SPE

SPE7785
( I NTHE
CONDI T
NECESSI ? (OFRESPECTI NG RESERVOI R
ONSI NLABORATORY DI SPLACEMENT STUDES
by L. Cui ec, D. Longeron,andJ . ?acsi rszky,
I nsti tutFrancai sdu Petrol e
@Copyri ght1979.Soci et yof Pet rol eumEogi neBrs
Thi spaperwas pr esent edat t he Mi ddl eE@ 011Techni cal Conf er enceof t he Soci et yof pet rol eumEngi neershel dIrrManama,Bahrai n,25. 2SMar ch1979.Themat eri all asubj ectt o cor r ect i onby t heaut hor .
Perml asi ont o copy i s rest ri ct edt o an abst r actof not moret han300words. Wri t eSPE, S200Nort h Cent ral. Exprassway, Dal l aa,Texas752CUI USA. Tel ex730SS9(SPEOAL).
ABSTRACT
.
Predictionof the fieldbehaviorduringprimary
or secondaryrecoveryrequiresrepresentative labora-
torymeasurements,
Insuringrepresentattvity of the rock surface
propertiesand of the fluiddistributionis not possi-
ble, even forpreservedsamples,
A procedurefor restoringoriginalrock surface
propertiesis presented,and resultsshowingthe in-
fluenceon oil recoveryof both the methodused for
establishinginitialwater saturationand the aectu-
rationlevela:tainedare diacuased.
INTRODUCTION

Choosingthe racoverymethodsbest suitedfor

productionfroma reservoirgoesvia laboratorytests
usingreservoir-rock samples.
Generaliy,the stateof core sampleabroughtto
the surfaceis not representative of theirstatein
situ.Even in takingprecautionsimmediatelyupon
arrivalat the surfaceso as to preventany effectof
the oxygenin the air or of evaporation,the corehas
un<ergonetransfo~mations with regardto the distribu-
tionand natureof the fluidsit contains12, This
resultsfrompollutionby drillingmud and variation
in temperatureand pressureduringthe time it-labeinj
broughtup. Physico-chemical changesmay be made in
the solid-fluidinterfacesby adsorption-desorption or
evena depositof the heavyconstituentsof the oil,
e.g.asphaltenes,or saltcontainedin the water.
Generallyspeaking,the nettabilityof the rock
will be changedby a reductionin its affinityfor
wateror by an increasein its affinityfor oil.
The samplethenhas to be cleanedso as both to
restorethe originalstateof nettabilityand to put
fluidsback in placewith theiroriginaldistribution.
Yet the compositionof fluidsand thermodynamiccondi-
tionsare knownto governitsnettability.
Referencesand illustrations at end of paper
Therefore,operationsmust be donewith fluidsand
underconditionsfoundin the reservoir.
This p=perwill successivelydescribea method
for restoringthe originalstateof wettabili:yand
thanthe influenceof the initialfluidsaturation
processand of the saturationlevelon recoveryby
differentmechanisms.
PROCEDUREFOR RESTORINGORIGINALSURFACESTATEOF
ROCK SAMl?LES
The importanceof the surZacepropertiesof a
rockon its behaviorduringvariousltibmatoryexpe-
rimentshas bean well known for a longtime.,
So-calledpreservedsamplesare oftenused.
They are obtainedby takingvariousprecautionscon-
carnixgthe choiceof mud, the use of specialcoring
methods,the quickprotectionof the core santpla aa
soonaa it arriveson the surface,etc.Nonetheless>
while it is beingbroughtup to the surface,a de-
craasein temperaturecannotbe avoided,and press~re
maintenanceis lotstanoardpractice.Therefore,it
is,a priori-difficult to assertthat the surface
stateof the so-calledpreaervedrrock has not been
altered.
In orderto solvethis importantproblema method
capableof clearingup thiquncertaintyhas been de-
velopedfor restoringthe originalsurfacestate.
Descr&tion of the method
.
It consistsin comparingthe nettabilityof the
rockupon receptionand afterrestorationso as to
justifyeitherthe directuse of the samplesrecaived
or the applicationof a treatmantfor restoringthe
originalsurfacastate.A schematicdiagramof the
methodis givenin Figuze1.
3 firstconsistsin The restorationprocedure
cleaningthe samplesso as to make themas waterwet
as possib~eby floodingcarefullychosensolven~s
Then the samplea are dried&nd saturatedwith the
reservoirfluids(storageoil and synthaticbrine)
..
