti ang cho ln n)
- At present, my younger sister is teaching English and (is) studying medicine(Hin nay,
em gi ti ang dy ting Anh v hc y khoa)

Din t mt tng lai tht gn. Chng hn, I am taking an oral examination tomorrow morning
(Sng mai, ti thi vn p), Are you doing anything this afternoon? (Anh c lm g chiu nay
hay khng?)
Din t mt hnh ng lp i lp li theo thi quen. Chng hn, She is always wearing her
jumper the wrong way round (C ta lun mc o len nhm ng trc ra ng sau), You are
always getting the wrong number (Cc anh lun quay nhm s in thoi).

THI HIEN TAI HOAN THANH
Hnh thc

Hin ti hon thnh = Hin ti n gin ca TO HAVE + Qu kh phn t
V d : TO WORK

Xc nh Ph nh Nghi vn
I have worked I have not worked Have I worked?
You have worked You have not worked Have you worked?
He/she/it has worked He/she/it has not worked Has he/she/it worked?
We have worked We have not worked Have we worked?
You have worked You have not worked Have you worked?
They have worked They have not worked Have they worked?

I have worked , He has worked , They have worked ... thng tnh lc thnh I've worked,
He's worked, They've worked.
I have not worked , He has not worked , They have not worked ... thng tnh lc thnh I
haven't worked/I've not worked, He hasn't worked/He's not worked, They haven't
worked/They've not worked ...
Have I not worked? , Has he not worked? , Have they not worked? (Nghi vn ph nh)...
thng tnh lc thnh Haven't I worked?, Hasn't he worked?, Haven't they worked?

Cng dng

Din t mt hnh ng xy ra, nhng khng xc nh l xy ra lc no.
V d :
- Don't worry ! He has received your complimentary tickets
(ng lo! ng y nhn c v mi ca anh ri)
- Have you finished your work? - Yes, I have/No, I haven't finished it yet
(Anh lm xong cng vic cha? - Ri, ti lm xong ri/ Cha, ti cha lm xong)
- The lieutenant-general has just given orders to bombard the enemy headquarters


(Trung tng va mi ra lnh pho kch vo tng hnh dinh ca ch)
- I wonder if my wife has subscribed to Vietnam News
(Ti phn vn khng bit v ti c t mua Vietnam News hay cha)
- Have you ever been to Switzerland? (Anh c sang Thy S bao gi cha?)
- How long have you been there? (Anh bao lu?)
- I am sure that she has agreed with you about it
(Ti tin chc rng b ta ng vi anh v vic )

Din t mt hnh ng xy ra v vn cn quan h n hin ti.
V d :
- We have lived here for eight years (Chng ti sng y tm nm ri)
- There have been many murders lately/recently ( c nhiu v n mng xy ra gn y)
- He has been sick for three weeks/since last week
(ng ta au ba tun ri/t tun ri n by gi)
- My mother is seventy-two years old and has been bespectacled for four years
(M ti by mi hai tui v mang knh bn nm nay)
- She has gone about on crutches since her childhood
(C ta chng nng t b n by gi)
- I have worked here since I graduated in law
(Ti lm vic y t khi tt nghip ngnh lut n by gi)
- This tooth hasn't been filled for months (Rng ny my thng nay cha trm)
- I haven't seen my parents for ages/since January
(Lu qu/ T thng ging n nay, ti cha gp b m ti)
- Their youngest son joined up last year. They haven't heard from him since
(Con trai t ca h nhp ng nm ngoi. T n nay, h bt tin cu ta)

c bit
- I have never heard such nonsense (Ti cha bao gi nghe mt chuyn phi l nh vy)
- Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense
(Sut i ti cha bao gi nghe mt chuyn phi l nh vy)
- She has often invited me home (C ta vn thng mi ti n nh chi)
- This is the best film I have ever seen (y l b phim hay nht m ti tng xem)
- This is the first time they have visited the zoo
(y l ln u tin h tham quan vn bch th)
- It is only the second time they have arrived in Hong Kong
(y ch l ln th hai h n Hng Kng)
- It is ten years since I have seen them (Ln sau cng ti gp h l cch y mi nm)

THI HT HOAN THANH LIEN TIEN
Hnh thc

Hin ti hon thnh lin tin = Hin ti hon thnh ca TO BE + Hin ti phn t.
Xc nh: I have been working , He has been working ...
Ph nh: I have not / haven't been working, He has not / hasn't been working ...
Nghi vn: Have I been working? Has he been working? ...
Nghi vn ph nh: Have I not / Haven't I been working?, Has he not / Hasn't he been
working?...



Cng dng

Din t mt hnh ng xy ra v vn tip din n khi ta ni, hoc va mi hon tt khi ta
ni.
V d :
- They have been waiting for hours and the policeman still hasn't opened the gate to let
them out (H ch my ting ng h v vin cnh st vn cha m cng cho h ra)
- I am too busy to make you a phone call. Have you been waiting long?
(Ti qu bn, nn khng in thoi cho anh c. Anh i lu cha?)
- They have been working all week without a moment's leisure (H lm vic sut c tun,
chng lc no rnh ri)
i khi ngi ta vn dng ng t Want v Wish Hin ti hon thnh lin tin. Chng hn,
Thank you very much for the gardening guide. I have been wanting it for ages (Rt cm n
anh v quyn sch hng dn lm vn. Ti cn quyn y lu lm ri)

THI QUA KHU DON GIAN
Hnh thc

i vi ng t c qui tc, Qu kh n gin hnh thnh bng cch thm ed voNguyn mu
khng c To (hoc thm d nu nguyn mu tn cng bng e).
V d :
To play ---> I played, You played, He played, They played...
To connect --> I connected, You connected, He connected...
To raise --> I raised, You raised, He raised, They raised...
To guide --> I guided, You guided, They guided...
i vi ng t bt quy tc, xin xem Ph Lc.
Hnh thc qu kh ging nhau tt c cc ngi (i vi ng t bt quy tc cng vy).
V d :
To work --> I worked, You worked, He worked, We worked, They worked
To sleep --> I slept, You slept, He slept, We slept, They slept
Ph nh = Did not / Didn't + Nguyn mu khng c To
V d :
- I did not/didn't work, He did not/didn't work, They did not/didn't work
- I did not/didn't sleep, He did not/didn't sleep, They did not/didn't sleep
Nghi vn = Did + ch t + Nguyn mu khng c To
V d :
- Did I work? Did you work? Did he work? Did we work? Did they work?
- Did I sleep? Did you sleep? Did he sleep? Did we sleep? Did they sleep?
Nghi vn ph nh :
V d :
- Did you not/Didn't you work? Did he not/Didn't he work? Did they not/didn't they work?...
- Did you not/Didn't you sleep? Did he not/Didn't he sleep? Did they not/didn't they sleep?...

Cng dng

Din t mt hnh ng hon tt mt thi im nht nh trong qu kh.
V d:
- I had an argument with them yesterday morning (Sng hm qua, ti ci nhau vi h)


- Her father died twelve years ago (B c ta mt cch y 12 nm)
- United Nations Organization was founded in October 1945
(T chc Lin hip quc c thnh lp thng 10/1945)
- She adhered to Communist Party of Vietnam in 1964
(B ta gia nhp ng cng sn Vit Nam nm 1964)
Din t mt hnh ng hon ton thuc v qu kh , tch ri vi hin ti (d khng nu mt
thi im nht nh).
V d :
- King Quang Trung was a military genius, a visionary diplomat, a preeminent leader
(Vua Quang Trung l mt thin ti qun s, mt nh ngoi giao bit nhn xa trng rng, mt
lnh t kit xut)
- Our teacher always advised us to be studious and dutiful to our parents
(Thy chng ti lun khuyn chng ti chm ch hc hnh v hiu tho vi cha m) (Nay
thy qua i
chng hn")
- They lived there for two years and had to disguise themselves as stevedores to evade
capture by the Gestapo (H sng hai nm v phi ci trang lm phu bc vc trnh
s lng bt ca Gestapo)
- I once saw a drunk drive recklessly at top speed in the rush-hour traffic. As a result, his
car skidded, rushed onto the pavement, ran over two pedestrians and killed them (C ln
ti thy mt g say ru liu lnh phng xe ht tc lc gia dng xe c ngc xui trong
gi cao im. Kt qu l xe hn trt bnh, lao ln va h v cn cht hai ngi i b)
Trong cu iu kin loi 2.
V d :
- If you were expert in English and French, you would easily find a job as a translator in my
company
(Nu anh thng tho ting Anh v ting Php, anh s d kim c mt chn phin dch
trong cng ty ti)
- If someone volunteered to lend me money, I would try my best to become a billionaire
(Nu ai tnh nguyn cho ti mn tin, ti s lm ht sc mnh tr thnh t ph)

QUA KHU LIEN TIEN
Hnh thc

Qu kh lin tin = Qu kh n gin ca TO BE + Hin ti phn t

Xc nh Phu nh Nghi vn
I was working I was not working Was I working?
You were working You were notworking Were you working?
He/she/it was working He/she/it was not working Was he/she/it working?
We were working We were not working Were we working?
You were working You were not working Were you working?
They were working They were not working Were they working?

I was not working , You were not working , He was not working ... thng tnh lc thnh I
wasn't working, You weren't working, He wasn't working ...
Was I not working ?Were you not working ? Was he not working ? (Nghi vn ph nh)...
thng tnh lc thnh Wasn't I working? Weren't you working? Wasn't he working? ...


Lu
- Like, Dislike, Detest, Fear, Respect, Loathe, Hate, Love, Believe , Trust , Want , Wish ,
Desire , Know , Perceive, Notice , Understand , Forget , Remember , Recollect , Consist ,
Contain , Concern , Belong , Possess , Own , Owe , Concern , Matter , Appear (c v),
Look (c v), Seem (dng nh), Smell (c mi), Taste (c v), Sound (c v), Mean (c
ngha l), Signify (c ngha l),See (hiu), Realize (hiu), Recognize (nhn thc), Hold
(cha ng), Keep (tip tc), Admire (khm phc)... l nhng ng t khng dng Qu
kh lin tin.

Cng dng

Din t mt hnh ng tin trin dn dn trong qu kh, m khng cn nu t ng ch thi
gian.
V d :
- It was getting colder (Tri ang lnh dn)
- The river was rising (Nc sng ang t t dng ln)
Din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra mt thi im nht nh trong qu kh.
V d :
- What were you doing at six o'clock yesterday morning?
(Lc 6 gi sng hm qua, anh ang lm g?)
- At that moment, I was sleeping (Lc y, ti ang ng)
- What was she doing when you arrived? (C ta ang lm g khi anh n?)
- When I arrived, she was boiling eggs (Khi ti n, c ta ang luc trng)
- They burst out laughing while their father was speaking to me
(H ci ph ln trong lc cha h ang ni chuyn vi ti)
Miu t qu kh.
V d :
- The girl was cooking in the kitchen. Her father was reading while her younger brother
was revising for the end-of-term test. Suddenly, there were shots and screams in the
distance (C gi ang nu n trong bp. Cha c ang c sch, trong khi em trai c ang
n tp thi cui hc k. Bng c nhiu ting sng v ting tht t xa vng li).
Thay choHin ti lin tin khi chuyn Li ni trc tip sang Li ni gin tip.
V d :
- He said, "I am writing to my siblings" (ng ta ni : "Ti ang vit th cho anh ch em rut
ca ti) --> He said that he was writing to his siblings" (ng ta ni rng ng ta ang vit th
cho anh ch em rut ca mnh).
- She said, "I am combing my hair" (C ta ni : "Ti ang chi tc") ---> She said that she
was combing her hair (C ta ni rng c ta ang chi tc)
Din t mt hnh ng lp i lp li trong qu kh.
V d :
- I was always working full-time (Ti lun lun lm vic trn ngy)
- He was always asking questions (N c hi hoi)

QUA KHU HOAN THANH
Hnh thc

Qu kh hon thnh = Had + Qu kh phn t


Hnh thc xc nh l I had/I'd worked, He had/He'd worked ...
Hnh thc ph nh l I had not/hadn't worked, He had not/hadn't worked ...
Hnh thc nghi vn l Had I worked? Had he worked? .. ..
Hnh thc nghi vn ph nh l Had I not/Hadn't I worked? Had he not/Hadn't he worked?...

Cng dng

Khi hai hnh ng cng xy ra trong qu kh, ta dng Qu kh hon thnh cho hnh ng
no xy ra trc v Qu kh n gin cho hnh ng no xy ra sau.
V d :
- I met them after they had divorced each other (Ti gp h sau khi h ly d nhau)
- Lan said she had been chosen as a beauty queen two years before
(Lan ni rng trc hai nm, c ta tng c chn lm hoa hu)
- I was anxious about these children's plight, because their mother had been consumptive
for three months (Ti i ngi cho hon cnh ng thng ca nhng a tr ny, v m
chng mc bnh lao phi ba thng ri)
- An idea occured to him that she herself had helped him very much in the everyday life
(Hn cht ngh ra rng chnh c ta gip hn rt nhiu trong cuc sng hng ngy)
- She wondered why you had referred to her unhappy childhood
(C ta khng hiu ti sao anh li nhc n thi th u bt hnh ca c ta)
- When I entered the dining-room, she had just finished washing the dishes
(Khi ti bc vo phng n, c ta va mi ra bt a xong)
- When the police reached the scene of the crime, the murderer had just killed himself with
his own high-powered rifle
(Khi cnh st n hin trng, hung th va mi t st bng khu sng trng cc mnh
ca chnh hn)
- No sooner had he returned from a long journey than he was ordered to pack his bags
(Anh ta mi i xa v th li c lnh cun gi ra i)
Thay choHin ti hon thnh v Qu kh n gin khi chuynLi ni trc tip sangLi ni
gin tip.
V d :
- He said, "I have worked in this company for years" (ng ta ni : "Ti lm vic cng ty
ny nhiu nm ri") ---> He said that he had worked in that company for years (ng ta
ni rng ng ta lm vic cng ty y nhiu nm ri)
- She said, "I left France five years ago" (C ta ni : "Ti ri nc Php cch y nm
nm") ---> She said that she had left France five years before (C ta ni rng c ta ri
nc Php trc nm nm)
Trong cu iu kin loi 3. Chng hn, If I had met them early this morning, I would have
given them a lift to the town (Nu sng sm nay ti gp h, ti cho h i nh xe ra th trn)
Sau If only (th hin s hi tic) Chng hn, If only I had met them early this morning ! (Phi
chi sng sm nay ti gp h!).

QUA KHU HOAN THANH LIENTIEP
Hnh thc

Qu kh hon thnh lin tin = Had been + Hin ti phn t
Xc nh: I had / I'd been working , He had / He'd been working ...
Ph nh: I had not / hadn't been working, He had not / hadn't been working ...


Nghi vn: Had I been working? Had he been working? ...
Nghi vn ph nh: Had I not / Hadn't I been working?, Had he not / Hadn't he been working?...

Cng dng

Quan h gia Qu kh hon thnh lin tin v Qu kh hon thnh cng ging nh quan h
gia Hin ti hon thnh lin tin vHin ti hon thnh .
V d :
- She was sluggish because she had been sitting up all night to watch the Olympics on TV
(C ta u oi v thc sut m xem i hi limpich th gii trn ti-vi)
- I had been trying hard not to laugh
(Ti c gng ht sc khng ci to)
i khi ngi ta vn dng ng t Want v Wish Qu kh hon thnh lin tin. Chng hn,
I lent her an encyclopedia of music. She had been wanting it for ages (Ti cho c ta mn
mt quyn t in bch khoa v m nhc. C ta cn quyn y lu lm ri)

TUONG LAI
TUONG LAI DON GIAN
Hnh thc

Tng lai n gin = Shall / Will + Nguyn mu khng c To

Xc nh Ph nh
I will/I'll work I will not/I won't work
You will/You'll work You will not/You won't work
He will/He'll work He will not/He won't work
We will/We'll work We will not/We won't work
You will/You'll work You will not/You won't work
They will/They'll work They will not/They won't work

Nghi vn Nghi vn ph nh
Shall I work? Shall I not work?/Shan't I work?
Will you work? Will you not work?/Won't you work?
Will he work? Will he not work?/Won't he work?
Shall we work? Shall we not work?/Shan't we work?
Will you work? Will you not work?/Won't you work?
Will they work? Will they not work?/Won't they work?

Will thng dng hnShall , nhng khng trang trng bngShall . Chng hn, I ensure that
customers shall receive a warm welcome from my company (Ti bo m khch hng s
c cng ty ti tip n nng nhit), The coastal defences shall be personally inspected by
Fleet Admiral (Cc tuyn phng th b bin s do ch thn thy s c kim tra),The
private enterprises shall maintain their operations until further notice (Cc doanh nghip t
nhn s duy tr hot ng ca mnh n khi c thng bo mi).
Shall I v Shall we dng m u li gi . Chng hn, Shall I come in? (Ti vo c
ch?), Shall we go home? (Chng ta v nh nh?).

