Circuit Theory

Electronic & Communication Engineering

Danang University of Technology
Goals:
Electric circuit theory; Analysis of circuits with sinusoidal signals;
Phasors, system functions, and complex frequency, frequency
response; Computer analysis of electrical circuits; Power and
energy; Two port network theory;
Laboratory in basic electrical engineering topics.
Grading policies:
Course Administration
Grading policies:
HW (20%) + Lab (30%) + Midterm (20%) + Final exam (30%)
Textbooks:
James W. Nilsson and Susan A. Ridel, Electric Circuits, 8
th
edition, Prentice-Hall, 2008. (Chapters 9-18)
References:
Lessons in Electric Circuits (a free series of textbooks,
http://www.faqs.org/docs/electric/ )
Acknowledgement: courses materials are supported by EE, UW
Prerequisites
The prerequisite (mainly from EE 215):
use Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws.
apply circuit theorems to speed up analysis of circuits containing:
parallel or series combinations of elements, voltage/current dividers.
use Thevenin & Norton equi. circuits to simplify the analysis process.
use controlled voltage and current sources, linearity and superposition.
write current and voltage equations resulting from node analysis and write current and voltage equations resulting from node analysis and
mesh (or loop) analysis.
analyze circuits containing capacitors, inductors, in addition to resistors.
analyze circuits containing op-amps, including limits on linear behavior.
analyze first-order and second-order circuits in the time domain.
integrate and differentiate common functions.
solve first and second order linear differential equations.
manipulate complex numbers (add, subtract, multiply, divide, complex
conjugate, absolute value, phase (argument), etc.).
manipulate vectors and matrices up to dimension 3 or 4
At the end of the course, you will be able to :
Analyze a circuit given sinusoidal inputs.
Compute average power consumed or supplied by a circuit.
Design simple circuits for maximum power transfer to a load.
Apply Lap. Tra. techniques to simplify the analysis of complex circuits.
Analyze circuits in the frequency domain.
Use several alternative techniques in time-domain and frequency-domain to
Objectives
Use several alternative techniques in time-domain and frequency-domain to
analyze the same circuit.
Design simple circuits from time-domain and frequency-domain specifications.
Use two-port models and parameters to simplify the analysis of large circuits.
Use SPICE as a computer tool to verify a design, and to confirm time-domain
and frequency-domain analysis results.
Use basic laboratory instruments: oscilloscope, power supply, function
generator, multi-meter.
Measure basic signal parameters: amplitude, frequency, etc.
Measure and compute basic circuit parameters from measurements
How to cooperate ?
Instructors:
Office hours: 1 hour right after each class, at ECE office
Teaching assistants:
TA hours: 2 hours per HW
Lab assistants
Support you during Lab hours: 1 Lab per week
Collaboration policy
HWs are assigned to each individual student HWs are assigned to each individual student
Labs are assigned to each group of 3-4 students
Allow to discuss solving methods, compare results
Copy answers from anything you has not generated: CHEATING
Lecture 1
Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
(I) (I)
(chapter 9)
Learning goals
Understand physical meanings of sinusoidal (ac) (ac) signals
Understand the meaning of rms value of sinusoidal (ac) (ac)
signals
Understand phasor concepts and be able to perform a
phasor transform and an inverse phasor transform phasor transform and an inverse phasor transform
Be able to transform a circuit with a sinusoidal source
into frequency domain using phasor concepts
Know how to apply circuit analysis methods to solve a
circuit in frequency domain
Be able to analyze circuits containing ideal transformer/
linear transformers using phasor method
Sinusoidal Source
m
V
( ) cos( )
m
v t V t = +
:
2
:
f
f

radian (rad)
frequency (Hz)
Sinusoidal voltage/current source produce a
voltage/current that varies sinusoidally in time
: f

frequency (Hz)
1
f
T
=
:
:
:
m
T
V

period(s)
phase angel
magnitude of the source
: angular frequency of the
sinusoidal function
What happen if reducing to
zero ? (if > 0 and if < 0)
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
0
t
cos( )
cos( )
:
m
m
V t
V t