..
38 ON TRE NECESSITYOF RESPECTINGRESERVOIRCONDII
so as to obtaina fluiddistributionas closeaa pos-
sibleto the one existingin situ.The rock-fluid
syateais then
Ilagedl: underreservoirtemperatureand
pressursconditionsduringthe time ;equiredto set
up adsorptionequilibria.
The nettabilityof the samples,whetherupon
reception,aftercleaningor afterrestoration,is
evaluatedby a teutbaaedon spontaneousand forced
displacementexperiments.
A few aspectsconcerningthe experimentalmethod$
are givenLn the appendix.
Two examplesof thismethodbeingappliedin the
caseof carbonatera:,ervoirs, as is frequentlyencoun.
teredin the Middleitast,are preie~ttid, These exam-
ples are takenfroma stcdyc~veringsome fifteenre-
servoirshavinga varyingxatureand location.
Applicationexamples
l.Reservoira
...........
The rock fromthis reservoiris of dolomitictyp(
The sampleswere receivedimpregnatedand un-
prestwvedfromthe effectof theatmosphere.
.-
The resultsobtainedare givenin Table 1.
The porosityof the samplesis about10%,and
the intrinsicpermeabilityto brineis lessthan 10
millidarcies,
Evaluationof nettabilityu~on recegtian
---------------------- -- -- ------------
The amountof oil spontaneouslydisplacedby
brineis smallor nil. On the otherhand, the amount
of brinespontaneouslydisplacedby oil is smallor
large,Thismaanethat in one casebothnettability
indicashave low and comparablevalues,whereasin
the othertwo casesthe waternettabilityindexr is
nil and the oil nettabilityindexr. has a high v~lue,
Likewise,one of the sampleshas neutralnetta-
bility,whereasthe othertwo are preferentiallyoil
wet, The meannettabilityof the rockupon reception
is thus.reasonably pronouncedforoil.
Studyof cleaning
-----------------
Variousprocedureswere tested(seeappendix).
Severalof themwere.ableto make the rock claarly
preferentially waterwet in the presenceof a refi-
ned oil. Indeed,whereasthe r indexhus a value
relatively close to the max~mumvalue,the r.
indexhas a minimumvalueof zero.
Evaluationof nettabilityafterrestoration
---------------------- -- ------------------
Samplesthat firsthad been correctlycleaned
were used for analyzingthe influenceof agingtime
in the presenceof reservoirfl-lids on the modifica-
tionof surfaceproperties.
Despitesomedegreeof dispersionamongthe re-
sults,the rockappearsto becomeof neutralnetta-
bilitywhetheraginglaatsfor severalhoursor seve-
~al thousandsof hours.This is illustratedin Figuri
2 wherethe variationin the differenceof the netta-
bilityindiceeis shownas a functionof agingtime.
NS IN LABOIUiTORY DISPLACEMENTSTUDIES SPE 778:
In the caseof this rockand basedon the mean
nettabilityof the samplesupon receptionand after
restoration,we feelthat it is more advisableto use
restoredsamples.
2.Reservoirb (MiddleEast)
-----------
The rock fromthis reservoiris of the calcitic
type.
The sampleswere also receivedimpregnated but
unpreservedfromcontactwith the atmosphere.
The resulteare givenin Table2.
The porosityof the sampleswas closeto 20%,
and the intrinsicpermeabilityto brinewas appro-
ximately4 millidarcie8.
Evaluationof wettg.bilityu~on rece~tion
---------------------. -- -- ----------
This evaluationwas made for severalsamples.,
Spontaneousoil recoveryduringIfibibition in brine
was very low,and the valueof thewaternettability
indexwas thuscloseto zero.OY.the otherhand spon-
taneousbrinsrecoveryby imbi$,ition in oil was very
high,and tha oil nettabilityfndexhad a maximum
valueof one in all cases.The conclusionwas thus
reachadthat the rockupon receptionhas a great
affinityfor oil.
Studyof cleaning
---------------
Severalcleaningprocedureswere carziedout.
They all make the rock slightlywaterwet,
althoughthe procedureusinga mixtureof solvants.
appearstobethe leastaffective.Tha waternetta-
bilityindexin all casesis sli~htlyhigherthan
the oil nettabilityindex.The affinityforwater
couldnot be increabedby applyinglongercleaning
proceduresand by ueingmore complexeolventmixtures.