Cng dng


Din t mt kin, mt d on v tng lai (nht l khi i km cc ng t Assume , be
afraid , be / feel sure , believe , daresay , doubt , expect , hope , know , suppose , think ,
wonder hoc cc ph t Perhaps , maybe , possibly , probably , surely ).
V d:
- We shall soon be home (Chng my chc na chng ta s c mt nh)
- How long will you stay here? (Anh s li y bao lu?)
- He is sure that everyone will arrive later than usual
(Anh ta tin chc rng mi ngi s n mun hn thng l)
- I hope that she will think again before offering her resignation
(Ti mong rng c ta s suy ngh li trc khi np n xin thi vic)
- I wonder where I shall be next year (Ti phn vn khng bit sang nm ti s u)
- Perhaps they will not forget to revenge their companions in arms
(C l h s khng qun tr th cho chin hu ca h)
Din t mt li yu cu, mt mnh lnh.
V d :
- Will you help me, please? (Anh vui lng gip ti ch?)
- You will drive me to the post office, won't you? (Anh a ti n bu in, c khng?)
- You will address the letters of invitation and post them this afternoon
(Anh phi ghi a ch ln cc th mi v chiu nay mang ra bu in gi i)
Trong mu tin tng thut hoc bo ch. Chng hn, The Primer Minister will open a new
industrial zone tomorrow morning (Sng mai, Th tng s khnh thnh mt khu cng nghip
mi).
Trong cu iu kin loi 1.
V d :
- If it rains, Ba will go there by taxi (Nu tri ma, Ba s i taxi n )
- If he hasn't finished with his coworkers, we shall wait for him at the canteen (Nu ng ta
cha gii quyt xong cng vic vi cc ng s, chng ti s i ng ta cng-tin)

Lu
Be going to ngha l "Sp sa" (tng lai gn), "D nh".
V d :
- It is going to rain (Tri sp ma)
- We are going to take our driving-test (Chng ti sp thi ly bng li xe)
- I am going to buy a cheap but powerful car
(Ti nh mua mt chic xe r tin nhng chy kho)
- He is going to resign as ambassador-at-large (ng ta nh t chc i s lu ng)

TL LIEN TIEP
Hnh thc

Tng lai lin tin = Tng lai n gin ca To Be + Hin ti phn t.
Xc nh : I shall/will be working, We shall/will be working, He/she/it will be working ...
Ph nh : I shall not/shan't be working, I will not/won't be working, We shall not/shan't be
working, We will not/won't be working, He/she/it will not/won't be working ...
Nghi vn : Shall/will I be working?, Shall/will we be working?, Will he/she/it be working? ...
Nghi vn ph nh : Will you not be working?/Won't you be working?, Will they not be
working?/Won't they be working? ...


Cng dng

Din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai.
V d :
- Now we are making necessary preparations for the honeymoon trip to Nha Trang. This
day week, we shall be visiting Nha Trang's tourist attractions (By gi, chng ti ang
chun b nhng th cn thit cho chuyn i hng tun trng mt Nha Trang. Ngy ny
tun sau, chng ti s ang tham quan cc thng cnh du lch ca Nha Trang).
- This time tomorrow, all the workers will be queuing up to receive luncheon vouchers (Gi
ny ngy mai, tt c cng nhn s ang xp hng ni ui nhau nhn phiu n tra)

TL HOAN THANH
Hnh thc

Tng lai hon thnh = Shall/Will + Nguyn mu hon thnh khng c To (i vi ngi 1) hoc
Will + Nguyn mu hon thnh khng c To (i vi ngi 2 v 3)

Xc nh : I will/I'll have worked (hoc I shall have worked), He will/He'll have worked, We
will/We'll have worked (hoc We shall have worked) ...
Ph nh : I will not/won't have worked (hoc I shall not/shan't have worked), He will not/won't
have worked, We will not/won't have worked (hoc We shall not/shan't have worked) ...
Nghi vn : Shall I have worked? Will he have worked?Shall we have worked? ...
Nghi vn ph nh : Shall I not/Shan't I have worked? Will he not/Won't he have worked? Shall
we not/Shan't we have worked? ...

Cng dng

Din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong tng lai. Thng th Tng lai
hon thnh i km vi t ng ch thi gian nh By then , By that time , By the end of the year ...
chng hn.
V d :
- Early next week, we shall hold the marathon for the elderly. Regrettably, you will have
left Vietnam by then (u tun ti, chng ti s t chc cuc ua maratng cho ngi cao
tui. Tic l n lc , cc anh ri khi Vit Nam ri)
- By the time this quotation reaches you, their company will have gone bankrupt (Lc anh
nhn c bn bo gi ny cng l lc cng ty ca h b ph sn ri)

TL HOAN THANH LIEN TIEN
Hnh thc

Tng lai hon thnh lin tin = Shall/Will have been + Hin ti phn t (i vi ngi 1) hoc
Will have been + Hin ti phn t (i vi ngi 2 v 3)

Cng dng



Quan h gia Tng lai hon thnh lin tin vTng lai hon thnh cng ging nh quan h
gia Hin ti hon thnh lin tin vHin ti hon thnh . Tng lai hon thnh lin tin cng i
km vi t ng ch thi gian nh By then , By that time , By the end of the year ... chng hn.
V d :
- By the end of this century, United Nations Organization will have been existing for 55
years (n cui th k ny, T chc Lin hip quc tn ti c 55 nm)
- They will move to Ho Chi Minh City next year. By that time, you will have been living in
Ho Chi Minh City for twenty-four years (Nm ti, h s dn v thnh ph H Ch Minh.
n lc , anh sng thnh ph H Ch Minh c 24 nm)

DIEU KIEN CACH
HIEN TAI DIEU KIEN CACH
Hnh thc

Hin ti iu kin cch = Should/Would + Nguyn mu khng c To (i vi ngi 1) hoc
Would + Nguyn mu khng c To (i vi ngi 2 v 3)

Xc nh : I would/I'd work (hoc I should work), You would work/You'd work ...
Ph nh : I would not/wouldn't work (hoc I should not/shouldn't work), You would not/wouldn't
work ...
Nghi vn : Would/Should I work? Would you work? ...
Nghi vn ph nh : Should I not/Shouldn't I work? Would you not/Wouldn't you work? ...

Cng dng

Trong cu iu kin loi 2. Chng hn, If she turned up now, we would be very surprised
(Nu by gi c y xut hin, chng ti s rt ngc nhin).
Thay choTng lai n gin , khi ng t ca mnh chnh th qu kh.
V d :
- They assume that I shall/will applaud their audacious plan (H cho rng ti s tn thnh
k hoch to bo ca h) ---> They assumed that I should/would applaud their audacious
plan.
- I expect that your business will get better results (Ti mong rng cng chuyn lm n ca
anh s t kt qu kh quan hn) ---> I expected that your business would get better
results.
Trong cc cng dng c bit ca Should v Would .
V d :
- We should say our prayers before going to bed (Chng ta nn cu nguyn trc khi i
ng)
- Children shouldn't imitate the adults' vices (Tr em khng nn bt chc thi h tt xu
ca ngi ln)
- You should have rised early to attend morning service (L ra anh phi dy sm d l
sng)
- I should like to ask a favour of you (Ti mun nh anh mt vic)
- Why should he have the audacity to do it? (Sao n li c gan lm nh vy nh?)
- Hoa was anxious that exam results should be announced as soon as possible (Hoa nng
lng mong cho kt qu thi c cng b cng sm cng tt)


- He grown a beard in order that everyone should believe him to be old (ng ta ru
mi ngi tng ng ta gi)
- Should you change your mind, please let us know at once (Nu c thay i kin, xin
ng vui lng bo cho chng ti bit ngay)
- Would you give this report a look-over to make suggestions? (Anh vui lng xem qua bn
bo co ny gp )
- Would you like some white coffee? (Anh dng t c ph sa nh?)
- That's just what he would say ( chnh l iu m c l anh ta s ni ra)
- He changed his password so that nobody would be able to access data on his computer
(Anh ta i mt khu khng ai truy cp c d liu trn my ca anh ta)

QUA KHU DIEU KIEN CACH
Hnh thc

Hin ti iu kin cch = Should/Would + Nguyn mu hon thnh khng c To

Xc nh : I would/should have worked, You would have worked...
Ph nh : I would not/should not have worked, You would not have worked ...
Nghi vn : Should I have worked? Would you have worked? ...
Nghi vn ph nh : Should I not/Shouldn't I have worked? ...

Cng dng

Trong cc cng dng c bit ca Should v Would . Trong cu iu kin loi 3. Chng hn,
If you had arrived earlier, I would have introduced you to my director (Nu anh n sm hn,
ti gii thiu anh cho gim c ca ti).

Thay choTng lai hon thnh , khi ng t ca mnh chnh th qu kh.
V d :
- I hope that he will have solved the problem before we get back (Ti hy vng anh ta s gii
c bi ton trc khi chng ta tr li) ---> I hoped that he would have solved the problem
before we got back.

CAU DIEU KIEN
Cu iu kin no cng c hai phn : Mnh If (mnh bt u bng lin t If) v Mnh
chnh. Mnh If nu gi thuyt, cn mnh chnh th nu kt qu ca gi thuyt y. Trong
cu If it rains, they will get up later than usual (Nu tri ma, h s dy mun hn thng l),
ta c mnh If l If it rains v mnh chnh lThey will get up later than usual .
C ba loi cu iu kin. Loi 1dnh cho nhng tnh hung rt c th d on c. Chng
hn, I shall turn off the record-player if you don't turn it down (Ti s tt my ht nu anh khng
vn nh li). Loi 2 dnh cho nhng tnh hung tng tng. Chng hn, If she were my
mother, I would try my utmost to look after her (Nu b ta l m ti, ti s c gng ht sc
chm sc b ta) [Nhng thc ra, b ta u phi l m ti]. c bit, loi 3 dnh cho nhng
tnh hung hon ton tri ngc vithc t trong qu kh . Chng hn, If I had gone out in
the rain yesterday afternoon, I would have had a high fever (Nu chiu hm qua ti i ma th
ti b st cao) (Nhng thc ra, chiu hm qua ti khng h i ma).

1/ V d v cu iu kin loi 1


Thng thng, ng t ca mnh If Hin ti n gin , ng t ca mnh chnh
Tng lai n gin .
V d :
- If you exceed the speed limit, you will be liable to a heavy fine (Nu vt qu gii hn tc
ti a, anh s b pht nng)
- The pregnant bitch will bite you if you walk upstairs (Con ch ang c mang s cn anh
nu anh i ln lu)

c bit
- If he is poor, why does he own two adjacent houses?
(Nu anh ta ngho th ti sao anh ta c hai cn nh k nhau?)
- If it stops raining, I can drive faster
(Nu tri tnh ma, ti c th li xe nhanh hn)
- If this staircase is slippery, she may take a false step
(Nu cu thang ny trn, c th b y s b trt chn)
- If you want to lose weight, eat less fat and take more exercise (Nu mun st cn, ch hy
bt n cht bo v tp th dc nhiu hn)
- If they are sleeping, I'll turn off the radio
(Nu h ang ng, ti s tt rai)
- If you have finished eating, I'll have the domestic clear the table (Nu anh n xong, ti s bo
ngi gip vic dn bn)


Thng thng, ng t ca mnh If Qu kh n gin (ng ra y lQu kh gi nh
cch) , ng t ca mnh chnh Hin ti iu kin cch .
V d :
- If I were their father, I would demand an apology from them (Nu ti l cha ca h, ti s
bt h xin li)
- If someone gave her a villa, she would use it as an orphanage (Nu ai cho c ta mt cn
bit th, c ta s dng cn bit th lm ni nui tr m ci)
c bit
- If you didn't love her, why did you pray for her speedy recovery from illness?
(Nu anh khng yu c ta th ti sao anh cu cho c ta mau khi bnh?)
- If someone knocked at the door, he said "Come in, please"
(Nu c ai g ca, ng ta thng ni "Mi vo")
- If I knew their address, I could correspond with them
(Nu ti bit a ch ca h, ti c th trao i th t vi h)


Thng thng, ng t ca mnh If Qu kh hon thnh , ng t ca mnh chnh
Qu kh iu kin cch .
V d :
- If I had heard the news last night, I would have come there to give you a hand
(Nu m qua ti hay tin th ti n gip anh mt tay)
- If their papers had been in order, they would have left the police station at once


(Nu giy t ca h hp l th h ra khi n cnh st ngay ri)
c bit
- If we had discovered his shelter, we could have arrested him long before
(Nu pht hin c ni n nu ca hn th chng ti bt c hn lu ri)
- If he hadn't had a lawyer, he might have gone to prison
(Nu khng c mt lut s gii th c th anh ta i t ri)
- If you had followed my advice, you would be singing joyfully with your family now
(Nu nghe theo li khuyn ca ti th by gi anh ang ca ht vui v vi gia nh anh)
- If I hadn't followed your advice, I would be behind bars now/I would have been behind bars
(Nu khng nghe theo li khuyn ca anh th by gi ti ngi t)
- Thay v If they had obeyed traffic regulations, this accident wouldn't have happened
(Nu h i ng lut, tai nn ny u c xy ra), ta c th ni Had they obeyed traffic
regulations, this accident wouldn't have happened .
- Thay v If we had met him in the street, we would have invited him to our house (Nu gp
anh ta ngoi ph, chng ti mi anh ta v nh chi ri), ta c th ni Had we met him in the
street, we would have invited him to our house .

MENH LENH CACH
Mnh lnh cch th hin mt li khuyn, mt li yu cu hoc mt mnh lnh.

V hnh thc, mnh lnh cch ca ngi th hai ging nh Nguyn mu khng c To.
V d :
- Hurry ! (Nhanh ln!)
- Shut up ! (Im i !)
- Wait for them ! (Hy i h!)
- Always clean your teeth before going to bed ! (Hy lun lun nh rng trc khi i ng)
- Never repeat it ! (ng bao gi nhc li iu !)
- Never tell lies (ng bao gi ni di)
- Don't hurry ! (ng vi !)
- Don't wait for them ! (ng i h!)
- Don't be rude ! (ng hn lo!)
ngi th nht, mnh lnh cch = Let us/Let's + Nguyn mu khng c To .
V d :
- Let's hand in our examination papers ! (Chng ta hy np bi thi !)
- Let's stand up ! (Chng ta hy ng dy!)
- Let's not make so much noise ! (Chng ta ng lm n nh vy!)
- Let's not talk with them ! (Chng ta ng ni chuyn vi h!)

ngi th ba, mnh lnh cch = Let him / her / it / them + Nguyn mu khng c To . Tuy
nhin, ph nh, ta dng Is not / Are not to hoc Must not .
V d :
- Let him wait ! (Hy anh ta i y!)
- Let them come in ! (Hy h vo!)
- They must not come in / They are not to come in (H khng c vo)
Do lm cho mnh lnh hoc li yu cu dt khot hn.
V d :
- Do shut up ! (Cm mm ngay!)
- Do stand aside ! (ng sang mt bn xem no!)


GIA DINH CACH
Hnh thc

Khc vi Hin ti n gin , Hin ti gi nh cch khng cs ngi th ba s t. c bit,
Hin ti gi nh cch caTo Be l Be tt c cc ngi.
V d :
- The king lives here (c vua sng y) (Hin ti n gin )---> Long live the king !
(c vua vn tu!) (Hin ti gi nh cch )
- It is requested that all shareholders be present
(Yu cu tt c cc c ng u phi c mt)
Qu kh gi nh cch c hnh thc ging nhQu kh n gin . c bit, Qu kh gi
nh cch ca To Be l Were tt c cc ngi.
V d :
- If only hewere good at English ! (Gi m anh ta gii ting Anh!)
- I wish Iwere a little bit taller (Ti c g mnh cao thm mt t)
- He talks as if heknew everything in the world (Hn ni chuyn nh th hn bit mi s
trn i vy)

Cng dng

Th hin c mun hoc hy vng.
V d :
- Heaven help us! (Ly tri ph h chng ta!)
- God save the king ! (Ly cha ph h c vua!)
Sau cu trc It is important / necessary / essential that ... hoc cc ng t Ask , Demand ,
Insist , Require , Suggest , Propose .
V d :
- It is important that he pay on time (iu quan trng l anh ta phi chi tr ng hn)
- He demands that he be told everything (Anh ta yu cu c nghe k li mi chuyn)
Qu kh gi nh cch c dng sau If , If only (th hin c mun), As if / As though .
V d :
- If Ihad much money, I would make a round-the-world tour
(Nu ti c nhiu tin, ti s lm mt chuyn du lch vng quanh th gii)
- If only Iknew her phone number ! (Gi m ti bit s in thoi ca c y!)
- He shouted and jumped up and down as though hewere crazy (N la ht v nhy cng
ln nh in di)

HOA HOP CAC THI
Cu phc (Complex Sentence) l cu c mt hoc nhiu mnh ph. Ch cn nh mt iu l
Th ca ng t ca mnh ph ty thuc Th ca ng t ca mnh chnh . Di y l v
d minh ho cho s ho hp cc th.

