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IJMC: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL COMBINATORICS (2010), Vol 2 #A07-14
GENERALIZATIONS OF POLY-BERNOULLI NUMBERS AND
POLYNOMIALS
Hassan Jolany and M.R.Darafsheh, R.Eizadi Alikelaye
School of Mathematics,college of science,university of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Hassan.jolany@khayam.ut.ac.ir
Received April 12, 2010: , Accepted: May 28, 2010
Keywords:Poly-Bernoulli polynomials,Euler polynomials
,generalized Euler polynomials,generalized poly-Bernoulli polynomials
Abstract
The Concepts of poly-Bernoulli numbers B
(k)
n
, poly-Bernoulli polynomials B
k
n
(t) and the
generalized poly-bernoulli numbers B
(k)
n
(a, b) are generalized to B
(k)
n
(t, a, b, c) which is called
the generalized poly-Bernoulli polynomials depending on real parameters a,b,c .Some prop-
erties of these polynomials and some relationships between B
k
n
, B
(k)
n
(t) , B
(k)
n
(a, b) and
B
(k)
n
(t, a, b, c) are established.
1. Introduction
In this paper we shall develop a number of generalizations of the poly-Bernoulli numbers
and polynomials , and obtain some results about these generalizations.They are fundamental
objects in the theory of special functions.
Euler numbers are denoted with B
k
and are the coecients of Taylor expansion of the
function
t
e
t
1
,as following;
t
e
t
1
=

k=0
B
k
t
k
k!
.
The Euler polynomials E
n
(x) are expressed in the following series
2e
xt
e
t
+ 1
=

k=0
E
k
(x)
t
k
k!
.
for more details, see [1]-[4].
2
In [10], Q.M.Luo, F.Oi and L.Debnath dened the generalization of Euler polynomials
E
k
(x, a, b, c) which are expressed in the following series :
2c
xt
b
t
+ a
t
=

k=0
E
k
(x, a, b, c)
t
k
k!
.
where a, b, c Z
+
.They proved that
I) for a = 1 and b = c = e
E
k
(x + 1) =
k

j=0
_
k
j
_
E
j
(x), (1)
and
E
k
(x + 1) + E
k
(x) = 2x
k
, (2)
II) for a = 1 and b = c ,
E
k
(x + 1, 1, b, b) + E
k
(x, 1, b, b) = 2x
k
(ln b)
k
. (3)
In[5], Kaneko introduced and studied poly-Bernoulli numbers which generalize the clas-
sical Bernoulli numbers. Poly-Bernoulli numbers B
(k)
n
with k Z and n N, appear in the
following power series:
Li
k
(1 e
x
)
1 e
x
=

n=0
B
(k)
n
t
n
n!
, ()
where k Z and
Li
k
(z) =

m=1
z
m
m
k
. |z| < 1
so for k 1,
Li
1
(z) = ln(1 z), Li
0
(z) =
z
1 z
, Li
1
=
z
(1 z)
2
, ... .
Moreover when k 1, the left hand side of () can be wrriten in the form of interated
integrals
3
e
t
1
e
t
1
_
t
0
1
e
t
1
_
t
0
...
1
e
t
1
_
t
0
t
e
t
1
dtdt...dt
=

n=0
B
(k)
n
t
n
n!
.
In the special case, one can see B
(1)
n
= B
n
.
Denition 1 The poly-Bernoulli polynomials,B
(k)
n
(t), are appeared in the expansion of
Li
k
(1e
x
)
1e
x
e
xt
as following,
Li
k
(1 e
x
)
1 e
x
e
xt
=

n=0
B
(k)
n
(t)
n!
x
n
(4)
for more details, see [6] [11].
Proposition 1 (Kaneko theorem[6]) The Poly-Bernoulli numbers of non-negative index k
,satisfy the following
B
(k)
n
= (1)
n
n+1

m=1
(1)
m1
(m1)!
_
n
m1
_
m
k
, (5)
and for negative index k, we have
B
(k)
n
=
min(n,k)

j=0
(j!)
2
_
n + 1
j + 1
__
k + 1
j + 1
_
, (6)
where
_
n
m
_
=
(1)
m
m!
m

l=0
(1)
l
_
m
l
_
l
n
m, n 0 (7)
Denition 2 Let a, b > 0 and a = b. The generalized poly-Bernoulli numbers B
(k)
n
(a, b),
the generalized poly-Bernoulli polynomials B
(k)
n
(t, a, b) and the polynomial B
(k)
n
(t, a, b, c) are
appeared in the following series respectively;
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
=

n=0
B
(k)
n
(a, b)
n!
t
n
|t| <
2
| lna + ln b|
, (8)
4
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
e
xt
=

n=0
B
(k)
n
(x, a, b)
n!
t
n
|t| <
2
| lna + ln b|
, (9)
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
c
xt
=