The slightlyaffirmedcharacterof preferential
affinityof the cleanedroc:cforwateris possiblydue
to the presenceof relativelyunhydrophilicor even
hydrophobicciteson the matrixeurface.This should
be comparedwith the high amountaof unextractable
organiccarbonin somepartaof the matrix(approxi-
mately1% weightof the extractedrock).
In any case,threeof,thefourprocedurescarried
out appearto have the same efficiencyand are capa-
ble of changingthe initialnettabilityto oil to a
slightdegreeof preferentialwaternettability.
Evaluatingwettahilityof reetoredsam~les
------------------------------------ ---
After restorationthe samplesbecomehighlyoil
wet, and thisoccursafteran agingtimeof several
hours for the rock-fluidsystemfromthe fieldunder
reservoirconditions(Figure3).
A comparisonof the resultsobtainedupon recep-
tionand afterrestorationdoesrmt revealany great
differenceswith regardto the-affinityof the rock
for one or the otherfluid.In thiscaae and for labo-
ratoryexperiments,the samplesreceivedcan be used
d$rectly,provi~ed that the settingof fluidsis done
underappropriateconditions.
mm 77QR T.. f7nTT7.c. n. T41NCERON. .T. PACSTRS7,KY 2FiQ
,. -. ..-.
,
- . ----------- , - . -.. ---. ----- --
The resultsthathave justbeen describedare
finaldeplettonpressure,brinewaa injactedfromtha
only two examplestakenfroma more thoroughinvea-
bottomof the modelat a constantrate,whichalso
ttgation4.This investigation will enableua to draw
was the same for all tests.Oil relativepermeability
ganaralconclusions.
beforaand aftardapletionand oil recoveryweremeasu-
red.The resultsare givenin Table5.
PROCEDURESFOR ESTABLISHINGINITIALWATERSATURATION
-

We noticedthat the gas obtainedby depletion
Initialwatersaturation,Swi, is an important
remainstrappedduringthe waterflood.Figure5 shows
parameterin studyingoil displacementin porous
thata singlecurvecan be plottedfor all oil residual
media.Generally,themeasuredvalueor the one
saturationvalues,Sor, at the end of the waterflood
assuaedfor the reservotris respected.Bbt in most
no matterwhat methodwas used for establishinginitial
cagesthisvaluecannotbe attaineti by the direct
fluidsaturationand no matterwhat the valueof Swt
displacementof watar by reservoiroil.Thereforeindi-
was.
rectmethodsof settinginitialwater saturationmust
be used and comparedwith one anotherciccording to
Thereforeit appearsthatthe way usedforestabli-
the resultsobtainedin the displacementexperiments.
shinginitialwatersaturationhas no influenceon
recovery.
The samplechosenis a vugularcalciticresarvoir
rock.Its propertiesare givenin Table3 (seevugu-
Figure6 showsthe oil relattvepermeabilityas a
lar limestonen 1).Oil propertiesare listedin
functionof S,i beforeand afterdepletion.Before
Table4 (seereservoiroil n 1). The syntheticbrine
depletionit ~s reasonableto plota singlecurvebet-
contains230 g/1 of sodiumchloride.Accordingto
ween all the experimentalvaluesno matterwhatmethod
measurements,the initialwater saturationin the ra-
ts used for establishingirrftial water saturation.
servoiris about10%.
After depletionone valua is clearly outsideof the
curveconnectingthe pointsforwhichSwi is obtained
A diagramof ~he laboratoryequipmentis gtven
in Figure4. Betweentwo tests,the surfacestateof
by evaporationor displacementby reservoiroil.This
the samplewas restoredaccordingto the procedare
pointis for Swi set by a viscousoil displacement.
described?n the firstpartof the paper.
For the timebeing,we cannotaccountfor this diffe-
rence.This may be the resultof a microscopicphase
Fourmethodsof establishinginitialwater satu- distributiondifferentfromwhatwouldhave beenob-
rationwere used : tainedby the evaporationmethod.In thiscase,how-
ever,oil relativepermeabilitybeforedepletionand
G MethodI ts directdisplacementof waterby oil racoveryafterwaterfloodingshou. not be in
reservoiroil.At reservoirtemperature,oik. agreementwith thosefor the otheriasts.
and waterviscositiesare very similar,i.e.
respectively0.35 and 0.40x 10-3Pas, Resi- Theseresultsmust be confirmedand developed
dualwater saturationis 42%,which is a much becausethe initialwaterplayssuchan importantrole
higharvaluethan the one in the reservoir. in displacementsthat the validityof the technique
used to
establish it must be carefullycheckad.