A/ ng t ca mnh chnh Th hin ti

1) She says that she is a film star (C ta ni rng c ta l ngi sao in nh)
2) She says that she has been ill for three days (C ta ni rng c ta m ba hm nay)
3) She says that she lived there from 1990 to 1995
(C ta ni rng c ta sng t 1990 n 1995)


4) She says that she has just seen a horror film
(C ta ni rng c ta va mi xem mt phim kinh d)
5) She says that she is breast-feeding her baby (C ta ni rng c ta ang cho con b)
6) She says that she will teach us Japanese every day
(C ta ni rng ngy no c ta cng s dy ting Nht cho chng ti)

B/ ng t ca mnh chnh Th qu kh

1) She said that she was a film star (C ta ni rng c ta l ngi sao in nh)
2) She said that she had been ill for three days (C ta ni rng c ta m ba hm ri)
3) She said that she had lived there from 1990 to 1995
(C ta ni rng c ta sng t 1990 n 1995)
4) She said that she had just seen a horror film
(C ta ni rng c ta va mi xem mt phim kinh d)
5) She said that she was breast-feeding her baby (C ta ni rng c ta ang cho con b)
6) She said that she would teach us Japanese every day
(C ta ni rng ngy no c ta cng s dy ting Nht cho chng ti)
TRO DONG TU
TRO DONG TU CHINH
Tr ng t chnh (Principal Auxiliaries) ---> Have , Be , Do

BE

Th hin ti (Present Tense)

Xc nh Ph nh Nghi vn
I am / I'm I am not / I'm not Am I?
You are / You're You are not / You're not Are you?
He is / He's He is not / He's not Is he?
She is / She's She is not / She's not Is she?
It is / It's It is not / It's not Is it?
We are / We're We are not / We're not Are we?
You are / You're You are not / You're not Are you?
They are / They're They are not / They're not Are they?

- Thay v You're not , We're not , He's not , They're not , ta c th vit You aren't, We aren't, He
isn't, They aren't
- Nghi vn ph nh l Am I not / Aren't I? Are you not / Aren't you? Is he not / Isn't he? ...

Th qu kh (Past Tense)

Xc nh Ph nh Nghi vn
I was I was not/wasn't Was I?
You were You were not/weren't Were you?
He/She/It was He/She/It was not/wasn't Was he/she/it ?
We were We were not/weren't Were we?
You were You were not/weren't Were you?


They were They were not/weren't Were they?

- Nghi vn ph nh l Was I not / Wasn't I? Were you not / Weren't you? Was he not /
Wasn't he? ...

Cng dng

Phi hp viHin ti phn t (Present Participle) to th lin tin. Chng hn, I am
washing my face (Ti ang ra mt), He was reading at that time (Lc y n ang c sch).
Phi hp vi Qu kh phn t (Past Participle) to dng th ng. Chng hn, That house
was built ten years ago (Ngi nh y c xy cch y mi nm), The victims are being
taken to the emergency ward (Cc nn nhn ang c a n khu cp cu), This
experienced mechanic will be trained as a mechanical engineer (Ngi th my giu kinh
nghim ny s c o to thnh k s c kh).
Th hin s cn thit. Chng hn, They are to stay here until further notice (H phi y
n khi c thng bo mi), You are to consult your lawyer before starting proceedings against
your unreasonable neighbour (Bn phi hi kin lut s trc khi kin ngi lng ging
khng bit iu).
Th hin mt d nh, mt mc ch. Chng hn, Presidential candidates are to canvass the
constituency next week (Tun ti, cc ng c vin tng thng s i vn ng khu vc bu
c), This testimonial is to confirm that he has been chosen as dean of the faculty of law by
common consent (Giy chng nhn ny nhm xc nhn rng ng c mi ngi nht tr
chn lm ch nhim khoa lut).
Th hin s gi nh. Chng hn, If I were to tell him that his parents deceived me, would he
believe me ? (Nu ti ni vi hn rng b m hn la ti, liu hn c tin ti khng?).

HAVE


Xc nh Ph nh Nghi vn
I have/I've I have not/haven't Have I?
You have/You've You have not/haven't Have you?
He has/He's He has not/hasn't Has he?
She has/She's She has not/hasn't Has she?
It has/It's It has not/hasn't Has it?
We have/We've We have not/haven't Have we?
You have/You've You have not/haven't Have you?
They have/They've They have not/haven't Have they?

- Thay v I haven't, You haven't, He hasn't, ta c th vit I've not, You've not, He's not ...
- Nghi vn ph nh l Have I not / Haven't I? Have you not / Haven't you? Has he
not/Hasn't he? ...
- i vi th qu kh, Had / 'd l hnh thc khng nh cho tt c cc ngi & Had not / Hadn't
l hnh thc ph nh cho tt c cc ngi. Hnh thc nghi vn ph nh l Had I not / Hadn't
I?, Had you not / Hadn't you? ...


Cng dng

Phi hp vi Qu kh phn t (Past Participle) toHin ti hon thnh (Present Perfect),
Qu kh hon thnh (Past Perfect), Tng lai hon thnh (Future Perfect), iu kin hon
thnh (Perfect Conditional). Chng hn, He has worked here for three years (Anh ta lm vic
y ba nm); I knew that he had worked under my younger brother for three years (Ti
bit rng ng ta tng lm ba nm di quyn em trai ti); He will have been abroad by then
(n lc th ng ta nc ngoi ri); If he had witnessed such a traffic accident, he
would have driven more carefully (Nu tng chng kin mt tai nn giao thng nh vy, c l
ng ta li xe cn thn hn).
Trong cc trng hp nh We shall have our clerk translate this contract into Vietnamese
(Chng ti s bo th k dch hp ng ny ra ting Vit), Did you have the locks oiled ? (Anh
c cho ngi tra du vo cc kho hay khng?), She had her pocket picked (C ta b mc
ti), I won't have student teachers arriving late (Ti s khng cho php cc gio sinh n
mun).

DO


Xc nh Ph nh Nghi vn
I do I do not/don't Do I?
You do You do not/don't Do you?
He does He does not/doesn't Does he?
She does She does not/doesn't Does she?
It does It does not/doesn't Does it?
We do We do not/don't Do we?
You do You do not/don't Do you?
They do They do not/don't Do they?

- Nghi vn ph nh l Do I not / Don't I? Do you not / Don't you? Does he not / Doesn't
he? ...
- i vi th qu kh, Did l hnh thc khng nh cho tt c cc ngi & Did not / Didn't l
hnh thc ph nh cho tt c cc ngi. Hnh thc nghi vn l Did he?, Did you?... , nghi vn
ph nh l Did he not / Didn't he?...

Cng dng

To hnh thc ph nh v nghi vn choHin ti n gin (Simple Present) v Qu kh n
gin (Simple Past). Chng hn, He doesn't work (Anh ta khng lm vic), He didn't work
(Anh ta khng lm vic), Does he work ? (Anh ta c lm vic hay khng?), Did he work ?
(Anh ta c lm vic hay khng?).
Tng cng khng nh choNguyn mu khng c To.
V d:
- Peter didn't find the solution. I did find it
(tng cng khng nh hn l I found it )
(Peter chng tm ra p s. Ti tm ra ri)


- You don't want me crying aloud, but I do cry aloud
(tng cng khng nh hn l I cry aloud )
(Anh khng mun ti tht ln, nhng ti vn tht ln)
khi nhc li mt ng t trc .
V d:
- She runs faster than I do (C ta chy nhanh hn ti)
- Who won? - They did (Ai thng? - H thng)
- Does she know you ? - Yes, she does / No, she doesn't
(C ta bit anh hay khng? - C, c ta bit ti / Khng, c ta khng bit ti)
- They sing well. Yes, they do / No, they don't
(H ht hay. Vng, h ht hay/Khng, h ht khng hay)
- He learns Japanese and so do I (N hc ting Nht v ti cng vy)
- You like volleyball but I don't (Anh thch mn bng chuyn, nhng ti th khng)
Cu hi ui (Tag Question).
V d:
- You often take fast food , don't you? (Anh thng dng thc n nhanh, phi khng?)
- She didn't take fast food, did she? (C ta khng dng thc n nhanh, phi khng?)
Phi hp vi Mnh lnh cch (Imperative Mood) nhn mnh mt yu cu.
V d:
- Do stay here with the unfortunate fishermen
(Hy li y vi nhng ngi dn chi bt hnh)
- Do give me a chance to lay bare the truth
(Hy cho ti mt c hi bc trn s tht)

ng t khim khuyt (Modal Auxiliaries) ---> Can &Could , May &Might , Must , Ought ,Shall
&Should , Will &Would , Need , Dare , Used

DONH TU KHIEM KHUYET

1/ c im :
- Khng c s ngi th ba s t. Chng hn, He must (Anh ta phi), She can (C ta c th).
- Khng c nguyn mu v phn t, nn cng khng dng th lin tin.
- Theo sau ng t khim khuyt l Nguyn mu khng c To (ngoi tr Ought ). Chng hn,
We should / must try our best (Chng ta nn/phi c gng ht sc mnh), nhng We ought to
try our best (Chng ta phi c gng ht sc mnh).
- Could, Might, Should v Would l cc hnh thc qu kh, nhng dng rt hn ch.
2/ V d minh ho :
- Can you speak Vietnamese ?
(Anh ni ting Vit Nam c khng?)
- She cannot / can't swim faster
(C ta khng th bi nhanh hn)
- Can I smoke here?
(Ti ht thuc y c khng ?)
- You can come with me, if you like
(Anh c th i vi ti, nu anh thch)
- We cannot / can't make a lot of noise at work


(Chng ta khng c to ting ni lm vic)
- Can you help me with this door ?
(Anh c th gip ti m ca ny hay khng?)
- Hanoi can be rainy
( H Ni c th ma nhiu)
- Couldn't we stand here for a moment ?
(Chng ta khng ng y chc lt c sao?)
- Could I ask you a question?
(Ti hi anh mt cu c khng ?)
- Don't worry - she could have just told you a joke
(ng lo - c l c y ch ni a vi anh thi)
- On arrival in France, I shall be in touch with your family
(Khi n Php, ti s lin lc vi gia nh anh)
- Shall we be there in time for the press conference?
(Chng ta s n kp bui hp bo hay khng?)
- Our company shall not / shan't be responsible for any damage caused by customers
(Cng ty chng ti s khng chu trch nhim v bt c thit hi no do khch hng gy ra)
- Tomorrow will be her birthday
(Ngy mai s l sinh nht ca c ta)
- She will never forget the horrific scenes after that flood
(C ta s khng bao gi qun c nhng cnh tng hi hng sau trn lt y)
- Will you please come in ?
(Mi anh vo)
- Will you have a drink?
(Anh ung th g nh?)
- May I turn on the air-conditioner?
(Ti bt my lnh c khng ?)
- You may turn on the air-conditioner if you wish
(Anh c th bt my lnh nu anh thch)
- Hoa may not cook today
(C th hm nay Hoa khng nu n)
- She may be cooking in the kitchen
(C th c y ang nu n trong bp)
- She may have forgotten to cook me my lunch
(C th c y qun nu cm tra cho ti)
- May our friendship last forever !
(Chc tnh hu ngh gia chng ta i i bn vng!)
- May good fortune attend you !
(Chc anh nhiu may mn!)
- He said that his wife might be short-sighted (Anh ta ni rng c l v anh ta b cn th)
- Hoa might not be able to translate this sentence into Chinese
(C l Hoa khng sc dch cu ny ra ting Hoa)
- Might I ask another question? (Ti hi thm mt cu c khng ?)
- Candidates must answer the following questions (Th sinh phi tr li cc cu hi sau y)
- Candidates must not / musn't exchange views during examination
(Th sinh khng c trao i kin vi nhau trong khi thi)
- He must be exhausted after ten years' imprisonment (Chc l hn kit sc sau mi nm
t)


- You must have known who she was (Hn anh bit b ta l ai ri)
- Does he have to take exercise every morning before breakfast?
(Sng no ng ta cng phi tp th dc ri mi n im tm ?)
- This room is too stuffy, so you don't have to close the door
(Phng ny qu ngt ngt, nn bn khi phi ng ca)
- Any driver ought to obey traffic regulations (Ti x no cng phi chp hnh lut giao thng)
- We ought not / oughtn't to say we are freshmen
(Chng ta khng nn ni mnh l sinh vin nm th nht)
- Trang ought to have been a fashion model (ng l Trang phi l ngi mu thi trang)
- You should inform the director of this problem (Anh nn bo cho gim c bit vn ny)
- Children should not / shouldn't keep late hours (Tr em khng nn thc khuya)
- If we had much money, we should buy a larger house
(Nu chng ti c nhiu tin, chng ti s mua mt cn nh to hn)
- Should anyone come here, please tell them I'm not at home
(Nu c ai n y, hy ni vi h rng ti khng c nh)
- The floor should be less slippery today (Chc l hm nay sn nh bt trn trt)
- He should / shouldn't have apologized to them (L ra anh ta nn/khng nn xin li h)
- If you had your hair well cut, you would look much younger
(Nu ct tc gn gng li th trng anh tr hn nhiu)
- If he hadn't been somnolent, he would not / wouldn't have run over my dog
(Nu anh ta khng ng gt th khng cn phi con ch ca ti)
- Would you like some sugar in your tea? (Anh thch b t ng vo tr hay khng?))
- We hoped that they would get better results
(Chng ti hy vng h s t c kt qu kh quan hn)
- I dare say / daresay these students will fail in their law finals
(Ti dm chc rng cc sinh vin ny s trt k thi tt nghip ngnh lut)
- I dare not / daren't affirm it (Ti khng dm khng nh iu )
- Nobody dared sleep in a haunted house (Khng ai dm ng trong mt cn nh c ma)
- Daren't he appear in public? (ng ta khng dm xut hin gia cng chng hay sao?)
- How dare she leave the classroom without asking my permission !
(Sao c ta dm ra khi lp m khng xin php ti !)
- I wonder if they dare go home after midnight
(Ti khng r chng c dm v nh sau na m hay khng)
- Need you consult a doctor about your megrim?
(B c cn bc s khm v chng au na u hay khng?)
- You need not / needn't be in a hurry (Cc bn chng cn phi vi vng)
- You need not / needn't have been in such a hurry
(L ra cc bn khng cn phi vi vng nh vy)
- Nobody need be anxious for me (Khng ai phi lo lng cho ti c)
- You used to drink beer, didn't you? (Trc kia anh thng ung bia, c phi khng?)
- I used to drink beer, now I prefer fresh pineapple juice
(Trc kia ti thng ung bia, nay ti li thch nc da ti hn)
- Used you to drink beer ?/ Did you use to drink beer ? (Trc kia anh c hay ung bia
khng?)
- I used not / usedn't / didn't use to like alcoholic drinks (Ti vn khng a thc ung c cn)
TRA LOI BANG TRO DONG TU VA DT KHIEM KHUYET


1/ c im :
- Khng c s ngi th ba s t. Chng hn, He must (Anh ta phi), She can (C ta c th).
- Khng c nguyn mu v phn t, nn cng khng dng th lin tin.
- Theo sau ng t khim khuyt l Nguyn mu khng c To (ngoi tr Ought ). Chng hn,
We should / must try our best (Chng ta nn/phi c gng ht sc mnh), nhng We ought to
try our best (Chng ta phi c gng ht sc mnh).
- Could, Might, Should v Would l cc hnh thc qu kh, nhng dng rt hn ch.
2/ V d minh ho :
- Can you speak Vietnamese ?
(Anh ni ting Vit Nam c khng?)
- She cannot / can't swim faster
(C ta khng th bi nhanh hn)
- Can I smoke here?
(Ti ht thuc y c khng ?)
- You can come with me, if you like
(Anh c th i vi ti, nu anh thch)
- We cannot / can't make a lot of noise at work
(Chng ta khng c to ting ni lm vic)
- Can you help me with this door ?
(Anh c th gip ti m ca ny hay khng?)
- Hanoi can be rainy
( H Ni c th ma nhiu)
- Couldn't we stand here for a moment ?
(Chng ta khng ng y chc lt c sao?)
- Could I ask you a question?
(Ti hi anh mt cu c khng ?)
- Don't worry - she could have just told you a joke
(ng lo - c l c y ch ni a vi anh thi)
- On arrival in France, I shall be in touch with your family
(Khi n Php, ti s lin lc vi gia nh anh)
- Shall we be there in time for the press conference?
(Chng ta s n kp bui hp bo hay khng?)
- Our company shall not / shan't be responsible for any damage caused by customers
(Cng ty chng ti s khng chu trch nhim v bt c thit hi no do khch hng gy ra)
- Tomorrow will be her birthday
(Ngy mai s l sinh nht ca c ta)
- She will never forget the horrific scenes after that flood
(C ta s khng bao gi qun c nhng cnh tng hi hng sau trn lt y)
- Will you please come in ?
(Mi anh vo)
- Will you have a drink?
(Anh ung th g nh?)
- May I turn on the air-conditioner?
(Ti bt my lnh c khng ?)
- You may turn on the air-conditioner if you wish
(Anh c th bt my lnh nu anh thch)
- Hoa may not cook today


(C th hm nay Hoa khng nu n)
- She may be cooking in the kitchen
(C th c y ang nu n trong bp)
- She may have forgotten to cook me my lunch
(C th c y qun nu cm tra cho ti)
- May our friendship last forever !
(Chc tnh hu ngh gia chng ta i i bn vng!)
- May good fortune attend you !
(Chc anh nhiu may mn!)
- He said that his wife might be short-sighted (Anh ta ni rng c l v anh ta b cn th)
- Hoa might not be able to translate this sentence into Chinese
(C l Hoa khng sc dch cu ny ra ting Hoa)
- Might I ask another question? (Ti hi thm mt cu c khng ?)
- Candidates must answer the following questions (Th sinh phi tr li cc cu hi sau y)
- Candidates must not / musn't exchange views during examination
(Th sinh khng c trao i kin vi nhau trong khi thi)
- He must be exhausted after ten years' imprisonment (Chc l hn kit sc sau mi nm
t)
- You must have known who she was (Hn anh bit b ta l ai ri)
- Does he have to take exercise every morning before breakfast?
(Sng no ng ta cng phi tp th dc ri mi n im tm ?)
- This room is too stuffy, so you don't have to close the door
(Phng ny qu ngt ngt, nn bn khi phi ng ca)
- Any driver ought to obey traffic regulations (Ti x no cng phi chp hnh lut giao thng)
- We ought not / oughtn't to say we are freshmen
(Chng ta khng nn ni mnh l sinh vin nm th nht)
- Trang ought to have been a fashion model (ng l Trang phi l ngi mu thi trang)
- You should inform the director of this problem (Anh nn bo cho gim c bit vn ny)
- Children should not / shouldn't keep late hours (Tr em khng nn thc khuya)
- If we had much money, we should buy a larger house
(Nu chng ti c nhiu tin, chng ti s mua mt cn nh to hn)
- Should anyone come here, please tell them I'm not at home
(Nu c ai n y, hy ni vi h rng ti khng c nh)
- The floor should be less slippery today (Chc l hm nay sn nh bt trn trt)
- He should / shouldn't have apologized to them (L ra anh ta nn/khng nn xin li h)
- If you had your hair well cut, you would look much younger
(Nu ct tc gn gng li th trng anh tr hn nhiu)
- If he hadn't been somnolent, he would not / wouldn't have run over my dog
(Nu anh ta khng ng gt th khng cn phi con ch ca ti)
- Would you like some sugar in your tea? (Anh thch b t ng vo tr hay khng?))
- We hoped that they would get better results
(Chng ti hy vng h s t c kt qu kh quan hn)
- I dare say / daresay these students will fail in their law finals
(Ti dm chc rng cc sinh vin ny s trt k thi tt nghip ngnh lut)
- I dare not / daren't affirm it (Ti khng dm khng nh iu )
- Nobody dared sleep in a haunted house (Khng ai dm ng trong mt cn nh c ma)
- Daren't he appear in public? (ng ta khng dm xut hin gia cng chng hay sao?)
- How dare she leave the classroom without asking my permission !