n=0
B
(k)
n
(x, a, b, c)
n!
t
n
|t| <
2
| ln a + ln b|
, (10)
2. The main theorems
We present some recurrence formulae for generalized poly-Bernoulli polynomials.
Theorem 1 Let x R and n 0. For every positive real numbers a,b and c such that a = b
and b > a , we have
B
(k)
n
(a, b) = B
(k)
n
_
ln b
lna + ln b
_
(ln a + ln b)
n
, (11)
B
(k)
j
(a, b) =
j

i=1
(1)
ji
(lna + ln b)
i
(ln b)
ji
_
j
i
_
B
(k)
j
, (12)
B
(k)
n
(x; a, b, c) =
n

l=0
_
n
l
_
(ln c)
nl
B
(k)
l
(a, b)x
nl
, (13)
B
(k)
n
(x + 1; a, b, c) = B
(k)
n
(x; ac,
b
c
, c), (14)
B
(k)
n
(t) = B
(k)
n
(e
t+1
, e
t
), (15)
B
(k)
n
(x, a, b, c) = (ln a + ln b)
n
B
(k)
n
(
ln b + xln c
ln a + ln b
). (16)
Proof:By applying denition 2, we have
(11)
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
=

n=0
B
(k)
n
(a, b)
n!
t
n
=
1
b
t
_
Li
k
(1 e
t lnab
)
1 e
t lnab
_
= e
t ln b
_
Li
k
(1 e
t ln ab
)
1 e
t(ln ab)
_
5
=

n=0
B
(k)
n
_
ln b
ln a + ln b
_
(ln a + ln b)
n
t
n
n!
Therefore
B
(k)
n
(a, b) = B
(k)
n
_
ln b
ln a + ln b
_
(ln a + lnb)
n
.
(12)
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
=
1
b
t
_
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
1 e
t lnab
_
=
_

k=0
(ln b)
k
k!
(1)
k
t
k
__

n=0
B
(k)
n
(ln a + ln b)
n
n!
t
n
_
=

j=0
_
j

i=0
(1)
ji
B
(k)
i
(ln a + ln b)
i
i!(j i)!
(ln b)
ji
_
t
j
So we have
B
(k)
j
(a, b) =
j

i=0
(1)
ji
(ln a + ln b)
i
(ln b)
ji
_
j
i
_
B
(k)
i
.
(13)
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
c
xt
=

n=0
B
(k)
n
(x, a, b, c)
t
n
n!
=
_

l=0
B
(k)
l
(a, b)
t
l
l!
__

i=0
(ln c)
i
t
i
i!
x
i
_
=

l=0
l

i=0
(ln c)
li
i!(l i)!
B
(k)
i
(a, b)x
li
t
l
=

n=0
_
n

l=0
_
n
l
_
(ln c)
nl
B
(k)
l
(a, b)x
nl
_
t
n
n!
.
(14)
6
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
c
(x+1)t
=
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
c
xt
.c
t
=
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
_
b
c
_
t
(ac)
t
c
xt
=

n=0
B
(k)
n
(x; ac,
b
c
, c)
t
n
n!
.
(15)
Li
k
(1 e
x
)
1 e
x
e
xt
=
Li
k
(1 e
x
)
e
xt
e
xxt
=
Li
k
(1 e
x
)
(e
t
)
x
(e
1+t
)
x
so,
B
(k)
n
(t) = B
(k)
n
(e
t+1
, e
t
).
(16)we can write

n=0
B
(k)
n
(x, a, b, c)
t
n
n!
=
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
c
xt
=
1
b
t
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
(1 (ab)
t
)
c
xt
= e
t(ln b+x lnc)
_
Li
k
(1 e
t ln ab
)
1 e
t(ln ab)
_
=

n=0
(ln a + ln b)
n
B
(k)
n
_
ln b + xln c
ln a + ln b
_
t
n
n!
so
B
(k)
n
(x, a, b, c) = (ln a + ln b)
n
B
(k)
n
_
ln b + xln c
ln a + ln b
_
.
Theorem 2 Let x R , n 0. For every positive real numbers a,b such that a = b and
b > a > 0, we have
B
(k)
n
(x+y, a, b, c) =

l=0
_
n
l
_
(ln c)
nl
B
(k)
l
(x; a, b, c)y
nl
=
n

l=0
_
n
l
_
(ln c)
nl
B
(k)
l
(y, a, b, c)x
nl
.
(17)
Proof: We have
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
c
(x+y)t
=

n=0
B
(k)
n
(x + y; a, b, c)
t
n
n!
7
=
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
c
xt
.c
yt
=
_

n=0
B
(k)
n
(x; a, b, c)
t
n
n!
__

i=0
y
i
(ln c)
i
i!
t
i
_
=

n=0
_
n

l=0
_
n
l
_
y
nl
(ln c)
nl
B
(k)
l
(x, a, b, c)
_
t
n
n!
so we get
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
)
b
t
a
t
c
(x+y)t
=
Li
k
(1 (ab)
t
b
t
a
t
c
yt
c
xt
=

n=0
_
n

l=0
_
n
l
_
x
nl
(ln c)
nl
B
(k)
l
(y, a, b, c)
_
t
n
n!
.
Theorem 3 Let x R and n 0.For every positive real numbers a,b and c such that a = b
and b > a > 0, we have
B
(k)
n
(x; a, b, c) =
n