G Method11 is displacementGf water y high-
3
Unfortunatelyin the presentstateof knowledgeit is
viscosityrefinedoil (V = 35 x In- Pa.a)at not possibleto knowwhetherthe methodsused in this
laboratorytemperature.The water saturation studyproduce,on a microscopicscale,phasedistri-
obtainadis then21.5%. butionssimilarto thoseex%stingin the reservoir.
Initialwatersaturationsas low as thoseprevailing
G Methods111 and IV are quitesimilarand use in thisparticularreservoirmaybe achievedonlyby
evaporationby circulatingmethaneat reservotrusingevaporationmethods.
temperature,They enablelow valuesof Swi to
be attainedin agreementwith thoeeas8umed
INFLUENCEOF THE VALUEOF Swi ON DIFFERENTRECOVERY
for tha consideredreservoir.In method111, MSTHODS
the sampleis initiallysaturatedwithwater,
then sweptby gaa alternatelyin one directton Influenceof S~,i------ on dts~lacementby water
and thenthe other.In methodIV the eampleis
------------- ----------------
initiallysaturatedwith gas, then sweptby
waterand thenby gaa as in the preceding
Besideethe investigationof the methodfor
mathod.For both thesemethodsthe salt concen-
establibhinginitialwater,Figure 5 showsthe effact
trationin the brineis chosenas a function
of s levelon displacements. For waterfloodperfor-
of expectedevaporation.
med ~#teran identicaldepletion,Sor decreasesas
sWi increases,althoughlessquicklyat high valuas
Once the fluidsara in place;the sampleis left of Swi thanat low ones.
to rest for aging.Morecver,the tinwchosen was much
longerthan that requiredto attainadsorptionequi-
libriumso that the phasedistributionwould-become
This resultsin e.maximumon the water-injection
stabilized,especiallyaftermethods11, iII and IV
outputcurve,(Sol-Sor)/Sol~ in whichSO1 h the oil
which are particularlydrastic, saturationat the end of depletion.
With the porous~ediumplacedin a vefiicalposi- Influanceof Swi an crittcalgas saturation
tion,a depletionwas firstperformedwith the top.
faceopenand the bottomfacecloaad.This depletion, Cri,tical gas saturation,S dependson the
at the sameconstantrate for all the tests,was
gc
stoppedat the camepresaurclevel{191bars),This
propertiesand on phasedistribution,the natureand
oczuredalwaysbeforegae mobility(Fig.5). Than at
morphologyof the porousmediumand the rateof deple-
tion.The resultsdescribadhere have to,dowith the
.
290 ON THE NECESSITYOF RESPECTINGRESERVOIRCONDITIONSIN LABORATORYDISPLACEMENTSTUDIES SPE778 --- .-- .-- .
influenceof Swi on S and are basedon researchdone
*lReservoir RockNettability.Its Significanceand
gc
by K. Medaoui6,
Evaluation,TransAIME, 1958,vol.213, 155-160.
Two porousmediaware used,Fontainebleausands-
2. Amott,Earl,lObservations Ralatingto theWetta-
tone,an outcroprockmade up of pure silicawith an
bilityof PorousRock,1959,Trans.AIME,
intergranular porosity,and a vugularreservoirlimes-
VO1. 216, 156-162.
tone (limestone2). Theirpropartiasare givanin
3.
Cuiec,Louis,fStudyof ProblemsRelatedto the
Table3.
Restorationof the NaturalStateof Core Samples,
Threaoilswere used,two purehydrocarbonmix-
J. of Can. Petr.Techn.,Ott-Dec.1977,vol.16,
turea(Cl -C4and C1-C&- Clo) and a reservoiroil
No. 4, 68-80.
(n2). Theirpropertiesare giv,.nin Table4.
4* Cuiec,Louis,Longeron,Danieland Pacsirszky,
Joseph,
!!Etudeexp6rimentaledes d6placements
Depletionexperimentswere performedwith the
en conditio.la de r~.servolr, World Petroleum.
apparatusahownin Figure4 and underthe same condi-
Congress(to be presented),Bucharest,Sept.1979
tions.The depletionratewas high,approximately
0.5 b r/hour.The depletionrate is knownto influence 5.