(Sao c ta dm ra khi lp m khng xin php ti !)
- I wonder if they dare go home after midnight
(Ti khng r chng c dm v nh sau na m hay khng)
- Need you consult a doctor about your megrim?
(B c cn bc s khm v chng au na u hay khng?)
- You need not / needn't be in a hurry (Cc bn chng cn phi vi vng)
- You need not / needn't have been in such a hurry
(L ra cc bn khng cn phi vi vng nh vy)
- Nobody need be anxious for me (Khng ai phi lo lng cho ti c)
- You used to drink beer, didn't you? (Trc kia anh thng ung bia, c phi khng?)
- I used to drink beer, now I prefer fresh pineapple juice
(Trc kia ti thng ung bia, nay ti li thch nc da ti hn)
- Used you to drink beer ?/ Did you use to drink beer ? (Trc kia anh c hay ung bia
khng?)
- I used not / usedn't / didn't use to like alcoholic drinks (Ti vn khng a thc ung c cn)

CAU HOI DUOI
- I'm short-listed, aren't I? (Ti c vo danh sch vng trong, phi khng?)
- You were waiting outside at that time, weren't you?
(Lc y cc anh ang i bn ngoi, phi khng?)
- He was killed by a stray bullet, wasn't he?
(Hn cht v n lc, phi khng?)
- Hoa short-circuited the washing-machine, didn't she?
(Hoa lm cho my git b chp mch, phi khng?)
- You like American films, don't you?
(Anh thch phim M, phi khng?)
- We have lived here for more than five years, haven't we?
(Chng ta sng y hn nm nm, phi khng?)
- Lan was a typist, wasn't she?
(Lan l nhn vin nh my, phi khng?)
- You can speak Vietnamese, can't you?
(Anh ni c ting Vit Nam, phi khng?)
- Everybody held him in high regard, didn't they?
(Mi ngi u knh trng ng ta, phi khng?)
- Lan wasn't there, was she?
(Lan khng c , phi khng?)
- They didn't bid you good morning, did they?
(H khng cho anh, phi khng?)
- Bill couldn't speak Vietnamese, could he?
(Bill khng ni c ting Vit Nam, phi khng?)
- There wasn't enough vermicelli for latecomers, was there?
(Khng c min cho nhng ngi n mun, phi khng?)
- We shouldn't keep those medicines within the children's reach, should we?
(Chng ta khng nn nhng loi thuc ny trong tm tay tr em, phi khng?)
- Nothing is given away, is it?
(Chng c g c biu khng c, phi khng?)

DT NGUEYN MAU


Hnh thc

Nguyn mu hin ti---> To do (lm), To work (lm vic)
Nguyn mu hin ti lin tin --->To be doing (ang lm), To be working (ang lm vic)
Nguyn mu hon thnh --->To have done ( lm), To have worked ( lm vic)
Nguyn mu hon thnh lin tin --->To have been doing ( lm), To have been working (
lm vic)
Nguyn mu th ng hin ti --->To be done
Nguyn mu th ng hon thnh --->To have been done

Nguyn mu y = To + ng t. Chng hn, To deal with drug addicts is dangerous hoc It
is dangerous to deal with drug addicts (Giao du vi ngi nghin ma ty l nguy him). i khi
khng c To ng trc ng t v y chnh l trng hp Nguyn mu khng c To . Chng
hn, We shouldn't deal with drug addicts (Chng ta khng nn giao du vi ngi nghin ma ty),
He will come back (Anh ta s tr li).
# Ph nh ca nguyn mu = Not + to + ng t. Chng hn, They decide not to attend the
next symposium (H quyt nh khng d hi ngh chuyn sp ti).
# Nguyn mu ch (Split infinitive) l trng hp chn cc ph t Really , completely , entirely ,
duly , unduly ... vo gia To v ng t. Chng hn, To duly punish serious crimes, National
Assembly has made several amendments to the penal code ( trng pht thch ng cc trng
ti, Quc hi c nhiu sa i trong b lut hnh s).

Cng dng

a) ng vai tr ch t. Chng hn, To go by plane is quicker and safer (i my bay th nhanh
hn v an ton hn), To obey the laws is everyone's duty (Tun th lut php l bn phn ca
mi ngi), To argue with them appears useless (Tranh ci vi h c v v ch),To imitate them
seemed unwise (Bt chc h l di). Tuy nhin, It is quicker and safer to go by plane , It is
everyone's duty to obey the laws , It appears useless to argue with them v It seemed unwise to
imitate them th thng dng hn.
b) ng vai tr b ng. Chng hn, Their mission was to destroy the enemy naval bases
(Nhim v ca h l ph hy cc cn c hi qun ca ch).
c) Sau cc ng t Agree , aim , appear , arrange , ask , attempt , bother , care (ph nh hoc
nghi vn), choose , claim , condescend , consent , decide , demand , determine, be determined ,
endeavour , fail , forget , guarantee , happen , hesitate, hope , know, learn , long , manage,
neglect , offer , plan , be prepared, pretend , proceed , promise , prove , refuse, remember ,
resolve , seem , swear , tend , threaten , trouble , try , volunteer , vow , wonder .
V d :
- They arranged to meet at the riverside five-star hotel
(H tho thun gp nhau ti khch sn nm sao ven sng)
- She didn't bother/trouble to answer straightforwardly (B ta khng chu tr li thng thn)
- The boy asks to go swimming with his classmates (Cu b xin php i bi vi cc bn
cng lp)
- Would you care to dance? (Anh thch khiu v hay khng?)
- The banker condescended to say hello to his poor neighbours yesterday morning


(Sng hm qua, ng ch ngn hng h mnh m cho nhng ngi lng ging ngho
kh)
- Soldiers were determined to fight till the last (Binh s quyt tm chin u n hi th cui
cng)
- The strikers failed to reach a settlement with their employer
(Phe nh cng khng t c mt tho thun vi ng ch)
- The employer threatened to dismiss anyone claiming a pay rise
(ng ch do sa thi bt c ngi no i tng lng)
- They seem to be quarrelling about money matters
(Dng nh h ang ci nhau v chuyn tin nong)
- The girl pretended to be making herself up (C gi gi v ang trang trang im)
- I want to know how to use this device (Ti mun bit cch dng cch dng thit b ny)
- We are wondering whether to be angry with her or with her friends
(Chng ti phn vn khng bit nn gin c ta hay gin bn c ta)
d) Sau Assume , Believe , Consider , Deem , Know , Think (nht l dng th ng) .
V d :
- Everyone must assume her to be innocent until she is proved guilty of blackmail
(Mi ngi phi xem c ta l v ti n khi no chng minh c rng c ta phm ti tng
tin)
- He is known to be a benevolent doctor (ng ta ni ting l mt bc s nhn hu)
- Smoking is known to be harmful (Ai cng bit ht thuc l c hi)
- The thieves were thought to be hiding in the wood-shed
(Bn trm b cho l ang trn trong kho ci)
- The four escapees are believed to have suffered shipwreck off Cape Horn
(Ngi ta tin rng bn k vt ngc b m tu ngoi khi mi Horn)
e) Sau Be about , be able, afford, do one's best , make an/every effort , make up one's mind ,
occur , set out, take the trouble, turn out .
V d :
- They stayed at home because they couldn't afford to get tickets for the Cup Final
(H nh v khng tin mua v xem trn chung kt Cp v ch)
- They have made up their mind to join their family in Vietnam
(H quyt nh i on t vi gia nh ti Vit Nam)
- It never occurred to him to help anyone (Hn chng bao gi ny ra ngh gip ai)
- The director-general turned out to be one of my fellow countrymen
(Ho ra ng tng gim c l ngi ng hng vi ti)
f) Sau Advise, allow , ask , beg , command , compel , enable, encourage , expect , forbid , force ,
implore , induce , instruct , invite , oblige , order , permit , persuade , remind , request , show ,
teach , tell , train , urge , want , warn .
V d :
- I want you to go there with me (Ti mun anh i vi ti n )
- They asked Bill to finish his work as soon as possible
(H yu cu Bill hon thnh cng vic cng sm cng tt)
- She always expects his husband to earn more and more money
(C ta lun mong chng mnh ngy cng kim c nhiu tin hn)
- My parents taught me never to tell lies (B m ti dy ti khng bao gi c ni di)
- Show us how to operate this machine-gun (Hy ch chng ti cch s dng khu sng
my ny)
- Tell her to take medicine before bedtime (Hy bo b y ung thuc trc khi i ng)


g) Sau The first , the second , the last , the only hoc sau hnh thc so snh cc cp thay cho
mnh quan h.
V d :
- They are the first to leave all their money to charity
(H l nhng ngi u tin li ton b tin bc cho cng cuc t thin)
- She was the only person in her village to study abroad
(C ta l ngi duy nht trong lng i hc nc ngoi)
- It is one of the best comedies to be performed last year
( l mt trong nhng hi kch hay nht c din trong nm qua)
h) Sau cc tnh t Sorry, Anxious , Happy , Glad , Pleased , Ready , Proud , Ashamed , Afraid ,
Surprised , Sure , Reluctant , Unwilling ...
V d :
- The young soldier was reluctant to give us a lift to the provincial polyclinic
(Ngi lnh tr min cng cho chng ti i nh xe n bnh vin a khoa tnh)
- We are very surprised to see such scoundrels in a so-called institution
(Chng ti rt ngc nhin khi thy nhng k cn nh vy mt ni gi l c s t thin)
- He was proud to be a nobleman (Hn t ho l mnh thuc dng di qu tc)
- I am ashamed to criticize my colleagues (Ti ngi ph bnh bn ng nghip)
i) Sau Too + tnh t / ph t , Too + tnh t + a + danh t, Tnh t / Ph t + enough.
V d :
- He is too short to become a pilot (Hn qu thp, nn khng th lm phi cng)
- You speak too quickly for me to understand thoroughly
(Anh ni qu nhanh, nn ti khng hiu r)
- Bi was too numerate a pupil to succumb to such simple problems
(Bi l mt hc sinh qu gii ton, nn khng th chu thua nhng bi ton n gin nh
vy)
- This concrete bridge isn't strong enough to support heavy lorries
(Chic cu b tng ny khng vng chu c xe ti nng)
- All athletes jumped high enough to reach the basket
(Tt c cc vn ng vin u nhy cao vi ti ci r)
j) Sau cc danh t Ability , ambition, anxiety , attempt , decision , demand , desire , determination ,
eagerness , effort , failure , offer , plan , promise , refusal , request , scheme , willingness , wish .
V d :
- Upstart officials often nurse their ambition to become the well-known statesmen
(Quan chc mi pht ln thng nui tham vng tr thnh chnh khch lng danh)
- I want to know the sanctions against the failure to comply with traffic regulations
(Ti mun bit bin php trng pht trng hp khng tun th lut i ng)

c bit
- Why did you take so much milk? - I had to [take so much milk]. I underwent an operation
for appendicitis five days ago (Sao anh ung sa nhiu vy? - Ti phi ung nhiu nh vy.
Ti m rut tha cch y nm ngy).
- Would you like to join us for dinner? - Yes, I'd love to (join you for dinner) but I must go to
school right now (Ti rt mun, nhng ti phi i hc ngay by gi).
- She wished to become a teacher but she wasn't able to (become a teacher)
(C y mun lm c gio, nhng khng thnh).
- I feel lonely and want someone to talk to (Ti cm thy c n v mun c ai ni
chuyn)


- They need a cabinet to keep job applications in (H cn mt ci t ng h s xin
vic)
- There wasn't a thing to eat (Chng c ci g n c)
- The main thing to remember is .... (iu ch yu cn nh l...)
- To be perfectly frank/ To be honest/ To tell the truth, you are no match for her in tae
kwon do (Thc tnh m ni, anh khng phi l i th ca c ta v Thi cc o)
- Thay v He intends to go to supermarket and to buy a dishwasher (Anh ta nh i siu th
v nh mua mt my ra bt a), ta vit He intends to go to supermarket and buy a
dishwasher .

Nguyn mu khng c To

a) Sau Do & Do not , Did & Did not , Can & Cannot , Could & Could not , May & May not , Might
& Might not , Must & Must not, Shall &Shall not, Should & Should not , Will &Will not, Would &
Would not , Need & Need not , Dare & Dare not .
V d :
- Do say you'll help them ! (Hy ni rng anh s gip h!)
- They didn't go to church last week (Tun ri, h khng i l)
- She daren't answer my question (C ta khng dm tr li cu hi ca ti)
- You musn't interrupt me now (Anh khng c ngt li ti lc ny)
b) Sau cc ng t Feel, See, Hear, Watch, Had better, Would rather, Would sooner, Let, Make,
Have.
V d :
- I heard him knock at the door (Ti nghe hn g ca)
- Did you see her cross the road? (Anh c thy c ta bng qua ng hay khng?)
- You'd better not tell lies (Anh ng ni di th hn)
- I'd rather work than sleep all day long
(Ti thch lm vic hn l ng sut ngy)
- He would sooner retire on a pension than take part in such scandalous business deals
(ng ta nn v ngh n lng hu hn l tham gia vo nhng v lm n tai ting nh vy)
- Let me know what you are doing (Hy cho ti bit cc anh ang lm g)
- Have your driver meet me at the airport
(Hy dn ti x ca anh n ti ti ti phi trng)
- The delicious smell from the kitchen makes my mouth water
(Mi thm ngon t trong bp bay ra lm ti thm chy nc di)

c bit
- The joiner helped me to unlock the bicycle (Bc th mc gip ti m kho chic xe p) =
The joiner helped me unlock the bicycle.

DANH DONG TU
Hnh thc

1/Danh ng t c hnh thc y ht nh Hin ti phn t. Chng hn, Whentalking to this old
man, you must speak loudly (Khi ni chuyn vi ng lo ny, anh phi ni to).


2/Danh ng t hon thnh (Perfect Gerund) l danh ng t ch hnh ng trong qu kh.
Chng hn, "This lieutenant was suspected of having trafficked in drugs" (Vin trung y ny b
nghi l bun ma ty).
3/Danh ng t th ng (Passive Gerund) l danh ng t thuc Dng th ng.
V d :
- I object tobeing ill-treated in this way
(Ti phn i vic b ngc i nh vy)
- They admit having been attacked in broad daylight
(H th nhn l b tn cng gia ban ngy)

Cng dng

1/ng vai tr Danh t.
V d :
- Thay v "It is easier to speak Chinese than to write Chinese" (Ni ting Hoa d hn vit
ting Hoa), ta c th ni "Speaking Chinese is easier thanwriting Chinese".
- Seeing is believing (Thy mi tin).
- My father's hobby was reading (Th tiu khin ca cha ti l c sch).
- I am fond of cooking (Ti thch nu nng).
- She likesswimming (C ta thch bi li).