+


phase advance
move waveform to the
--
left
cos( ) sin sin( ) cos
2 2
or t t t t

= + =

is the amount of phase (in radians or degree)

that the waveform has already move through
at time t=0; is thus the phase advance of
the waveform
Example:
Cosine lags 90 to sine Sine advances 90 to cosine
Hertz
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
rms value: root mean square
value of the waveform is the amplitude of DC source that
would have the same average power output as the
sinusoid
The rms of a periodic func. is defined as square root of
the mean value of the squared func. the mean value of the squared func.
) ( ) (
2
t v t v
1
st
operation: square
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
2 2
0
1
( )
T
rms
V v t dt
T
= == =

2
nd
operation: mean
Integrate v
2
over a period and dividing by T to obtain mean
(can be from t to t + T with arbitrary t )
( (( ( ) )) )
2
2
2 2 2
0 0
2
2 2
2
0
1
cos ( ) cos
1 1
cos cos 2
2 2
2
4 2
T
m
m
m m
V d
V t dt
T T
t
d dt
V V
d T










+ = + = + = + =
= + = + = + = +
| | | | | | | |
= + = + = + = +
| | | |
= == =
\ \ \ \
= = = = = = = = = = = =


where And

which yields:
(can be from t
0
to t
0
+ T with arbitrary t
0
)
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Problem 9.6
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
2
m
rms
V
V =
3rd operation: root ?
-The rms value of the sinusoidal voltage
depends only on the maximum amplitude of v
- It is not a function of either the frequency or the
phase angle
- It will be used to calculate power
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Sinusoidal Source/ rms Value
Sinusoidal Response
Vs
R
L
t=0
( ) i t
cos( )
( )@ 0
s m
V V t
i t t
= +
> Find
Consider the following circuit (initial current is zero):
(find step response)
It is similar to finding step response of a studied RL circuit
but with DC source.
Application of KVL leads to a differential equation:
( )
cos( ) 0 ( )
m
di t
V t iR L i t
dt
+ = + = + = + = KVL: olve for
(find step response)
Sinusoidal Response
Solve differential equation
Assume:
( )
cos( ) 0 ( )
m
di t
V t iR L i t
dt
+ = + = + = + = KVL: olve for
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
( ) ( )
p
i t i t = == = steady!state solution
Then the final solution is:
HOW ?
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
[ [[ [ ] ]] ]
( ) ( )
( )
p
n
i t i t
i t
= == =
+ ++ +
steady!state solution
ar"itrary constant chosen to match the initial condition
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
( ) cos( ) cos( )
tan
Rt
m m
L
V V
i t t e
R L R L
L
R






= + = + = + = +
+ + + + + + + +
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \
with =
Sinusoidal Response
Homogeneous solution (natural response):
( ) :
( )
( ) 0
st
h
i t Ce
di t
L Ri t
dt
= == =
+ = + = + = + =
try su"stitute into

0
dt
R
sL R s
L

+ = + = + = + = = == =
( )
Rt
L
h
i t Ce

= == = #hus any $:ar"itrary constant
will satisfy the homogeneous solution
Sinusoidal Response
Particular solution (forced response):
The response of the circuit to this circuitry will also
be sinusoidal. A general form would be
( ) cos( )
s m
V t V t = + = + = + = +
be sinusoidal. A general form would be
( ) cos( )
p
i t A t
A


= + = + = + = +
are the constant to "e found
Sinusoidal Response
Important: the response of a linear circuit to a sinusoidal
excitation is also a sinusoid of the same frequency, but
with possibly different amplitude and phase
Substitute i
p
(t) into the differential equation:
cos( ) cos( ) sin( ) V t RA t LA t + = + + + = + + + = + + + = + +
Trig identities:
cos( ) cos( ) sin( )
( )
cos( ) ( )
m
m
V t RA t LA t
di t
V t Ri t L
dt


+ = + + + = + + + = + + + = + +
( ( ( (
+ = + + = + + = + + = +
( ( ( (

cos( )cos sin( )sin
sin( )cos cos( )sin
RA t RA t
LA t LA t


= + + + = + + + = + + + = + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
sin( ) sin cos sin cos
cos( ) cos cos sin sin