S 6,70 S
Treiber,L.E.,Archer,DuaneL. and Owans,W.W,.,
Wi was establishedby methodsI an; III.
IALaboratory Evaluationof tha Wattabilityof
gc
FjftyOil-ProducingReservoirs,SOC.Pet.Eng.
The resultsare givenin Table 6. For the diffe- J
G S
Dec. 1972,531-540~
rentoil-porousmediumsystems,Figure7 givesthe
variationof effectivecriticalgas saturationSt = 6. Madaoui,Khaled,Conditions de mobilit6de la
sgc/(l- Swi)as a functfonof Swi.
gc
phasegazeuselors,dela d6compreasiondun
m61angedthydrocarbures en milieuporeux,Thesis
For thesedifferentsystemsS! increaaesvery
Universityof Toulousa,Franca,OrderNo 4S0:
muchwith Swi.This is all the moreg&identas the.oil
1975.
is closerto criticalconditions.This is the caee for 7* .Wit:K*>
f!Solution.Gas-DriVe in HeavYOil
mixtureC
1
- C4 forwhich an aaymptottcvaluehas been
Reservoirs,,Symp.on HeavyCrudeRecovery,
Dbtainedfor Sigc (seeFigure7).
Meraca!tbo, July 1974.
,,
APPENDIX
.
CONCLUSIONS
-
=m-&t~used to StUdYthe proceduref?:
1. Rock samples,suchas thoseordinarilyavai- rastoringoriginalsurfacestateof rock samples
Lablein petroleumlaboratories,are oftenpreferen-
tiallyoil wet.This La in agreementwith the results
Sfzasof sam~les
------------- ---
~btainedby Tre%bcret a15.
The followingsamplesizeswere used :
2. In the greatmajorityof casascleaningcan . diamater= 4 cm
make a rockpreferentiallywaterwet in
thepresenceof rafinedoil by maana~f carefully
G length = approximately6 cm
chosensolventa.
Descriptionof wettabilit~test
------------------------ -----
3. In almostaSl cases,the adsorp~ionequili-
briumbetweanpreviouslycleanedrockand reservoir
The nettabilityof a samplewas evaluatedunder
fluidsis obtninedin severaltensof hoursunder
standardtemperatureand pressureconditions,by us%ng
raservoirconditions.
a pairof fluidsconstitutedby brineand rafinedoil
Soltrol130 (extremelypure iaoparaffinic oil).For
4.In a graatmany cases,differenceshave appea- eachreservcir,syntheticbrinewas used.The ratio
red betweenthe meanwettabilitiesof samplesupon of oil viscosityto waterviscositywas approximately
receptionand afterrestoration. 1.2.
5. In samplasof cleanedvugularlimestonerocks, The test chosenwae derivedfromthe one proposed
the forceddisplacementtechniquecannotbe used to by Amott2.
establishan initialwater saturationchat is as low
as the connatewaterof such reservoirs.
Once the samplehad been saturatedwith oil and
brine,the latterat residuals~turation,the test
6. Evaporationmethodfor eatabltshinginitial consistedin auc eaaivelyperformingthe following
5
water maturationappearsto give suitablerasults, fourexperiments :
provfdeda sufficientwaitingtime is allowadfor
phaseequilibrium. . imbibitionin brine,
. displacementby brine,
7. The importanceof reachinga water saturation
. imbibitio~, in Soltroloil,
levelsimilarto thatof the reservoirf~ all the . displacementby Soltroloil.
greaterae this eaturatiion is low,as ehownby inves-
tigationson oil recaveryby waterfloodand the appea- Imbibitionswere performedin Pyrzxglassequip-
ranceof a mqbilegas phaseduringdepletion.
..
ment at 20C.They were pursueduntila sufficiently
REFERENCES
stablefluidrecoverywas obtained,.reaulting in expe-
.
rimentaltimesrangingfromseveraldays.toseveral
1. Bobak,J.E.,
weeks.
Matt~x,C.C. and Denekas,M.O.,
:PE ;785 L. CtlIEC,D. LONGI
Displacementwere performed,,,in Hassler-typecore
holder,operatingat a constantpressuregradient.The
swaptvolumesof the two displacementincludedin the
presenttestwere of about10 pore volumes.
The waternettabilityindexrwwas evaluatedso
that :
_ amountof oil dfsplacedby brineby imbibition
r
w amountof oil displacedby IAneby imbibition
and displacement
and an oil nettabilityindexr. :
r=
amountof brinedisplacedby oilby,imbibition
o amountof brinedisplacedby oil <byimbibition
and displacement
For a preferentially waterwet rock,r~ ia nil or
small,rw is all the closerto 1 as the affinityfor
water is great.