2/Din t s cm on.
V d :
- No smoking (Cm ht thuc)
- No loitering (Cm lng vng)
- No spitting (Cm khc nh)
- No parking (Cm xe)

VAN DUNG DDT
1/ Sau gii t.
V d :
- What else can you do besidessewing ?
(Ngoi vic may v, anh cn lm c g na khng?)
- She lodges a strong objection to rising so early
(C ta kch lit phn i vic dy sm nh vy)
- We are afraid of getting our colleagues into trouble
(Chng ti s gy rc ri cho cc bn ng nghip)
- This engineer is good at programming in C language
(K s ny gii lp trnh bng ngn ng C)
- Thank you forhelping me find out the truth
(Cm n anh gip ti tm ra s tht)
- A sphygmomanometer is an instrument for measuring blood pressure in the arteries
(My o huyt p l mt dng c o p sut mu trong ng mch)
- I deleted the previous words by pressing the Backspace key
(Ti xo nhng t lin trc bng cch nhn phm Backspace)
- Before leaving home, they didn't forget to switch on the fire-alarm
(Trc khi ra khi nh, h khng qun bt thit b bo chy)
- On arriving home, they hurried the help into serving lunch


(Va v n nh, h gic ngi gip vic dn cm n)
- Are you interested in learning foreign languages?
(Bn c quan tm n vic hc ngoi ng hay khng?)
- What about having breakfast right now ? (Ta n sng ngay by gi ch?)
- Let's go to bed instead of watching TV (Chng ta hy i ng thay v xem TV)
- He stole bread without being caught red-handed
(Hn ly trm bnh m m khng h b bt qu tang)

2/Sau cc lin t When v While .
V d :
- When entering the bathroom, he caught a mouse nibbling the bar of soap
(Khi bc vo bung tm, anh ta bt gp mt ch chut ang ra cc x phng)
- We ate while listening to the radio (Chng ti va n va nghe rai)

3/Sau cc cu trc It needs / requires / wants , It is worth, It's no use .
V d :
- This lock needs oiling ( kho ny cn c tra du)
- Their tyres require inflating (Lp xe ca h cn c bm phng)
- Garden plants want watering every morning (Cy king cn c ti mi bui sng)
- This dictionary is worth consulting (T in ny ng tham kho)
- It's no use crying over spilt milk (Ku ca cng chng c g)

4/Sau Protest at , Care for, Give up, Leave off, Look forward to, Put off, Take to , Be used to, Be
accustomed to.
V d :
- She protested at sitting for a novice painter
(C ta phn i vic ngi lm mu cho mt ho s mi ra ngh)
- I don't care forworking as an unpaid servant (Ti chng mun lm y t khng cng).
- Let's try to give up smoking (Chng ta hy c gng b ht thuc)
- I look forward towinning a scholarship to the university (Ti rt mong c cp hc bng
vo i hc)
- They are used tositting up for their drunken father (H quen thc khuya i ng b
nt ru)

5/Sau Can't help, Can't resist , Can't bear , Can't endure .
V d :
- I can't help laughing at the sight of the well-known comedians on stage
(Nhn thy cc danh hi trn sn khu, ti khng nhn ci c)
- They can't bear being short of money
(H khng chu c cnh thiu tin)
- We can't resist thinking that she is your meal ticket
(Chng ti khng th khng ngh rng c ta nui anh)
- She can't endure seeing beggars wander about the streets
(C ta khng chu ni khi nhn thy nhng ngi n xin lang thang ngoi ph)

6/Trong Accuse sb of doing sth (Kt ti ai lm iu g), Suspect sb of doing sth (Nghi ai
lm iu g), Dissuade sb from doing sth (Khuyn ai ng lm iu g), Stop sb from doing sth
(Ngn cn ai lm iu g), Keep sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu g), Prevent sb from


doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu g), Discourage sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu g),
Restrain sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu g), Deter sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm
iu g), Hinder sb from doing sth (Ngn cn ai lm iu g), Save sb from doing sth (Cu cho ai
khi b iu g), Bribe sb into doing sth (Hi l ai ngi lm iu g), Excuse sb for doing
sth (Tha th cho ai lm iu g), Excuse oneself for doing sth (Xin li v lm iu g),
Resign oneself to doing sth (nh phi lm iu g), Involve sb in doing sth (Li ko ai lm iu
g), Forgive sb for doing sth (Tha th cho ai lm iu g), Pardon sb for doing sth (Tha th cho
ai lm iu g), Reproach sb for doing sth (Trch ai lm iu g), Congratulate sb on doing
sth (Khen ai lm iu g), Praise sb for doing sth (Khen ai lm iu g), Reward sb for doing
sth (Thng cho ai lm iu g),Thank sb for doing sth (Cm n ai lm iu g) ...

V d :
- They accused me of inciting prisoners against the jailer (H kt ti ti l xi gic cc t
nhn chng li cai ngc).
- Who can dissuade him fromsmoking ? (Ai c th khuyn anh ta ng ht thuc?)
- The teacher reproaches some schoolgirls forneglecting their studies (Thy gio trch mt
vi n sinh l sao lng vic hc hnh).
- The police rewarded them fordiscovering the smugglers' shelter (Cnh st thng
cng h tm ra ni n nu ca bn bun lu).
- As everyone in the seminar spoke English, she resigned herself to speaking English
(V mi ngi trong cuc hi tho u ni ting Anh, c ta nh ni ting Anh)

7/Sau cc ng t Admit (Tha nhn), Imagine (Tng tng), Anticipate (D tnh), Avoid
(Trnh),
Consider (Cn nhc), Defer (Hon), Delay (Tr hon), Deny (Ph nhn), Detest (Ght), Loathe
(Ght), Dislike (Khng thch), Dread (Kinh s), Enjoy (Thch), Escape (Trnh khi), Feel like
(mun), Finish (Hon tt), Keep (Tip tc), Mind (phn i), Postpone (Tr hon), Practise (Tp
luyn), Propose (D nh), Recollect (Nh li), Remember (Nh li), Risk (C nguy c), Stop
(Ngng), Suggest ( ngh).
V d :
- The treasurer admits having embezzled the pension fund (Ngi th qu th nhn l
bin th qu lng hu)
- The boy imagined straying into the fairyland and talking to a fairy (Cu b tng tng
mnh lc vo chn thn tin v ni chuyn vi mt v tin)
- He was considering buying a car on hire-purchase (Hn ang cn nhc vic mua tr gp
mt chic xe hi)
- He feels like going to church (Anh ta mun i l)
- They practised driving lorries at night (H tp li xe ti ban m)
- The old man recollectedtaking medicine after dinner (ng lo nh l ung thuc sau
ba n ti)
- I rememberwriting to them (Ti nh l vit th cho h)
- Their dilapidated house risks collapsing in the rainy season (Ngi nh xiu vo ca h c
nguy c b sp trong ma ma)
- Stoptalking nonsense ! (ng ni by na!)
- They suggested celebrating Christmas (H ngh n mng N-en)
- We enjoy reading ghost stories (Chng ti thch c truyn ma)
- I proposed congratulating them on their wedding anniversary (Ti nh chc mng h
nhn k nim ngy ci ca h)


8/So snh hai cu "She insisted on opening the door " (C ta khng khng i m ca) v "She
insisted on me/my opening the door " (C ta khng khng i ti m ca), ta thy cu 2 khc
vi cu 1 do c s hin din ca i t nhn xng Me hoc tnh t s hu My . Cc ng t
Contemplate , Dislike , Dread , Fancy , Involve , Like (ph nh), Mind , Object (to),Remember ,
Resent , Save , Stop , Tolerate , Understand , Approve (of), Disapprove (of) c th dng vi mt
trong hai hoc c hai cu trc nh vy.

V d :
- They dislikeme/my keeping late hours (H khng thch ti thc khuya)
- I didn't likethem/their behaving in this way (Ti khng thch hn c x nh vy)
- The job involves him/his travelling backwards and forwards between Hanoi and Paris
(Cng vic y khin anh ta phi ti lui xui ngc gia H Ni v Pari)
- We don't mind them/their knowing our address (Chng ti khng ngi h bit a ch
ca chng ti)
- I remember you/your writing an apologetic letter (Ti nh l anh c vit th xin li)
- He objects to them/their being behindhand with tuition (ng ta phn i vic h ng
hc ph tr)
- Fancy his getting up so early ! (Anh ta dy qu sm, l tht!)
- Did they resent my being late for work ? (H c bc bi vic ti i lm mun hay khng?)
- We didn't contemplate him refusing our invitation
(Chng ti khng d tnh vic ng ta khc t li mi ca chng ti)

CAC TRUONG HOP DAC BIET
- Thay v Excuse me for making so much noise (Xin li v lm n), ta c th vit: Excuse
my making so much noise (Xin tha li cho vic ti lm n).
- Thay v Forgive me for interrupting (Xin li v ngt li anh), ta c th vit Forgive my
interrupting (Xin tha li cho vic ti ngt li anh).
- Thay v Nobody can prevent us from doing good things (Khng ai c th ngn cn chng ti
lm iu tt ), ta c th vit Nobody can prevent our doing good things (Khng ai c th ngn
cn vic chng ti lm iu tt ).
- We began to go home (Chng ti bt u i v nh) = We began going home .
- She continues to stare me into silence (B ta vn trng mt buc ti im lng) = She
continues staring me into silence .
- He ceased to shout at the top of his voice (Hn khng gn c ln m ht na) = He ceased
shouting at the top of his voice .
- My father intended to buy a villa in the suburbs (Cha ti nh mua mt bit th ngoi ) =
My father intended buying a villa in the suburbs , nhng My father intended me to buy a villa
in the suburbs (Cha ti mun ti mua mt bit th ngoi ).
- I don't allow them to drop litter in my study (Ti khng cho php h vt rc trong phng lm
vic ca ti), nhng I don't allow dropping litter in my study (Ti khng cho php vt rc trong
phng lm vic ca ti).
- This book advises us to be neighbourly (Quyn sch ny khuyn ta nn sng ho thun vi
nhau), nhng This book advises being neighbourly (Quyn sch ny khuyn nn sng ho
thun vi nhau).
- Remember to clean out the drawing-room (Nh dn dp phng khch nh!), nhngI
remember cleaning out the drawing-room (Ti nh l dn dp phng khch).


- He often forgets to close the doors before bedtime (ng ta thng qun ng ca trc khi
i ng), nhng He will never forget contracting lung cancer (ng ta s khng bao gi qun l
mnh mc bnh ung th phi).
- We regret to tell the whole truth about him (Chng ti ly lm tic m ni ht s tht v
hn), nhng We regret telling the whole truth about him (Chng ti hi tic l ni ht s
tht v hn).
- She stopped to ask the way to the hospital (C ta dng li hi ng n bnh vin),
nhng She stopped asking the way to the hospital (C ta khng hi ng n bnh vin
na).
- He tried to drive faster (Anh ta c gng li xe nhanh hn), nhng He tried driving faster to
know the power of his car (Anh ta th li xe nhanh hn bit cng sut ca xe).

PHAN TU
HT PHAN TU
Hnh thc

ng t nguyn mu + ing ---> Hin ti phn t (Xem thm Ph lc)

V d :
Find + ing ---> Finding
Work + ing ---> Working
Read + ing ---> Reading

Cng dng

1. ToTh lin tin (Continuous Tense).
V d :
- He is working (Anh ta ang lm vic)
- At that time, theywere sleeping (Khi y, h ang ng)

2. ng vai tr Tnh t ch phm cht.
V d :
- Boiling water (Nc si)
- Extenuating circumstances (Tnh tit gim ti)
- Alternating current (Dng in xoay chiu)
- Convincing arguments (L l sc thuyt phc)

3. ng vai tr Gii t.
V d :
- I have just read a document concerning Chinese acupuncture
(Ti va mi c mt ti liu v thut chm cu ca Trung Hoa)
- There were three of us, not counting the driver
(Chng ta c ba ngi, khng k ngi li xe)

4. Theo sau cc ng t ch tri gic.
V d :
- We heard someone sobbing downstairs
(Chng ti nghe ai ang khc nc n tng di)


- Did you see himentering the first-aid ward?
(Anh c thy hn i vo khu cp cu hay khng?)
- She watched the childrencrossing the road
(C ta xem l tr bng qua ng)
- I feel somethingcrawling up my neck
(Ti cm thy ci g b ln c ti)
- The boy cried hurriedly for help because he had smelt something burning
(a b vi vng ku cu v ngi thy mi kht)

5. Theo sau Catch, Find, Leave, Keep (ng t + Tc t + Hin ti phn t ).
V d :
- I am sorry to keep youwaiting
(Ti rt tic l bt bn phi ch i)
- Why did you leave herstanding outside in the downpour?
(Sao anh li c ta ng bn ngoi trong lc tri ma xi x?)
- They found a corpse lying face down in a pool of blood
(H thy mt xc cht nm p mt xung vng mu)
- How did you catch themseeing pornographic films?
(Bng cch no anh bt c chng ang xem phim khiu dm?)

6. Theo sau Go, Spend, Waste, Be busy.
V d :
- We shall goswimming /hunting /fishing /shopping tomorrow morning
(Sng mai, chng ti s i bi/sn/cu/mua sm)
- Let's spend more time learning English
(Ta hy dnh thm thi gi hc ting Anh)
- This moneyed merchant spent a lot of moneykeeping a dancing-girl
(Tay li bun giu c ny tn nhiu tin bao mt c gi nhy)
- They wasted a whole month seeking employment in this remote village
(H ph c mt thng tri tm vic lm ci lng ho lnh ny)
- She's busydoing the ironing
(C ta ang bn l qun o)

7. Thay cho mt mnh quan h.
V d :
- A law which prohibits the export of raw materials = A law prohibiting the export of raw
materials
(Mt o lut cm xut khu nguyn liu)
- American scientists who visited Great Wall of China = American scientists visiting Great
Wall of China
(Cc nh khoa hc Hoa K n thm Vn L Trng Thnh ca Trung Hoa)

8. a) Khi mt ch t thc hin hai hnh ng gn nh ng thi vi nhau, ta c th dng hin ti
phn t din t mt trong hai hnh ng y.
V d


- The man stooped down and kissed his children good night (Ngi n ng ci xung v
hn chc cc con ng ngon) = The man stooped down, kissing his children good night
(Ngi n ng ci xung, hn chc cc con ng ngon).
- She thought about the homeless and burst out crying (C ta ngh n nhng k lang thang
v bt khc) = Thinking about the homeless, she burst out crying (Ngh n nhng k lang
thang, c ta bt khc).
- Minister of Health addressed the nationwide medical conference and appreciated local
health centers' encouraging achievements (B trng y t pht biu ti hi ngh y hc ton
quc, v nh gi cao thnh tch ng khch l ca cc trung tm y t a phng) =
Addressing the nationwide medical conference, Minister of Health appreciated local health
centers' encouraging achievements (Pht biu ti hi ngh y hc ton quc, B trng y t
nh gi cao thnh tch ng khch l ca cc trung tm y t a phng).
b) Thay cho mt mnh ph bt u bng After (sau khi) hoc As / Since / Because (V, do).
V d
- He went to work in Paris after he had graduated in law at Oxford (Anh ta sang Pari lm
vic sau khi tt nghip ngnh lut trng Oxford) = Having graduated in law at Oxford, he
went to work in Paris
(Sau khi tt nghip ngnh lut trng Oxford, anh ta sang Pari lm vic).
- As we believed that he was strong in Danish, we both spoke Danish during the
conversation
(V tin rng anh ta gii ting an Mch, c hai chng ti u ni ting an Mch trong bui
chuyn tr) = Believing that he was strong in Danish, we both spoke Danish during the
conversation
(Tin rng anh ta gii ting an Mch, c hai chng ti u ni ting an Mch trong bui
chuyn tr).

c bit
Khng nht thit mnh chnh v mnh ph ch nguyn nhn phi thuc cng mt ch t.
Chng hn, Since the weather is nice, we decide to go shopping (Do thi tit tt, chng ti
quyt nh i mua sm) = The weather being nice, we decide to go shopping (Do thi tit tt,
chng ti quyt nh i mua sm).
QUA KHU PHAN TU
Hnh thc

i vi ng t c quy tc, Qu kh phn t hnh thnh bng cch thm ed vo nguyn mu
(hoc thm d nu nguyn mu tn cng bng e).
V d :
Start + ed ---> Started
Help + ed ---> Helped
Breathe + d ---> Breathed
Pledge + d ---> Pledged
i vi ng t bt quy tc, xin xem Ph lc .
Qu kh phn t c th theo sauNot ch mt ph nh. Chng hn, This is a subject not
dealt with in the recent discussions (y l mt ti khng c cp trong cc cuc tho
lun gn y).

Cng dng



1. ng vai tr Tnh t ch phm cht v thng mang ngha b ng.
V d:
- An injured leg (Mt ci chn b thng)
- Stolen money (Tin b nh cp)
- Lost property ( c b tht lc)
- Restricted development (S pht trin c gii hn)

2. To Th hon thnh (Perfect Tense).
V d:
- I have lived here for three years
(Ti sng y ba nm)
- He left home after his mother had turned off the lights
(N ra khi nh sau khi m n tt n)
- I should have invited them home
(L ra ti mi h n nh chi)

3. To Dng th ng (Passive Voice).
V d :
- Their trip was delayed by a traffic jam
(Chuyn i ca h b tr do mt v tc nghn giao thng)
- This bag is used to contain paddy
(Ci bao ny c dng ng thc)

4. Thay cho mt mnh quan h.
V d :
- We visited a village that had been devastated by war and famine (Chng ti ving thm
mt x tng b chin tranh v nn i tn ph) = We visited a village devastated by war
and famine.
- Those who had been considered responsible for this entrance examination were dismissed
(Nhng k c xem l chu trch nhim v k thi tuyn sinh ny b ui vic) = Those
considered responsible for this entrance examination were dismissed.