=
= m
Sinusoidal Response
That yields
From 1
st
equation:
cos sin (1)
0 sin cos (2)
m
V RA LA
RA LA


= + = + = + = +


= = = =

From 1
st
equation:
2
nd
equation:
Next: Is this possible to eliminate out of A solution ?
cos sin
m
V
A
R L
= == =
+ ++ +
sin
tan
cos
L
R



= = = = = = = =
Sinusoidal Response
Square both equation and then add together
(to eliminate )
This yields:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
cos 2 cos sin sin
0 sin 2 cos sin cos
m
V R A LRA L A
R A LRA L A


= + + = + + = + + = + +
= + = + = + = +
This yields:
Thus:
2 2 2 2 2 2
m
V R A L A = + = + = + = +
2 2 2
m
V
A
R L
= == =
+ ++ +
Sinusoidal Response
Particular solution is:
1
2 2 2
( ) cos( ) tan
m
p
V L
i t t
R
R L




= + = = + = = + = = + =
+ ++ +

The complete solution is:
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
cos( )
p h
Rt
m
L
i t i t i t
V
t Ce
R L



= + = + = + = +
= + + = + + = + + = + +
+ ++ +

Sinusoidal Response
With the initial condition i(t=0)=0,
2 2 2
2 2 2
( 0) cos( ) 0
cos( )
m
m
V
i t C
R L
V
C
R L




= = + = = = + = = = + = = = + =
+ ++ +
= = = =
+ ++ +
Then the final solution is
1
st
tem: steady-state response (why ? Exist as long as ..)
2
nd
term: transient response (why ? Go to infinitesimal)
2 2 2
R L + ++ +
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
( ) cos( ) cos( )
tan
Rt
m m
L
V V
i t t e
R L R L
L
R






= + = + = + = +
+ + + + + + + +
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \
with =
Sinusoidal Response
The final solution:
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
( ) cos( ) cos( )
tan
Rt
m m
L
V V
i t t e
R L R L
L
R






= + = + = + = +
+ + + + + + + +
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \
with =
1
st
tem: steady-state response (why ? Exist as long as ..)
2
nd
term: transient response (why ? Go to infinitesimal)
Remark: as transient comp. vanishes over time, verify that the
steady-state comp., by itself, must also satisfy the differential
equation (Prob. 9.10b) ?
R
| | | |
\ \ \ \
Sinusoidal Response
Steady-state solution (sss):
the solution is a sinusoidal function
linear circuit (RLC are constants): sss has the same
frequency as source frequency as source
amplitude change to
phase change to
These characteristics help you understand the
motivation of PHASOR method where you only
need to take care AMPLITUDE & PHASE

Assessment
Assessment
Phasor
Since the shape and frequency of the
steady state response are known, only the
amplitude and the phase need to be
determined for each signal in the circuit,
these can be represented by a complex these can be represented by a complex
number called a PHASOR
Eulers identity:
Interpretation:
cos sin
j
e j



= = = =
{ {{ { } }} } { {{ { } }} }
cos R ;sin
j j
e m
e I e

= = = = = = = =
Real part Imaginary part
Phasor Transform
Our original sinusoid can be rewritten as follows:
{ {{ { } }} }
{
( )
( ) cos( ) R
R
j t
m m e
j j t
e m
v t V t V e
V e e



+ ++ +
= + = = + = = + = = + =


= == =
` ` ` `

) ) ) )
amplitude % phase
The phasor for v(t) then can be defined as

) ) ) )
amplitude % phase
[ ( )]
:
j
m
V V e v t


= == = =
phase operator or phasor transform
P
P
Phasor Transform
V

&hasor operation transfer v(t) from time domian to a fre'uency
domain
[ ( )]
:
j
m
V V e v t


= == = =
phase operator or phasor transform
P
P
V domain
( ) cos( )
cos sin
m
j
m
m
m m
v t t
V e
j





= + = + = + = +
= = = =
= = = =
= + = + = + = +
V time domain
V fre'uency domain
V
V V
(complex domain)
polar form
rectangular form
Phasor
o
( ) 100(cos 300 45 ? v t t V