When the rock ia preferentiallyoil wet, the
valuesof the two ratiosare reversed,
In the caseof a rockwith intermediateor neutral
nettability,the two ratiosare nil or closeto zero.
The differencerw - r. ia alsoused and rangas
from+ 1 to - 1 betweena highly waterwet rockand
highlyoil wet rock.
Pre~arationof samplesforwettabilit~teata
--- .------- -.--q.-- ----------------- ------
When wattabi?~tyis evaluatedupon reception,the
gas phaseis replacedby SoltrOloil, and a short
)N, J . PACSIRSZY 29
EIoodis performedwith thisproduct.For a cleanand
iryreck sample,brinesaturationis performed,follo-
uedby a Soltroloil flood.The factof 8XactlYress
?ectingthe in-situsaturationvaluesfor the fnvesti.
~ationconsidereddoesnothave the same importanceas
uhensamplesare used for simulatingrecoverymecha-
nismsduringspecificexperiments.
For a rock sample
Ilagedlt with reservoirfluidssa
shsrtsweepwas performedwith Soltroloil (1 to 2 PV),
so as to change the nature of the oil in the sample.
Cleanin~sam@es
----------- ---
Cleaningis carriedout by displacementat tempe-
raturesranging from60 to 90C.All the procedures
beginwith a circulationof toluene,a good SOIVeIIt
Eor asphaltenes.Then variousmethodswere tested:
. a successionof non-polarsolvents(cyclohexane,
heptana);
Ilacidt! type solvents,i.e.chloroform)ethanols
,
methanol;
.
IIbasic!! type solvents,i.e.dioxane,dimethyl-
formamide,pyridbie;
. mixtureof solvents,i.e.methanol+ acatone +
toluene.
Dryingia carriedout at 85C for two daysunder
partialvacuum.
When none of the previousprocedure makesthe
rockpreferentially waterwet in the presenceof refi-
ledoil,more complextestsare perfo~ed by combining
theaboveprocedures,usingothersolvents,and increa-
singcirculationtimes.
.
.,
d upon raccpt ton
TABLS 1 . sWLUATI DN OF TSS HBT2AB
SAW D16PMC-By
mm 60LTROL OIL
I t-=---
1
5
6
.*
.*
.*
LTTVOF TNS RESERVOIR G - RWK UPLtl RSC8PTION, AFTER CLSANRiG, M2ER RSSZOSATI ON.
WSTT ABILITY TEST
0
I
34.5
I
-
I
.40.5
I
o
.
non wailcblo
b) After clmnina
Clemimp procgdura($CCAppendix)
4 meqwnca of non Folar-aolvant* 62.5 12;5 0.s 49.5 0 13.5
5 m2xtur* of nolvmts 51,5 3 12 36,5 1
2
21
,, ,,
?6 1.4.5 o 61.5 0
1
16.5
basic.typesol vants 83 13 2 6a o
6
18
acid.typasolvants S1.5 o 50 31.5 22 30
.
C) After r9#tWrati0n
BY OIL I -ABIL32Y 2NMCSS
.
0.27 0.15
0 0.44
0 1
63 0.96 0
58.5 0.2 0,05
7s 1 0
86 0,87 0
83.5 0 0.42
[
4
5
-. 5
4
3
2
1
3
1,5
10
67
6a
163
331
1150
3264
87
60.5
57.5
$?
75
7s
78
(91)
o
1.5
2.5
5
2
7
6.5
s
26.5
14
14.5
32
42.5
37.5
16
29
4,5
1
0.5
11,5
14
2
10
1
23
12.5
18
29
21,5
23
11.5
9
TABL22 . SVALLIATIDN OF TN3 !JBTTAB3LI TY OF TES RSSSRV02S b - RWK WON RECEPTI ON; AP2E& CLMNI NG, AF1SR RESTORATION.
a) uDOn raaant ion
o 0.16
0.097 , 0.07
0.15 0.03
0.13 O*2R
0.044 0.39
0.16 Ooctl
0.29 0.46
0.15 0.10
DISP2ACEFEfiT NETTABILITY
E:
TS ST
EY SOLTROL03L
. -
ISOISITIUi XN BR33iE D3BFMC~ BY BRINE I~3BITIGN DISPMCEP. .N2 BY 02L
I N OIL
UsTMB2LX, ~lCM
s% OILDISP3ACSD Z w 03L DISP3ACED Ser %
Oi
BR~zE~. SR3NS OISPL . s,, 7. To w~t~r
%W
To oi l
%99
w e
1
-
2.5 61 . 42 0 - 0.04 1
2
.*
1.5 66 . 49 0 0.02 .- 1
3
-* 2 61.5 . 47 0 . 0,03 1
4 1.5 62 . 45 0 . 0.02
G ;
1
5 2 69.5 .