5. Thng dng trong cc cu trc di y :
- Besieged by the police on every side, both drug traffickers killed themselves in an
uninhabited house (B cnh st bao vy t pha, c hai k bun ma ty t st trong mt ngi
nh hoang)
- Seen from the hill, the palace looks quite magnificent (Nhn t trn i xung, lu i trng
tht trng l).
- The two leaders came in, followed by an escort armed to the teeth
(Hai nh lnh o bc vo, theo sau l mt i h tng v trang n tn rng)
- All deputies had been warned about the order of the day and got ready for lively discussions in
the meeting hall (Tt c cc i biu u c bo trc v chng trnh ngh s v sn
sng tho lun si ni ti hi trng) = Having been warned about the order of the day, all
deputies got ready for lively discussions in the meeting hall (Do c bo trc v chng
trnh ngh s, tt c cc i biu u sn sng tho lun si ni ti hi trng).
- Whencooked properly, sausages will make a fine meal
(Khi c nu ng cch, xc xch s lm nn mt ba n tuyt vi)
- Though seriouslywounded , he managed to crawl back to his camp


(D b thng nng, anh ta vn b c v n tri)
- Why didn't you have your haircut ?
(Ti sao bn khng nh ai ct tc? = Ti sao bn khng i ct tc?)
- We're having our carrepaired
(Chng ti ang nh sa chic xe li = Chng ti ang cho sa chic xe li)
- Jack had his pocket picked (Jack b mc ti)
- They want the parcel delivered immediately (H mun gi hng c phn pht ngay tc
khc)
DANG THU DONG
Khi nim v Dng th ng

My father bought these two houses in 1972 (Cha ti mua hai cn nh ny nm 1972) l mt
cu thuc Dng ch ng (Active voice), v chnh ch t My father thc hin hnh ng mua .
Cu ny i sang Dng th ng (Passive voice) thnh These two houses were bought by my
father in 1972 (Hai cn nh ny c cha ti mua nm 1972). Ch t My father trong cu th
nht th ch ng. (Mua ), cn ch t These two houses trong cu th hai th b ng (c
mua ). Trong cu th nht, My father l ch t, These two houses l tc t. Do cu ny i sang
Dng th ng, tc t These two houses tr thnh ch t, cn ch t My father by gi tr
thnh tc t (theo sau gii t By ). Bought trong cu th nht l ng t Buy ngi th ba s t,
Qu kh n gin. Were bought trong cu th hai l ng t Buy ngi th ba s nhiu (v ch
t by gi l These two houses ), Qu kh n gin v Dng th ng. Vy, cu trc ca cu
thuc Dng th ng l Ch t + ng t To Be + Qu kh phn t.
Chng hn,These trees are planted in South America (Cc cy ny c trng ti Nam M)
hoc The streets will be swept every day (ng ph s c qut dn mi ngy).

Lu
Khi i cu t Dng ch ng sang Dng th ng, ta phi chia To Be ng th v cch ca
ng t Dng ch ng.
- Columbus discovered America in 1492 (Columbus tm ra chu M nm 1492) --> America
was discovered by Columbus in 1492 (Chu M c Columbus pht hin nm 1492)
- The court martialwill sentence him to death (To n qun s s kt n t hnh hn) ---> He
will be sentenced to death by the court martial (Hn s b to n qun s kt n t hnh)
- American specialists are repairing this airplane (Cc chuyn vin Hoa K ang sa chic my
bay ny) ---> This airplane is being repaired by American specialists (Chic my bay ny ang
c cc chuyn vin Hoa K sa)
- He said that the local authorities would investigate these scandals (ng ta ni rng chnh
quyn a phng s iu tra nhng v b bi ny) ---> He said that these scandals would be
investigated by the local authorities (ng ta ni rng nhng v b bi ny s c chnh
quyn a phng iu tra).

V d minh ho

1) You may / can / must / should / ought to / needn't park your car there (Anh c
php/c th /phi/nn/nn/chng cn xe ) ---> Your car may / can / must / should /
ought to / needn't be parked there (Xe ca anh c php/c th/phi/nn/ nn/chng cn
).


2) She should have / needn't have parked her car in the car-park (L ra c ta nn/chng
cn xe trong bi xe) ---> Her car should have / needn't have been parked in the car-
park (L ra xe ca c ta nn/chng cn trong bi xe)
3) Someone offered him a cigarettes (Ai mi hn mt iu thuc) ---> He was offered
a cigarette (Hn c mi mt iu thuc).
4) The boy gave the girl a bouquet of roses hoc The boy gave a bouquet of roses to the
girl (Ngi con trai tng ngi con gi mt b hoa hng) ---> The girl was given a bouquet
of roses by the boy (Ngi con gi c ngi con trai tng mt b hoa hng) hoc The
bouquet of roses was given to the girl by the boy (B hoa hng c ngi con trai tng
ngi con gi).

5) Thay v The pane of glass was broken ( ca knh b v), ta c th ni The pane of
glass got broken .
6) Thay v One sells these English - Chinese dictionaries everywhere (Ngi ta bn
nhng t in Anh - Hoa ny khp ni), ta nn ni These English - Chinese dictionaries
are sold everywhere (Nhng t in Anh - Hoa ny c bn khp ni).
7) Thay v People use English all over the world (Ngi ta s dng ting Anh trn khp
th gii), ta nn ni English is used all over the world (Ting Anh c s dng trn khp
th gii).

8) My secretary will deal with this application (Ngi th k ca ti s gii quyt n ny)
---> This application will be dealt with by my secretary (n ny s c ngi th k ca
ti gii quyt).
9) Last night, a lorry ran over a street-sweeper (m qua, mt chic xe ti cn mt
ngi qut ng) ---> Last night, a street-sweeper was run over by a lorry (m qua, mt
ngi qut ng b mt chic xe ti cn phi).

10) They told me that.... (Ngi ta ni vi ti rng ...) ---> I was told that ... (Ti nghe ni
rng ...).
11) His answer is acknowledged to be true (Cu tr li ca anh ta c tha nhn l ng)
12) She is presumed to be innocent until she is proved guilty
(C ta c suy on l v ti n khi no ngi ta chng minh c rng c ta c
ti)
13) This fortune-teller was believed to be a swindler (G thy bi ny b cho l la o)
14) His age is estimated to be about 50 (Tui ca ng ta c c tnh l khong 50)
15) This billionaire was thought to be one of the richest men in Africa (Nh t ph ny c
cho l mt trong nhng ngi giu nht chu Phi)
16) Visitors are kindly requested not to smoke in the pagoda ( ngh khch tham quan
khng ht thuc trong cha)
17) You're supposed to keep it carefully (Bn phi gi ci tht k 18) It was widely
supposed to have been lost during the tempest (Ci b mi ngi cho l tht lc trong
cn bo)
19) Their family is supposed to be living abroad (Gia nh h c cho l ang sng
nc ngoi)
20) It was said that he was crazy about football (Ngi ta ni rng hn si m bng ) hoc
He was said to be crazy about football (Hn b ni l si m bng ).

LOI NOI GIAN TIEP


Li ni trc tip (Direct Speech) l nguyn vn li pht biu ca mt ngi. Chng hn, He
says : " I shall be a programmer." (Anh ta ni : "Ti s l lp trnh vin"). Ri mt ngi khc
nghe c li ni ny v thut li; li thut li chnh l Li ni gin tip (Indirect Speech hoc
Reported Speech). By gi, cu trn y i thnhHe says that he will be a programmer (Anh ta
ni rng anh ta s l lp trnh vin). ng t says trong cu He says that he will be a programmer
gi l ng t tng thut (Reporting verb); mnh chnh trong cu ny l He says v mnh
ph l that he will be a programmer . Li ni trc tip lun nm gia hai du ngoc kp, nhng
i sang li ni gin tip th hai du ngoc kp khng cn na. Ngoi ra, cn xc nh xem li ni
trc tip l cu k, cu hi hoc cu mnh lnh.
NHUNG DIEU LUU Y
Nu ng t tng thut Th hin ti n gin (Simple Present), Th hin ti hon thnh
(Present Perfect) hoc Th tng lai n gin (Simple Future), ng t trong li ni trc tip
Th no t ng t ca mnh ph Th ny.
V d :
- She says : "They are waiting outside" (C ta ni : "H ang i bn ngoi") ---> She says
that they are waiting outside (C ta ni rng h ang i bn ngoi).
- She has just said : "They are waiting outside" (C ta va mi ni : "H ang i bn
ngoi") ---> She has just said that they are waiting outside (C ta va mi ni rng h
ang i bn ngoi).
- She will say : "They are waiting outside" (C ta s ni : "H ang i bn ngoi") --->She
will say that they are waiting outside (C ta s ni rng h ang i bn ngoi).

Tuy nhin, ng t ca mnh ph s i Th nu ng t tng thut Th qu kh.
V d :
- She said , "They are waiting outside" (C ta ni : "H ang i bn ngoi") ---> She said
that
they were waiting outside (C ta ni rng h ang i bn ngoi).
- She said , "They will understand it" (C ta ni : "H s hiu iu ") ---> She said that
they would understand it (C ta ni rng h s hiu iu ).
- She said , "I never smoke" (C ta ni : "Ti chng bao gi ht thuc") ---> She said that
she never smoked (C ta ni rng c ta chng bao gi ht thuc).
- She said , "I have lived here for five years" (C ta ni : "Ti sng y nm nm") --->
She said that she had lived there for five years (C ta ni rng c ta sng nm
nm).
- She said , "My grandfather died five years ago" (C ta ni : "ng ti mt cch y nm
nm") ---> She said that her grandfather had died five years before (C ta ni rng ng
ca c ta mt trc nm nm).
- They said , "We have just heard from our teacher" (H ni : "Chng ti va nhn c tin
thy chng ti") ---> They said that they had just heard from their teacher (H ni rng h
va nhn c tin thy h).

c bit
i vi s tht hin nhin khng bao gi thay i, ng t trong li ni trc tip Th no t
ng t ca mnh ph Th ny. Chng hn, He said, "The earth revolves round the sun"
(Anh ta ni : "Qu t quay quanh mt tri") ---> He said that the earth revolves round the sun
(Anh ta ni rng qu t quay quanh mt tri).



3/ Bin i t ng khi chuyn sang Li ni gin tip
Trc tip Gin tip
Today (Hm nay) That day (Hm )
Yesterday (Hm qua) The day before (Hm trc )
The day before yesterday (Hm kia) Two days before (Hai hm trc )
Tomorrow (Ngy mai) The next day / The following day (Hm sau)
The day after tomorrow (Ngy mt) Two days later (Hai hm sau)
This morning (Sng nay) That morning (Sng hm y)
This afternoon (Chiu nay) That afternoon (Chiu hm y)
Tonight (m nay) That night (m y)
Yesterday morning (Sng hm qua) The morning before / The previous morning (Sng hm
trc )
Yesterday afternoon (Chiu hm qua) The afternoon before / The previous afternoon (Chiu
hm trc )
Last night (m hm qua) The night before / The previous night (m trc )
Last Saturday (Th by va qua) The Saturday before / The previous Saturday (Th by trc )
Next Saturday (Th by ti) The next Saturday (Th by sau )
Last week (Tun ri) The previous week (Tun trc)
Last year (Nm ri) The previous year (Nm trc)
A year ago (Cch y mt nm) A year before (Trc mt nm)
Next week (Tun ti) The following week (Tun sau )
Next year (Nm ti) The following year (Nm sau )
Nowadays (Thi nay) In those days (Thi y)
Now (By gi) Then (Khi y), At that time (Khi y)
Ago (Trc y) Before, earlier (Trc )
Here ( y) There ( )
This (...ny) That (... y)
These (Nhng...ny) Those (Nhng ... y)
I (Ti) He / She (Anh ta/c ta)
We (Chng ti) They (H)
My (... ca ti) His / Her (...ca anh ta/... ca c ta)
Our (... ca chng ti) Their (... ca h)
Shall Should (nu ng t tng thut Th qu kh)
Will Would (ng t Th qu kh)
Can (C th) Could
May (C th) Might
Must (Phi) Must, Had to

V d :
- " Many Italian tourists will come here tomorrow ", said the hotel manager (Gim c
khch sn ni : "Ngy mai, nhiu du khch s n y") ---> The hotel manager said that
many Italian tourists would come there the following day (Gim c khch sn ni rng hm
sau, nhiu du khch s n ).
- "I finished reading this story-book the day before yesterday", he said (Anh ta ni : "Hm
kia, ti c xong quyn truyn ny ") ---> He said that he had finished reading that story-
book two days before (Anh ta ni rng anh ta c xong quyn truyn y hai hm trc
).



c bit
- My vn l My v I vn l I , nu ngi ni t thut li ca mnh. Chng hn, I said :
"I lost my key yesterday" (Ti ni : "Hm qua ti mt cha kho") ---> I said that I had lost
my key the day before (Ti ni rng hm trc ti mt cha kho). Tng t, Our
vn l Our v We vn l We , nu ngi ni t thut li ca mnh. Chng hn, We
said : "We shall meet our family at the airport " (Chng ti ni : "Chng ti s n gia nh
chng ti ti sn bay") ---> We said that we should meet our family at the airport (Chng
ti ni rng chng ti s n gia nh chng ti ti sn bay).
- Nu li ni trc tip v li thut li c pht ra cng mt ngy th khi cn i t ng
v thi gian nh trn. Chng hn, This morning, she said : "I'll go to church today"
(Sng nay, c ta ni : "Hm nay, ti s i nh th ")---> This morning, she said that she
would go to church today (Sng nay, c ta ni rng hm nay c ta s i l)
TUONG THUAT CAU HOI CAU MENH LENH
Chuyn t cu hi trc tip sang cu hi gin tip
Thng thng, cu hi bt u bng cc tWho , What , How , When , Where hocWhy ,
ng thi c s o ngc ch t (tr phiWho v What l ch t ca cu hi). Nu chuyn
sang cu hi gin tip th khng o ngc ch t na v cng khng cn du hi na. Ngoi
ra, phi lu nhng im cn thay i cho ph hp.
V d :
- " Who are they speaking to?", she asked (C ta hi : "H ang ni chuyn vi ai vy?") ----
> She asked who they were speaking to (C ta hi h ang ni chuyn vi ai).
- " Who phoned me up yesterday morning?", he inquired (Hn hi : " Ai gi in thoi cho ti
sng hm qua?") ---> He inquired who had phoned him up the previous morning (Hn hi ai
gi in thoi cho hn sng hm trc ).
- " What happened last night?", he wondered (Hn thc mc : "iu g xy ra m qua?")
---> He wondered what had happened the night before (Hn thc mc khng bit iu g
xy ra m trc ).

ng t tng thut l Say th phi i thnh Ask , Inquire , Wonder hoc Want to know ...
V d :
- " What is the weather like?", she said to me (C ta bo ti : "Thi tit th no?") ---> She
asked
me what the weather was like (C ta hi ti thi tit th no)
- " What shall I do first, mother?", he said (Hn ni : "M i, con s lm g trc tin?") --->
He asked his mother what he should do first (Hn hi m hn xem s lm g trc tin).
- " When will they help me?", she said (C ta ni : "Khi no h s gip ti?") ---> She
inquired
when they would help her (C ta hi khi no h s gip c ta).
Nu cu hi trc tip khng bt u bng Who , What , How , When , Where hocWhy , cu
hi gin tip s bt u bng If hoc Whether .
V d :
- " Are you Hoa?", I said to her (Ti bo c ta : "C l Hoa phi khng?") ---> I asked her if
she was Hoa (Ti hi c ta xem c ta c phi l Hoa hay khng).
- "Can you speak French?", she said to me (C ta bo ti : "Anh ni c ting Php hay
khng?") ---> She asked me if / whether I could speak French (C ta hi ti ni c ting
Php hay khng).


- "Did anybody see me?", he said to me (Hn bo ti : "C ai nhn thy ti hay khng?") --->
He asked me if / whether anybody had seen him (Hn hi ti c ai nhn thy hn hay
khng).
- "Mary, are there many people in this room?", they said (H bo : "Mary, c nhiu ngi
trong phng ny hay khng?") ---> They asked Mary if / whether there were many people in
that room (H hi Mary xem c nhiu ngi trong phng hay khng).

c bit
Tng t, ta cng i c cu cm thn trc tip thnh cu cm thn gin tip.
V d :
- "How well she sings!", they said (H ni : "C ta ht hay qu ! ") ---> They exclaimed that
she sang very well (H tht ln rng c ta ht hay qu).
- "What a picturesque garden! ", she said (C ta ni : "Khu vn tht th mng! ") ---> She
exclaimed that it was a picturesque garden (C ta tht ln rng ng l mt khu vn th
mng).