= + = = + = = + = = + = )
o
( ) 150sin(377 140 ? v t t V

= + = = + = = + = = + = )
Examples:
Phasor
o
( ) 100(cos 300 45 ? v t t V

= + = = + = = + = = + = )
o
( ) 150sin(377 140 ? v t t V

= + = = + = = + = = + = )
Examples:
Answer:
{ {{ { } }} }
o
o
( ) 100(cos 300 45 ?
( ) 100 45
v t t V
v t V


= + = = + = = + = = + =
= = = = = = = =
)
P
{ {{ { } }} }
( (( ( ) )) )
o
o o
( ) 150sin(377 140 ?
( ) 150 50 sin cos 90
v t t V
v t

= + = = + = = + = = + =
( ( ( (
= = = = = = = =

)
P
Inverse phasor operation : moving from a
frequency-domain to a time-domain expression
Inverse Phasor Transform
{ {{ { } }} } { {{ { } }} }

1 j j j t
m e m
j t
e
V e R V e e
R V e




= == =

= == =
` ` ` `
) ) ) )
P
1
P
e
t j
How: multiply phasor by and then extract the
real part of the product
Examples:
) ) ) )
o
45
100 ; 300 ,
rad
V e
s


= = = = = = = = Find v(t)=(
( ) 100cos(300 45 ) v t t V = + = + = + = +
o
Answer:
e
t j
Sinusoidal Response
Vs
R
L
t=0
( ) i t
cos( )
( )@ 0
s m
V V t
i t t
= +
> Find
Consider the following circuit (initial current is zero):
(find step response)
It is similar to finding step response of a studied RL circuit
but with DC source.
Application of KVL leads to a differential equation:
( )
cos( ) 0 ( )
m
di t
V t iR L i t
dt
+ = + = + = + = KVL: olve for
(find step response)
Phasor Method
Analyze this circuit again, using phasor:
R
L
t=0
( ) i t
( )
s
v t
( ) cos( )
s m
j
m
v t V t
V V e



= + = + = + = +
= == = thus:
For t>0
We know that response will have the same form
and frequency, thus:
Solution:
( )
( ) ( )
s
di t
v t i t R L
dt
= + = + = + = +
( ) cos ;
( )
j
m m
j t
e
i t I t I I e
i t R I e





= = = = = = = =

= == =
` ` ` `
) ) ) )
( % ) phasor:
Phasor Method
Substitute these into the differential equation:
The sum of real parts is the same as the real
part of the sum
{ {{ { } }} } { {{ { } }} } { {{ { } }} }
j j t j j t j j t
e m e m e m
R V e e R RI e e R j LI e e

= + = + = + = +
If we choose to use sine function in stead-
state analysis, we should have:
This yields:
( )
j j
m m
V e R j L I e

= + = + = + = +
Phasor Method
m
I
1
tan
j
j
m
m
V e L
I e
R j L R






| | | | | | | |
= = = = = = = =
| | | |
+ ++ +
\ \ \ \
and
( )
j j
m m
V e R j L I e

= + = + = + = +
e
R

R
L
2 2 2
2 2 2
tan
1 1
,
m
j
j
I e
R j L R
R j L R L e
Therefore e
R j L
R L








= = = = = = = =
| | | |
+ ++ +
\ \ \ \
+ = + + = + + = + + = +
= == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
and
ince
Phasor Method
Therefore:
2 2 2
( )
1
tan
j
j
m
m
j
j j
m
m
j
j
m
m
V e
I e
R j L
V e
I e e
R L
V e L
I e
R













= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
| | | | | | | |
= = = = = = = =
| | | |
and
The steady-state response is:
and
2 2 2
m
m
V
I
R L


= = = = = = = =
+ ++ +
2 2 2
( ) cos( )
m
V
i t t
R L


= + = + = + = +
+ ++ +
A lot easier than differential equations
2 2 2
tan
m
I e
R
R L


= = = = = = = =
| | | |
\ \ \ \
+ ++ +
and
Phasor Representation