51.5 0 . 0.03 1
* non avatlablo
b) After CI Wl i l l s
- ~
CIUnsnS procadura (sac Gppmd2x) I
4 mquc nc a of non-polar solvmm 86 6.5 49,5 30 0 57!,5 88.5 0.12 0
1 Klxtur* of mlvmts 75 5.5 51 3s.5 2,25 56.5 77,25 0.1 0.04
5+ Kaxturc of Golvmlts 87 6,5 3n 22.5 4 54.5 81 0.1 0.07
2 tmic.typaSolvmts 79.5 7 53.5 19 1 56,5 76.5 0,11 0.02
3 Gidc-ty9aSOI%QCG 77 9 43.5 24.5 1.5 50.5 76.5 0,17 0.03
c)Aftarr.ataurmkn
5 4
.
70.5 1
2 72 74.5 1
4 186 87.5 0.5
3 427 70 0.5
I
1
I
643
I
75
I
1 .s
64.5 5 44.5 13 62.5 0.02 0.77
61.5 12 48.5 2,5 63 0.02 0.95
53 34 44.5 10.5 89 0.01 0.81
59.5 _ 10 31 26.5 67.5 0.01 0.54
58 15.5 33
ZR.5 77 0.02 0.54
TABLE 3 .
CHARACTERISTICSOF ROCK SAMPLR~
.-
POROUSMEDIA
I 1 I I
VugvlarLimestone nl
I
40
I
4.6
I
39
I
25.3
1 -1
------ ----- ---- ----- ----- -
t I
----- ----- ---
FontainebleauSandstone
I
40
I
4,6
I
340
I
12.7
- 1 - i
. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - -
+- - - - - - - l - - - - - -
JugularLimestone n02
I 40 I 4*6I 154126*2
FLUIDS
ReservoirOilnl
T = 93C
,- -- - - -- - .
ReeervoirOiln2
T = f35C
.----- ----
ixturecl-c4-cli
T =85C
,- -- -- - - - .
titurecl-c4
T = 71C
TABLE 4
.
PROPERTIESOF FLUIDS
I
BUBBLE POINT VOLUMEFACTOR
PRESSUREPb at Pb
T
1
----- .------
141.0 1.316
139,2 1.870
113.9
l=
DISSOLVED
SAS ae Pb
200.0
-----
91.2
200,0
e.-- - -
00
VISCOSITY
at Pb
(10-3Pa.s)
0.35
-- - - --
0.55
0.15
0.046
NTERFAC14
TENSION
(UNh)
4.0
-----
6.40
-----
1.21
-----
0.12
..
TMLB 5
DE!&TICtl... HATECW~DINC

Vugulax Limestone n 1 Reservoir Oiln 1

RUN n 1 2 3 4 5 6
RlIT3AL
s%
Wi
42.0 21. 5 16.9 10.3 9.9 4.6
C~ITIONS Methodof
~stablishingSvt I II III N III 111
P - 216 bars
Soi % 58.0 78.5 S3.1 89.7 90.1 95.4
k
ro
0.31 0.61 0.64 0.75 0.80 0.83
mm Swi z 42.0 21.5 16.9 10.3 9.9 4.6
sol % 51,2 69.7 73.4 79.3 79.7 84.5
DEPLETION
s%
gl
6,8 8.S 9.7 lo.k 10.4 10.9
AT 191 bars
S;l. s fs
@ 01
11.7 11.2 11.7 11.6 11.5 11.4
k
ro
0.16 0.24 0,16 0.16 0.18 0.22
...-.