Chuyn t cu mnh lnh trc tip sangcu mnh lnh gin tip
ng t tng thut thng dng l Tell (bo) , Ask (yu cu) , Advise (khuyn), Warn (cn
dn), Order (Ra lnh), Remind (Nhc) ...
V d :
- "Open the door! ", he said to the doorkeeper (ng ta bo ngi gc ca : "M ca ra !") ---
> He told / ordered the doorkeeper to open the door (ng ta bo/ra lnh cho ngi gc ca
m ca ra).
- "Don't make any spelling mistake!", they said to the examinees (H bo cc th sinh :
"ng vit sai chnh t! ") ---> They asked / advised the examinees not to make any spelling
mistake (H yu cu/khuyn cc th sinh ng vit sai chnh t).
- "Don't forget to feed the dogs! ", Ann said to the servant (Ann bo ngi gip vic : "ng
qun cho ch n nh!") ---> Ann reminded the servant to feed the dogs (Ann nhc ngi
gip vic cho ch n).
- "Lan, drive carefully! ", I said (Ti ni : "Lan, hy li xe cn thn!") ---> I told / warned Lan to
drive carefully (Ti bo/cn dn Lan li xe cn thn).
LIEN TU
TONG QUAN E LT
L mt loi t khng bin i, Lin t c cng dng :
a) Ni hai t cng mt chc nng trong mt mnh
b) Ni hai mnh cng mt chc nng trong mt cu, hoc hai cu ring bit nhau
c) Ni mnh ph (Subordinate Clause) vi mnh chnh (Main Clause) trong mt cu
Lin t trong trng hp a v b l Lin t kt hp (Co-ordinating Conjunction), chng hn
nh And , Or , But , Yet , Still , However , Therefore , Nevertheless , Neither ... nor , Not only...
but also , Both ... and , So , Otherwise ... Lin t trong trng hpc l Lin t ph thuc
(Subordinating Conjunction), chng hn nh That , Because , For , So that , If , When , After ,
Unless , Provided that , Though ...
VD VE LIEN TU KET HOP
1) I live with my brothers and sisters
(Ti sng vi anh ti v ch ti)
2) She came in and sat down
(C ta i vo v ngi xung)
3) This restaurant serves cheap but excellent food


(Nh hng ny phc v thc n r nhng ngon tuyt)
4) My father likes traditional music, but my mother doesn't
(Cha ti thch m nhc c truyn, nhng m ti th khng)
5) Is the baby a boy or a girl?
(a b l trai hay gi?)
6) You can walk up or take a bus
(Bn c th i b hoc i xe byt)
7) We have neither time nor money for concerts
(Ti chng c thi gi m cng chng c tin i nghe nhc)
8) Not only men but also women appear in that casino
(Khng nhng n ng m c n b cng xut hin trong sng bc y)
9) Both his brother and sister are unmarried
(C anh ln ch n u cn c thn)
10) He worked hard, yet he failed in his finals
(N hc hnh chm ch, vy m n vn trt k thi tt nghip)
11) They've behaved badly towards you; still, they are your intimate friends and you should help
them
(H i x t vi anh; tuy nhin, h vn l bn thn ca anh v anh nn gip h)
12) I shall invite Hoa to dinner. However, she may not accept my invitation
(Ti s mi Hoa i n ti. Tuy nhin, c th c ta khng nhn li mi ca ti)
13) There was no letter of introduction; nevertheless we came there
(Chng c giy gii thiu g c, song chng ti vn n )
14) They always get up late, so we cannot wait for them
(H lun dy mun, nn chng ti khng th i h)
15) Put on your raincoat; otherwise you'll catch cold
(Hy mc o ma vo; nu khng, bn s b cm lnh)

VD VE MENH DE PHU
1) Everyone thinks that it is going to rain
(Mi ngi u ngh rng tri sp ma)
2) They didn't acknowledge that they had been defeated by the revolutionary army
(H chng tha nhn rng h b qun i cch mng nh bi)

Lu C th b That nu That ngha l Rng .

3) I watched her as she was making herself up
(Ti ngm c ta khi c ta ang trang trang im)
4) As he grew older, he took more interest in reading
(Khi ng ta cng gi, ng ta cng m c sch)
5) It's ages since I left this quiet town
( qua bao nm thng t khi ti gi t th trn yn tnh ny)
6) I have been lovesick since I saw her again
(Ti mc chng tng t t khi gp li c ta)
7) Don't forget to turn off the lights before you leave home
(ng qun tt n trc khi ra khi nh)
8) We arrived when it was raining
(Chng ti n khi tri ang ma)
9) He fell asleep while his parents were saying their prayers


(N ng gt trong lc b m n ang cu kinh )
10) I shall go with you as soon as I have finished my homework
(Ti s i vi anh ngay khi ti lm xong bi tp nh)
11) Let's wait till the rain stops
(Chng ta hy i n khi ma tnh)
12) He had no sooner drunk wine than he began to vomit
(Hn va ung ru vo l nn ma ngay)
13) As you are strong in French, you'd better translate this document
(V anh gii ting Php, anh nn dch ti liu ny)
14) As it rains cats and dogs, we resign ourselves to staying at home
(Do tri ma nh trt nc, chng ti nh phi nh)
15) Since his child has a high fever, he cannot go to work
(V con anh ta b st cao, anh ta khng i lm c)
16) Since this phrase has more than eight characters, we cannot use it as a password
(Do cm t ny di qu tm k t, ta khng th dng n lm mt khu)
17) They have nothing to eat, for their parents have been out of work
(Chng chng c g n, v b m chng tht nghip)
18) Because the water had risen, the troops couldn't cross the river
(Do nc sng dng cao, binh lnh khng vt sng c)
19) The old mendicant went away because nobody gave him money
(Lo hnh kht b i v chng ai cho tin)
20) Why did you do it? - I did it just because I flew into a temper
(Ti sao anh lm iu ? - Ti lm iu ch v qu gin d)
21) He stole not because he wanted money, but because he liked stealing
(Hn n cp khng phi v cn tin, m v hn thch n cp)

Lu
Lin t As v Since thng ng u cu ch nguyn nhn.
Lin t For khng ng u cu. Because thay cho For khi tr li cu hi v khi theo sau
Not, But hoc Just ...
22) Please bring it nearer that I may see it better
(Lm n a ci li gn ti thy r hn)
23) Light the lamp that he read the letter
(Hy thp n ln ng y c bc th)
24) The workers got up early in order that their boss wouldn't tell them off
(Cc cng nhn dy sm ng ch khi mng h)
25) The contract is written in English and Chinese so that foreign partners can understand it
(Bn hp ng vit bng ting Anh v ting Hoa cc i tc nc ngoi c th hiu c)
26) I speak slowly so that you would understand me through and through
(Ti ni chm anh hiu ht ti)
27) I have kept some cans of grapefruit juice in the fridge in case we get thirsty
(Ti tr sn vi lon nc nho trong t lnh phng khi kht)
28) He ran away lest someone should recognize him
(Hn chy bin i v s rng c ngi nhn ra hn)
29) You delivered such a lengthy speech that nobody was patient enough to listen to you
(Anh c mt bi din vn di dng n ni khng ai kin nhn lng nghe anh)
30) How could he be so stupid as to believe his boastful friends?
(Sao n li ngc n ni tin vo nhng a bn khoc lc?)


31) This man ate so many cakes that he suffered from indigestion
(Ngi n ng ny n nhiu bnh n ni b y bng)
32) He drank so much beer that he couldn't find his way home
(ng ta ung nhiu bia n ni khng bit ng v nh)
33) So many people protested that the hypocrite had to shut up
(C nhiu ngi phn i n ni k gi nhn gi ngha phi cm mm)
34) He showed so much concern about politics that people took him to be a future leader
(Hn quan tm n chnh tr n ni ngi ta tng hn l mt lnh t tng lai)
35) His speech was so lengthy that nobody was patient enough to listen to him
(Bi din vn ca anh ta di dng n ni khng ai kin nhn lng nghe anh ta)
36) The thief ran so fast that nobody could catch him
(Tn trm chy nhanh n ni khng ai tm c hn)
37) Elderly as they are, they exercise twice a day
(Tuy ln tui, h vn tp th dc hai ln mi ngy)
38) Impertinent as he is, he always holds his parents in high regard
(D xc lo n u, hn vn lun knh trng b m hn)
39) However talented you are, you remain fallible
(D ti gii n u, anh vn c th phm sai lm)
40) I cannot help blaming her though she is my only daughter
(Ti khng th khng trch n d n l con gi duy nht ca ti)
41) Although my uncle was only an amateur photographer, he won first prize
(D ch l nh nhip nh nghip d, ch ti vn t gii nht)
42) I like them even though they may be my future opponents
(Ti vn thch h d c th h s l i th ca ti trong tng lai)
43) She refused to switch off the radio even if her husband was flying into a temper
(B ta vn cha chu tt my thu thanh d chng b ta ang ni cn thnh n)
44) Why didn't you tighten the screw as I told you to?
(Ti sao anh khng sit cht inh c nh ti bo anh?)
45) Leave the fingerprints as they are (Hy nguyn cc du vn tay)
46) It's just as I thought (iu ng nh ti ngh)
47) The hyprocrite behaves as if nobody equalled him in virtue
(K o c gi c x nh th khng ai snh ni vi hn v c hnh)
48) Lynn suddenly went pale as if she were about to faint
(Lynn bng ti nht nh th sp xu)
49) They talk as though they knew each other for ages
(H chuyn tr nh th bit nhau lu lm ri)
50) If I pass my exams, my parents will be very happy
(Nu ti thi , b m ti s rt sung sng)
51) You will get a good seat, provided you come first
(Anh s kim c ch ngi ng hong, min l anh n trc tin)
52) Supposing it rains, can we come back safe and sound?
(Gi s tri ma, chng ta c th tr v bnh an v s hay khng?)
53) You'll fail in mathematics unless you attend tutorial classes
(Bn s trt mn ton, tr phi bn c hc ph o)

SO DEM
1 ---> One (mt)
2 ---> Two (hai)


3 ---> Three (ba)
4 ---> Four (bn)
5 ---> Five (nm)
6 ---> Six (su)
7 ---> Seven (by)
8 ---> Eight (tm)
9 ---> Nine (chn)
10 --> Ten (mi)
11 --> Eleven (mi mt)
12 --> Twelve (mi hai)
13 --> Thirteen (mi ba)
14 --> Fourteen (mi bn)
15 --> Fifteen (mi lm)
16 --> Sixteen (mi su)
17 --> Seventeen (mi by)
18 --> Eighteen (mi tm)
19 --> Nineteen (mi chn)
20 --> Twenty (hai mi)
21 --> Twenty-one (hai mi mt)
22 --> Twenty-two (hai mi hai)
23 --> Twenty-three (hai mi ba)
24 --> Twenty-four (hai mi bn)
25 --> Twenty-five (hai mi lm)
26 --> Twenty-six (hai mi su)
27 --> Twenty-seven (hai mi by)
28 --> Twenty-eight (hai mi tm)
29 --> Twenty-nine (hai mi chn)
30 --> Thirty (ba mi)
31 --> Thirty-one (ba mi mt)
40 --> Forty (bn mi)
50 --> Fifty (nm mi)
60 --> Sixty (su mi)
70 --> Seventy (by mi)
80 --> Eighty (tm mi)
90 --> Ninety (chn mi)
100 ---> A hundred (mt trm)
1000 ---> A thousand (mt nghn)
1,000,000 ---> A million (mt triu)
400 ---> Four hundred (bn trm)
140 ---> A hundred and forty (mt trm bn mi)
525 ---> Five hundred and twenty-five (nm trm hai mi lm)
1,101 ---> One thousand, one hundred and one (mt nghn mt trm l mt)
3,200 ---> Three thousand, two hundred (ba nghn hai trm)
7,000 ---> Seven thousand (by nghn)
450,259 ---> Four hundred and fifty thousand, two hundred and fifty-nine (bn trm nm mi
nghn hai trm nm mi chn)
809,000,000 ---> Eight hundred and nine million (tm trm l chn triu)



Lu
- Five hundred men (nm trm ngi), nhng Hundreds of people (hng trm ngi)
- Eight thousand pounds (tm nghn bng), nhng Thousands of pounds (hng nghn
bng)
- Four dozen eggs (bn t trng), nhng Dozens of times (hng chc ln)
- 6.6 c l "Six point six" (su phy su)
- 14.65 c l "Fourteen point six five" (mi bn phy su mi lm)
- 0.5 c l "Nought point five" (khng phy nm)
- 9.09 c l "Nine point nought nine" (chn phy khng chn)
SO THU TU
First (th nht)
Second (th hai)
Third (th ba)
Fourth (th t)
Fifth (th nm)
Sixth (th su)
Seventh (th by)
Eighth (th tm)
Ninth (th chn)
Tenth (th mi)
Eleventh (th mi mt)
Twelfth (th mi hai)
Thirteenth (th mi ba)
Fourteenth (th mi bn)
Fifteenth (th mi lm)
Sixteenth (th mi su)
Seventeenth (th mi by)
Eighteenth (th mi tm)
Nineteenth (th mi chn)
Twentieth (th hai mi)
Twenty-first ( th hai mi mt)
Twenty-second (th hai mi hai)
Twenty-third (th hai mi ba)
Twenty-fourth (th hai mi bn)
Twenty-fifth (th hai mi lm)
Twenty-sixth (th hai mi su)
Twenty-seventh (th hai mi by)
Twenty-eighth (th hai mi tm)
Twenty-ninth (th hai mi chn)
Thirtieth (th ba mi)
Thirty-first (th ba mi mt)
Fortieth (th bn mi)
Fiftieth (th nm mi)
Sixtieth (th su mi)
Seventieth (th by mi)
Eightieth (th tm mi)
Ninetieth (th chn mi)
Hundredth (th mt trm)


Thousandth (th mt nghn)
Millionth (th mt triu)

Lu
- 1/5 c l A /one fifth & 3/5 c l Three fifths &
- 1/8 c l A /one eighth & 5/10 c l Five tenths .
- 4 1/4 kilos c l Two and a quarter kilos .
- 1/2 giy c l Half a second , nhng 1/4 giy c l A quarter of a second .
- Five (s m) --> Fifth (s th t) & Eight (s m) --> Eighth (s th t) & Nine (s m)
--> Ninth (s th t) & Twelve (s m) --> Twelfth (s th t).
- First = 1st & Second = 2 nd & Third = 3 rd & Fourth = 4 th. Chng hn, Forty-first vit l
41st & Seventy-second vit l 72 nd & Ninety-third vit l 93 rd.
- Trc s th t thng c The. Chng hn, The hundredth anniversary of the poet's
death (l k nim ln th mt trm ngy mt ca thi s), The first three weeks (ba tun u
tin), The fifty-seventh passenger (hnh khch th 57)

NGAY THANG
By ngy trong tun

Sunday (Sun.) (Ch Nht)
Monday (Mon.) (Th Hai)
Tuesday (Tues.) (Th Ba)
Wednesday (Wed.) (Th T)
Thursday (Thurs.) (Th Nm)
Friday (Fri.) (Th Su)
Saturday (Sat.) (Th By)

Mi hai thng trong nm

January (Jan.) (Thng Ging)
February (Feb.) (Thng Hai)
March (Mar.) (Thng Ba)
April (Apr.) (Thng T)
May (Thng Nm)
June (Thng Su)
July (Thng By)
August (Aug.) (Thng Tm)
September (Sept.) (Thng Chn)
October (Oct.) (Thng Mi)
November (Nov.) (Thng Mi Mt)
December (Dec.) (Thng Mi Hai)

Lu
Ngy c vit bng nhiu cch. Chng hn, ngy 16/10 c l The sixteenth of October &
October the sixteenth v vit lOctober 16 & 16 October & 16th of October &October 16th &
16th October & October the 16th .
Nm 1998 c l Nineteen hundred and ninety-eight hoc Nineteen ninety-eight .


BC (Before Christ) ngha l trc Cng nguyn , cn AD (Anno Domini) ngha l sau Cng
nguyn .

QUI TAC CHINH TA
1) Gp i ph m
a) i vi t n m tit c cu trc ti a ba ph m + mt nguyn m + mt ph m, ta gp i
ph m cui khi ghp thm mt hu t bt u bng nguyn m.
V d:
Step + ing = Stepping
Split + ing = Splitting
Run + er = Runner
Gun + er = Gunner
Shop + ing = Shopping

Tuy nhin, nu ph m cui l w, x hoc y th khng gp i ph m nh trn.
V d:
Bow + ed = Bowed
Bay + ing = Baying
Box + ing = Boxing

b) i vi t hai hoc ba m tit m m tit cui l mt ph m + mt nguyn m + mt ph m
(nht l khi trng m ri vo m tit cui), ta cng gp i ph m cui.
V d:
Admit + ed = Admitted
Begin + er = Beginner
Recur + ing = Recurring
Refer + ed = Referred
Occur +ed = Occurred
Handicap + ed = Handicapped
Worship + ed = Worshipped
Nhng
Murmur --->Murmuring , Murmured
Shelter ---> Sheltered , Sheltering
Utter ---> Uttered , Uttering
Answer + ing = Answered , Answering
Limit ---> Limited, Limiting
Budget ---> Budgeting
Focus + ed ---> Focussed hoc Focused
Bias + ed ---> Biassed hoc Biased

c) i vi t tn cng bng mt nguyn m (hoc hai nguyn m c ri nhau) + l, ta cng gp
i l.
V d:
Appal + ed = Appalled
Cruel + ly = Cruelly
Fuel + ing = Fuelling
Signal + er = Signaller



i khi ngi M vit Modeler , Labeling , Traveler , Funneling , Signaler , Duelist , Fueling ... Tuy
nhin, h vn gp i l khi trng m ri vo m tit cui, chng hn nh Repel + ed = Repelled ,
Rebel + ing = Rebelling .