l=0
_
n
l
_
(ln c)
nl
B
(k)
l
_
ln b
ln a + ln b
_
(lna + ln b)
l
x
nl
, (18)
B
(k)
n
(x; a, b, c) =
n

l=0
l

j=0
(1)
lj
_
n
l
__
l
j
_
(ln c)
nl
(lnb)
lj
(ln a + ln b)
j
B
(k)
j
x
nk
. (19)
Proof:
(18)By applying Theorems 1 and 2 we know ,
B
(k)
n
(x; a, b, c) =
n

l=0
_
n
l
_
(ln c)
nl
B
(k)
l
(a, b)x
nl
and
B
(k)
n
(a, b) = B
(k)
n
(
lnb
ln a + ln b
)(ln a + ln b)
n
The relation (18)will follow if we combine these formulae.
(19) proof is similar to(18).
Now,we give some results about derivatives and integrals of the generalized poly-Bernoulli
polynomials in the following theorem.
8
Theorem 4 Let x R.If a, b and c > 0 , a = b and b > a > 0 ,For any non-negative integer
l and real numbers and we have

l
B
(k)
n
(x, a, b, c)
x
l
=
n!
(n l)!
(lnc)
l
B
(k)
nl
(x, a, b, c) (20)
_

B
(k)
n
(x, a, b, c)dx =
1
(n + 1) lnc
[B
(k)
n+1
(, a, b, c) B
(k)
n+1
(, a, b, c)] (21)
Proof: By applying (20) and (21) can be proved by induction on n.
In [9], GI-Sang Cheon investigated the classical relationship between Bernoulli and Euler
polynomials, in this paper we study the relationship between the generalized poly-Bernoulli
and Euler polynomials.
Theorem 5 For b > 0 we have
B
(k
1
)
n
(x + y, 1, b, b) =
1
2
n

k=0
_
n
k
_
[B
(k
1
)
n
(y, 1, b, b) + B
(k
1
)
n
(y + 1, 1, b, b)]E
nk
(x, 1, b, b).
Proof:We know
B
(k
1
)
n
(x + y, 1, b, b) =

k=0
_
n
k
_
(ln b)
nk
B
(k
1
)
k
(y; 1, b, b)x
nk
and
E
k
(x + y, 1, b, b) + E
k
(x, 1, b, b) = 2x
k
(ln b)
k
So, We obtain B
(k
1
)
n
(x + y, 1, b, b) =
1
2
n

k=0
_
n
k
_
(lnb)
nk
B
(k
1
)
k
(y; 1, b, b)
_
1
(ln b)
nk
(E
nk
(x, 1, b, b) + E
nk
(x + 1, 1, b, b))
_
=
1
2
n

k=0
_
n
k
_
B
(k
1
)
k
(y; 1, b, b)
__
E
nk
(x, 1, b, b) +
nk

j=0
_
n k
j
_
E
j
(x, 1, b, b)
__
=
1
2
n

k=0
_
n
k
_
B
(k
1
)
k
(y; 1, b, b)E
nk
(x, 1, b, b)
9
+
1
2
n

j=0
_
n
j
_
E
j
(x; 1, b, b)
nj

k=0
_
n j
k
_
B
(k
1
)
k
(y, 1, b, b)
=
1
2
n

k=0
_
n
k
_
B
(k
1
)
k
(y; 1, b, b)E
nk
(x, 1, b, b)+
1
2
n

j=0
_
n
j
_
B
(k
1
)
nj
(y + 1; 1, b, b)E
j
(x, 1, b, b)
So we have
B
(k
1
)
n
(x + y, 1, b, b) =
1
2
n

k=0
_
n
k
_
[B
(k
1
)
n
(y, 1, b, b) + B
(k
1
)
n
(y + 1, 1, b, b)]E
nk
(x, 1, b, b).
Corollary 1 In theorem 5, if we set k
1
= 1 and b = e, we obtain
B
n
(x) =
n

(k=0),(k=1)
_
n
k
_
B
k
E
nk
(x).
For more detail see [7].
Acknowledgement:The authors would like to thank the referee for has valuable com-
ments concerning theorem 5.
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(1999),159-167
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33, (2002),No,3,428-431
[3] M.-S.Kim and T.Kim:An explicit formula on the generalized Bernoulli number with
order n ,Indian.j.pure and applied math 31, (2000),1455-1466
[4] Hassan Jolany and M.R.Darafsheh:Some another remarks on the generalization of
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(1997),221-228
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quences vol 10, (2007)
[7] H.M.Srivastava and A.Pinter:Remarks on some relationships Between the Bernoulli and
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fermat analogues, Integers journal 8, (2008)
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16, (2003),365-368
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[11] Y.Hamahata,H.Masubuchi Recurrence formulae for Multi-poly-Bernoulli num-
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nomials with a,b,c parameters. http://arxiv.org/pdf/1109.1387v1.pdf