AFTER
s% 35..
or
41.6 42*9 46.6 47.6 55.7
s% 6.8 8.8 9.7
@
10.4 10.4 10.9
PLQOD
Sw z 5S.2 49,6 47.4 43.0 42.0 33.4
(sol-sor)/sol 0.316 0.403 0.416 0.412 0.403 0.341
-
TABLE 6
EFFEq OF SWi ~ S
go
POROUSMEDIA FLUID Swi (7W) 3dlTIiOD OF S5C
p,t %
EST:BLISH3NG ~% ~, s
Wi
?ONTALNEBLSAU remrvoir 32.5 I 18.0 26.7
oil II*2
SANDSTCWE i6.5 III 14.0 16.8
0 11.0
k=340m&
11.0
------ -- .----- ------ ..----- ------
= :2.7%
c1 - C4 - Clo
42,3
I 15.7 27.2
24.5 III 9.0 11.9
9.0 111 6,8 7.5
0 -
4.4 4.4
------ -- .----- ------- ..----- ------
c1 - C4
54.3 I 18.3 40.0
34.7 111 26.4 40.5
0 la.0 18.0
WGDIAR
C1-C4-C10
72.3 I
.-..-.
11.7 42.2
LIlD3ST~E s*2 46.9 111 17.1 32.2
k = 154 md 31.1 III 15.0 21,8
6 = 26,2% o .
8.6 8.6
.
*
I
SAWPLSSUFON
MCEFTION
I
CUANING
I
n
COMPARISON OF TKE
RSSULTS ANO
RSCOMtCENDATIONS
Saturation WITH
RSSERVOIR FLUIDS
AND AGING UNJ)ER
RSSERVOIR CONDITIONS
I /
WSTTABILITY
EVALUATION
FI G, 1- METHOD FOR OBTAI NI NG RESERVOIR ROCK SAMPLES WITH SURFACE PROPER-
TI ES AS REPRESENTATIVE AS POSSIBLE,
, -0.5
6
-
.1
G
G
G
G
-1~------ 1
1
1
10
{OE
I &
h
10
Aging time, in haure
FIG, 2 - NETTABILITY VARIATION VERSUS ROCK-FLUID AGING ; I ME, UNDER RESERVOI R CONDI TI ONS FOR
RESERVOI R A,
(rw-ro) +1 a
g
~ +o.5-
1
Average for cleaned samples
SE 2 ~
1!
~
\
\
1-0.5-
\
-
-~
G *
.=
0
-
G
G
-1-r
G
-.,--- ---
..
1 I h
..
1 10 102 103
Aging time, in kre
;~:LR:o;R~k:TABI LITY VARIATION VERSUS ROCK-FLUID AG1 NG TIME, UNDER RESERVOIR COilDITIONS FOR
t-
.. . .. .. . -. -. ..
-.. . -- -- - - -. x
I I -.
-- --. -- -. . L- - L- . ..
! .i
Il!!l
*,. .
.
~
~1
I
, 14
I
i
----1 ..
.
.. -.- . ...._
---------------- -1
I --- - -----_-L -----
J
I
1
2-3
4
5.6
7
t
Con hof hr and por ous mw 7um 9-10 Ab$olute #OSWIV t f M7SdUCOf
c el l #om@o of f l ul W8 11 Wi t h dt uw l w t c w ot i c pump
Di 8pbc * mont pump 12 Wet t. etgos mot or
Sm?kpr ow ur o r q?ut i t ar WI W 13 Ther mi st or
60s. l i ~t d seporotw M Smonf i ol r ec or ~or
Pf f or ent i ol pr e8sut vt r ansdmr 15 4i r t emp8mt um & i h
F] s,4 - SCHEMATI C DI AGRAM OF THE APPARATUS FOR DISPLACEMENT STUDIES t
Sor
G
0102
1
1 1
Initial water Sotumtion , Swi%
om-
0. 40
0. 30-
0. 20
%
Oa
o.1o-
0 *
1
0 10
1
I A
Mettmh for n.
_hin ~.
r
A
s
I
After Depletion
?
A=
Initial Water Saturation %
P FI G, 6- OI L RELATI VE PERMEABI LI TY VERSUS Swl ~
. .

4{
.-
J!
1 T
I
=-F
?
.
-
%
10 20
m
,
1 1
~ Fontoinebteou %
cl . C, . c, o
/ po
.

$
.
Mone:
~ Fontoinebleou Sondetone:
Reeertair Oil nc2
o~ Limeetone n*2
c, - c4. c~o
~m ~nttoi nebl eou Sondetone:
I
L
(+,
I I
,
G
)40s0s07080
Swi (% W )
FI G, 7 - EFFECT OF SW1 ON sGet