2) T tn cng bng e

a) i vi t tn cng bng mt ph m + e, ta b e khi thm hu t vo.
V d:
Use +able = Usable
Move + able = Movable
Remove + er = Remover
Love + er = Lover
Strike + er = Striker
Thrive +ing = Thriving
Nhng
Dye + ing = Dyeing
Singe + ing = Singeing
Age + ing = Ageing hoc Aging

b) E khng mt i khi hu t bt u bng mt ph m.
V d:
Manage + ment = Management
Infringe + ment = Infringement
Deliberate + ly = Deliberately
Polite + ly = Politely
Spite + ful = Spiteful
Peace + ful = Peaceful
Forgive + ness = Forgiveness
Nhng
Probable + ly = Probably
Visible + ly = Visibly
Argue + ment = Argument
Due + ly = Duly
True + ly = Truly
Whole + ly = Wholly
Judge + ment = Judgement hoc Judgment

c) i vi t tn cng bng ee, ta cng khng b ee khi thm hu t.
V d:
Disagree ---> Disagreed , Disagreeing , Disagreement , Disagreeable
Free ---> Freed , Freeing , Freedom , Freeman

d) i vi t tn cng bng ge, ta cng khng b e khi thm hu t ous.
V d:
Courage + ous = Courageous


Outrage + ous = Outrageous

e) i vi t tn cng bng ge hoc ce, ta cng khng b e khi thm hu t able.
V d:
Enforce + able = Enforceable
Service + able = Serviceable
Knowledge + able = Knowledgeable
Manage + able = Manageable

3) T tn cng bng y

a) i vi t tn cng bng mt ph m + y , ta i y thnh i khi thm hu t vo (ngoi tr hu t
ing).
V d:
Carry + er = Carrier , nhng Carry + ing = Carrying
Hurry + ed = Hurried , nhng Hurry + ing = Hurrying
Lucky + ly = Luckily
Worthy + ly = Worthily

b) i vi t tn cng bng mt nguyn m + y, y vn l y.
V d:
Grey + ed = Greyed , Grey + ish = Greyish
Pay + able = Payable , Pay + ment = Payment

4) S khc bit v chnh t gia ting Anh v ting M

a) Our ca Anh tr thnh or ca M.
Chng hn,
Neighbour ---> Neighbor, Favour ---> Favor,
Labour ---> Labor, Colour ---> Color.
b) Gue tr thnh g.
Chng hn:
Dialogue ---> Dialog, Catalogue ---> Catalog,
Monologue ---> Monolog, Epilogue ---> Epilog.
c) Re tr thnh er.
Chng hn:
Theatre ---> Theater, Centre ---> Center.
Calibre ---> Caliber.
d) Vi trng hp ce tr thnh se.
Chng hn:
Defence ---> Defense, Offence ---> Offense,
Licence ---> License.
T y, suy ra nhng trng hp nh:
Tyre ---> Tire, Cheque ---> Check,
Aluminium ---> Aluminum, Aeroplane ---> Airplane.
e) i khi mt s vt c din t bng hai t khc nhau.
Anh M
Autumn Fall


Bonnet Hood
Current account Checking account
Flat Apartment
Full stop Period
Lift Elevator
Pavement Sidewalk
Saloon Sedan
Timetable Schedule
Toilet Bathroom, Rest-room
Underground/Tube Subway

Ngoi ra, phi k n nhng t d b ln ln nh: Affect - Effect , Except - Accept , Fare - Fair
,For - Four , Formally - Formerly , Passed - Past , Peace - Piece , Principal - Principle
,Stationary - Stationery ...

5) Thn t (Interjection)
Thn t l t hoc cm t dng nh mt t cm thn. Chng hn, Oh ! (!), Hurray ! (Hoan
h!), Alas ! (Than i !), For goodness sake ! (V Cha!), Cheers ! (Chc sc kho ! & Tm bit
nh !), Sorry ! (Xin li !), Please ... (Xin vui lng ...), Nonsense ! (By no!) ...

CAU VA MENH DE PHU
Cu (Sentence)

Theo ngha th c 4 loi cu :
1) Cu k (Declarative Sentence). Chng hn, I'm this girl's elder brother (Ti l anh ca c gi
ny), She doesn't know how to use microcomputers (C ta khng bit cch s dng my vi tnh).
2) Cu hi (Interrogative Sentence). Chng hn, Who are you ? (Anh l ai?), Does he like
martial arts ? (Anh ta c thch v thut hay khng?), What time is it ? (My gi ri?).
3) Cu mnh lnh (Imperative Sentence). Chng hn, Go away ! (Hy ct i !), Don't forget to
lock the door ! (ng qun kho ca nh !).
4) Cu cm thn (Exclamatory Sentence). Chng hn, What a good idea ! (Tht l mt kin
hay !), What beautiful flowers he has ! (Anh ta c nhng bng hoa p bit bao !) How lovely she
is ! (C y c duyn lm sao !), How he snores ! (N ngy sao m to th !), How fast he runs !
(N chy nhanh tht !).
Theo hnh thc th c 3 loi cu :
1) Cu n (Simple Sentence) l cu c vn vn mt mnh . Chng hn, I tell them to stand
up (Ti bo h ng dy), He was late for school (N i hc tr), How old are you ? (Anh bao
nhiu tui?), Never go out in the rain ! (ng bao gi i ra ngoi ma), How chubby the child is !
(a b sao m mm mm th !).
2) Cu kp (Compound Sentence) l cu gm hai hoc nhiu mnh c lp ni vi nhau bng
lin t And, Or, But ... Chng hn, He went to the movies, but his younger sister didn't (N i xem
chiu bng, nhng em gi n th khng); She doesn't like John and neither do I (C ta khng
thch John v ti cng vy).
3) Cu phc (Complex sentence) l cu c mt mnh chnh v mt hoc nhiu mnh ph.
Chng hn, I want to know with whom he comes here and why he has no money (Ti mun bit
hn n y vi ai v ti sao hn khng c tin). y mnh chnh l I want to know , hai
mnh ph l With whom he comes here v Why he has no money (hai mnh ph ny ni
vi nhau bng lin t And).


Mnh (Clause)

Mnh l mt nhm t /cm t gm ch t (Subject), ng t chia (Finite Verb) v c th
c hoc khng c tc t (Object). Chng hn, The dog barks (Con ch sa) hoc The dog wags
its tails (Con ch vy ui). Mt cu c th gm nhiu mnh , ch khng phi lc no cng vn
vn mt mnh . Chng hn,They burst out laughing because his gestures look very comic (H
ci ph ln v c ch ca anh ta trng rt khi hi), I want to know who you are and why you
come here (Ti mun bit anh l ai v ti sao anh n y).
Mnh c lp (Independent Clause hoc Simple Clause) l mnh t n ngha,
chng ph thuc mnh no khc v cng chng mnh no khc ph thuc n. Chng
hn, My name is Hoa (Tn ti l Hoa), They went to bed at midnight (H i ng lc na m).
Mnh kt hp (Co-ordinate clause) l mt trong hai hoc mt trong nhiu mnh c lp
vi nhau; cc mnh ny ni vi nhau bng lin t kt hp (Co-ordinating Conjunction).
Chng hn, He ate bread and drank orangeade (Anh ta n bnh m v ung nc cam).
Mnh chnh (Main Clause) l mnh m cc mnh khc trong cu phi ph thuc
vo.
Mnh ph (Subordinate Clause) l mnh ph thuc mnh chnh v thng bt u
bng mt lin t hoc mt i t quan h. Chng hn, trong cu If it rains, we shall stay at
home (Nu tri ma, chng ti s nh), Mnh chnh l We shall stay at home , Mnh
ph l If it rains. Trong cu I want to meet the girl who spoke to you this morning (Ti
mun gp c gi ni chuyn vi anh sng nay), Mnh chnh l I want to meet the girl ,
Mnh ph l Who spoke to you this morning
Mnh c tnh cht danh t (Noun Clause). Chng hn, That they are married is known to
very few people (Vic h ly nhau rt t ngi bit), Tom said that he would become a world-
famous lawyer (Tom ni rng anh ta s tr thnh mt lut s ni ting khp th gii), They
were anxious that you hadn't phoned (H lo lng v vic anh khng gi in thoi), I didn' t
know whether I should laugh or cry (Ti chng bit nn ci hay khc), I want to know why
you behaved towards them in this way (Ti mun bit ti sao anh i x vi h nh vy), Let
me know where you lived last year (Hy cho ti bit nm ngoi anh sng u).
Mnh c tnh cht ph t (Adverbial Clause). Chng hn, I like Hoa because she is
always sincere (Ti thch Hoa v c ta lun chn tht), I've known him since he was promoted
to lieutenant-colonel (Ti bit ng ta t khi ng ta c thng ln trung t), War breaks out
easily wherever there is hunger and poverty (Chin tranh d bng n ni no c cnh i
ngho), Do it exactly as I've shown you (Hy lm ng nh ti ch ), I'll shoot if you don't
step backwards (Nu anh khng li li, ti s bn).
Mnh c tnh cht tnh t (Adjectival Clause). Chng hn, I don't like the restaurant
where they will throw a house-warming party (Ti chng thch nh hng ni h s t chc tic
mng tn gia), I have some recollection of the first day when my son went to school (Ti
cn nh li i cht v ngy u tin con trai ti i hc).
Mnh quan h (Relative Clause). Chng hn, The woman who phoned me last night
wants to buy my house (Ngi n b gi in thoi cho ti m qua mun mua cn nh ca
ti), The boy whose father is on the phone has a very beautiful toy (Cu b m b ang ni
chuyn in thoi c mt mn chi rt p), Here are the newspapers that I read last week
(y l nhng t bo m tun ri ti c).



Hin ti v Qu kh n Qu kh Ngha
nguyn mu phn t

Abide Abode Abode Tn ti ; Tr ng
Arise Arose Arisen Xut hin, pht sinh
Awake Awoke/Awaked Awoken/Awaked Thc dy
Be Was/Were Been Th ; L
Bear Bore Born/borne Mang ; Chu ng ; Sinh ra
Beat Beat Beaten nh p; nh bi
Become Became Become Tr nn
Befall Befell Befallen Xy n, xy ra
Beget Begot Begotten Sinh ra, gy ra
Begin Began Begun Bt u
Behold Beheld Beheld Ngm nhn
Bend Bent Bent Ci gp; B cong
Bereave Bereaved Bereaved/Bereft Lm mt, ly i
Beseech Besought Besought Cu khn, ni xin
Bet Betted/Bet Betted/Bet C, cc
Bid Bade Bidden t gi; Ra lnh
Bid Bid Bid Cng b
Bind Bound Bound Tri, buc
Bite Bit Bitten Cn, cu x
Bleed Bled Bled Chy mu
Blow Blew Blown m; Thi
Break Broke Broken Lm v
Breed Bred Bred Nui; Nhn ging; Dy d
Bring Brought Brought Mang
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Pht thanh; Gieo rc
Build Built Built Xy dng
Burn Burned/burnt Burned/burnt t chy
Burst Burst Burst Bng chy ; N tung
Buy Bought Bought Mua
Cast Cast Cast Ling, nm
Catch Caught Caught Bt c
Chide Chid Chidden La mng
Choose Chose Chosen Chn la
Cleave Clove/Cleft Cloven/Cleft Ch
Cling Clung Clung Bm vo
Clothe Clothed/Clad Clothed/Clad Mc qun o cho
Come Came Come n, ti
Cost Cost Cost Tr gi
Creep Crept Crept B
Crow Crowed/Crew Crowed G, gy
Cut Cut Cut Ct
Deal Dealt Dealt X l; Giao thip
Dig Dug Dug o
Do Did Done Lm
Draw Drew Drawn V; Ko


Dream Dreamed/Dreamt Dreamed/Dreamt M mng
Drink Drank Drunk Ung
Drive Drove Driven Li xe
Dwell Dwelled/Dwelt Dwelled/Dwelt C tr
Eat Ate Eaten n
Fall Fell Fallen Ri, t xung
Feed Fed Fed Cho n, cung cp
Feel Felt Felt Cm thy
Fight Fought Fought nh nhau
Find Found Found Tm thy
Flee Fled Fled Chy trn
Fling Flung Flung Nm; Lao nhanh
Fly Flew Flown Bay
Forbear Forbore Forborne Nhn; Chu ng
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Cm on
Forget Forgot Forgotten Qun
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Tha th
Forsake Forsook Forsaken B ri; T b
Freeze Froze Frozen ng lnh
Get Got Got/Gotten t c
Gild Gilded/Gilt Gilded/Gilt M vng
Gird Girded/Girt Girded/Girt eo, tht
Give Gave Given Cho
Go Went Gone i
Grind Ground Ground Nghin, xay
Grow Grew Grown Trng; Ln ln
Hang Hanged/Hung Hanged/Hung Treo; Treo c
Have Had Had C
Hear Heard Heard Nghe
Hew Hewed Hewed/Hewn Cht, gt, o
Hide Hid Hidden Che giu; n np
Hit Hit Hit Thc ; ng
Hold Held Held Cm gi
Hurt Hurt Hurt Lm au
Keep Kept Kept Gi
Kneel Knelt Knelt Qu gi
Knit Knitted/Knit Knitted/Knit an; Kt cht
Know Knew Known Bit
Lay Laid Laid t ,
Lead Led Led Dn dt
Lean Leaned/Leant Leaned/Leant Da, ta
Leap Leaped/Leapt Leaped/Leapt Nhy
Learn Learned/Learnt Learned/Learnt Hc
Leave Left Left Ri khi
Lend Lent Lent Cho mn
Let Let Let cho
Lie Lay Lain Nm
Light Lighted/Lit Lighted/Lit Thp sng


Lose Lost Lost nh mt
Make Made Made Lm, to nn
Mean Meant Meant C ngha l
Meet Met Met Gp
Mow Mowed Mowed/Mown Ct, xn
Pay Paid Paid Tr tin
Put Put Put t,
Read Read Read c
Rend Rent Rent X
Rid Rid Rid Tng i, vt b
Ride Rode Ridden Ci (nga, xe)
Ring Rang Rung Reo (chung)
Rise Rose Risen ng ln; Mc ln
Run Ran Run Chy
Saw Sawed Sawed/Sawn Ca
Say Said Said Ni
See Saw Seen Thy
Seek Sought Sought Tm kim
Sell Sold Sold Bn
Send Sent Sent Gi i
Set Set Set Xp t
Sew Sewed Sewed/Sewn May, khu
Shake Shook Shaken Lc, lay ng
Shear Sheared Sheared/Shorn Ct, gt
Shed Shed Shed trn, chy
Shine Shone Shone Chiu sng
Shoe Shoed/Shod Shoed/Shod Bt st
Shoot Shot Shot Bn
Show Showed Showed/Shown Ch cho thy
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Co li, rt li
Shut Shut Shut ng li
Sing Sang Sung Ht
Sink Sank Sunk Chm, m (tu)
Sit Sat Sat Ngi
Slay Slew Slain Git
Sleep Slept Slept Ng
Slide Slid Slid Trt i, lt i
Sling Slung Slung Nm, ling
Slink Slunk Slunk i ln
Slit Slit Slit Ch, rc
Smell Smelled/Smelt Smelled/Smelt Ngi
Smite Smote Smitten p v
Sow Sowed Sowed/Sown Gieo ht
Speak Spoke Spoken Ni
Speed Speeded/Sped Speeded/Sped Tng tc
Spell Spelled/Spelt Spelled/Spelt nh vn
Spend Spent Spent Tiu xi
Spill Spilled/Spilt Spilled/Spilt Trn ra,


Spin Spun Spun Ko si
Spit Spat Spat Khc nh
Split Split Split Ch
Spoil Spoiled/Spoilt Spoiled/Spoilt Lm h hng
Spread Spread Spread Lan truyn
Spring Sprang Sprung Pht ra, ny ln
Stand Stood Stood ng
Steal Stole Stolen n cp
Stick Stuck Stuck Gn, dn
Sting Stung Stung Chm, t
Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk Xng mi thi
Strew Strewed Strewed/Strewn Vi, rc
Stride Strode Stridden Si bc
Strike Struck Struck nh
String Strung Strung Ct, buc
Strive Strove Striven C gng, phn u
Swear Swore Sworn Th
Sweep Swept Swept Qut
Swell Swelled Swelled/Swollen Sng ln, phng ln
Swim Swam Swum Bi li
Swing Swung Swung nh u
Take Took Taken Ly
Teach Taught Taught Dy
Tear Tore Torn X rch
Tell Told Told K, ni
Think Thought Thought Suy ngh
Thrive Thrived/Throve Thrived/Thriven Thnh vng, pht trin
Throw Threw Thrown Nm, ling
Thrust Thrust Thrust y, n mnh
Tread Trod Trodden/Trod Bc ln, gim ln
Understand Understood Understood Hiu
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Cam kt
Wear Wore Worn Mc, bn, eo
Weave Wove Woven Dt
Weep Wept Wept Khc
Wet Wetted/Wet Wetted/Wet Lm t
Win Won Won Thng; t c
Wind Wound Wound Vn
Wring Wrung Wrung Vt, bp
Write Wrote Written Vit

Khng nn nhm ln gia To lay (t, ) ---> Laid - Laid - Laying ,
To lie (Nm) ---> Lay - Lain - Lying v To lie (Ni di) --->
Lied - Lied - Lying .

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