THIT B TCH PHA (BALLON)

I. Nguyn l c bn:
Thng thng mt ballon phi m bo hai chc nng:
+ Qu trnh tch gia cc pha c m bo.

+ Bo m thi gian lu ca cc pha lng.
1.1. Qu trnh tch cc pha:
Ballon cho php tch nhng git lng ra khi pha lin tc c th l hi hoc lng.
a) Pha lin tc l pha hi:
Vn tc pha hi phi m bo ch yu trnh hin tng cun theo nhng git
lng khng mong mun. Tr nhng trng hp c bit, qu trnh thit k ballon da vo
nhng gi thit sau:
+ Nhng git lng c xem nh hnh cu v cng.
+ ng knh ca git lng ny l 80m.
+ C th p dng nh lut Newton khi: 1000 < Re < 200000.
Ngi ta nh ngha, i vi pha hi, vn tc ti hn Vc li cun nhng git
lng chnh bng vn tc ti a ca git lng tch khi pha hi.
1 048 . 0 =
v
l
Vc

Vn tc ln nht ca pha hi Va l mt hm ca Vc v h s k. H s k ny ph
thuc vo tng loi ballon v m lc loi b lng.
Va kVc.
Gi tr k c chp nhn nh sau:
+ Ballon ng khng thit b m lc: k = 0,8 ;
+ Ballon ng c thit b m lc:
p sut b: k = 1,7;
p sut chn khng: k = 1,2;
+ Ballon nm: k = 1,7.
b) Pha lin tc l pha lng:
Thng thng y l hn hp hydrocacbon v nc, v c th l:
+ Hidrocacbon phn tn trong nc, trng hp ny nc l pha lin tc.
+ Nc phn tn trong hydrocac bon, trng hp ny hydrocacbon l pha lin tc.
Ngoi tr nhng trng hp c bit, khi tnh ton thit k ballon ngi ta chp
nhn gi thit sau:
+ Nhng git lng l nhng ht hnh cu cng;
+ ng knh bnh thng ca nhng ht hnh cu ny l 100m;
Trong trng hp tch kh khn do nht ca hai pha lin tc cao hoc khi
lng ring ca hai pha tng ng nhau, ngi ta chp nhn hiu sut gn thp
trnh trng hp ballon qu di.
C s tnh ton:
+ Trn c s ng knh git lng l 100m.
+ C kh nng ng knh git lng tng ln n 500m t n chiu di ti
a ca ballon l 10m.
+ Trong trng hp s gn qu kh khn hoc lu lng qu ln ngui ta chp
nhn ballon di qu 10m.
1.2. Thi gian lu:
Thi gian lu phn ln c c nh bi nhng yu cu v iu khin v qu trnh
thit k ballon.
Ngoi cc trng hp c bit thi gian lu b nht c xem xt gia hai mc
HLL v LLL nh sau:
+ Ballon tip liu ca mt phn xng: 30 pht;
+ Ballon hi lu: 5 pht;
+ Sn phm v bn cha: 2 pht;
+ Ballon tip liu cho ct chng ct :
- Di qu trnh iu khin lu lng:15 pht;
- Di qu trnh iu khin ni tip lu lng v mc: 8 pht;
+ Lng nc trong botte: 2 pht.
Nu mt ballon c nhiu ng dng th ch mt thi gian lu uc xem xt, l
thi gian lu ln nht.
1.3. La chn loi ballon:
Trong mt ballon nm ngang khong khng dnh cho pha hi i qua c bao
gm phn din tch pha trn ca mc cao nht d kin ca ballon, i vi ballon ng
tit din i qua ca pha hi chnh l tit din nm ngang ca ballon.
Ty theo tng trng hp m c nhiu cch chn ballon khc nhau. Nu nguyn
liu vo cha mt lng hi ln v mt lu lng lng b th chn ballon ng l tt
nht v tit din ngang ca ballon chnh l tit din hi i qua. V d: trong trng hp
ballon trn ng ht ca my nn c mc ch l khng cha mt lng lng no vo
my nn, nu khng s lm cho my nn rung v dn n h hng my nn.
Ballon nm thng s dng khi cha nguyn liu v cc sn phm ca thit b phn ng
hoc lng nc.
1.4. ng knh v t s L/D:
a) ng knh b nht:
Do nhng rng buc khi lp t cc thit b iu khin dn n nhng yu cu v
ng knh ti thiu ca ballon. Tr nhng trng hp c bit, thng thng ng
knh ca ballon phi tho mn nhng yu cu sau:
+ Ballon nm mt phng (c hoc khng c botte): D 800mm;
+ Ballon nm c hai phng: D 1000mm;
+ Ballon ng: D 600mm.
b) ng knh ln nht:
Tr nhng trng hp ngoi l hoc yu cu ca khch hng th thng thng
ng knh ti a ca ballon: d < 3500mm.
c) T l L/D:
T l gia chiu di v ng knh (L/D) ca ballon ph thuc vo p sut lm
vic. Tr nhng trng hp c bit, t l H/D phi tun theo quy tc sau:

p sut (bar tng i) L/D
P < 20
20 < p < 80
80 < p < 150
P >150
3
34
45
56

Thng thng i vi ballon nm th t l L/D c th thay i. i vi ballon
ng m c ng knh bi tit din pha hi i qua ln c th dn n chiu di rt ln
khng ph hp vi qu trnh.
1.5. Thit b m lc:
Hot ng ca m lc ny c tc dng m bo s lin kt li ca nhng git
lng phn tn trong pha hi cho qu trnh tch c trit . N c cu to rt n
gin l mt tm li kim loi, hiu sut hot ng ph thuc vo vn tc pha hi, hiu
sut lm vic cao nht khi 0,8Vc Va 1,7Vc.
Tn tht p sut khi qua thit b loi b lng ny nh (<10
-3
bar i vi vn tc hi
<2m/s) nn c th b qua s tn tht p sut ny.
Vt liu ch to ballon thay i tu thuc theo qu trnh n mn ca cc lu th.
Thng thng bn trong ballon l thp cacbon, bn ngoi l thp hp kim thp. Trong
nhng trng hp c bit, ballon lm vic trong iu kin khc nghit (p sut cao, mi
trng n mn) c th s dng thp 304.
Ty thuc loi nguyn liu m ngi ta s dng cc loi vt liu sau:
Nguyn liu Vt liu
Axit HNO
3
, phn on du m
Dung dch cha axit naphtennic, n mn
Cha hi nc, nc, HNO
3

Thc phm
Dung dch c n mn rt cao
Thp 304
Thp 316
Thp 403
Titanium
Teflon
1.6. m tch loi:
Mc ch: tch cc ht lng phn tn trong pha lng, qu trnh tch oc thc
hin bi s kt dnh. Nhng ht lng i qua m s bm ln cc si trong m, gp li
vi nhau v ln dn ln, qu trnh ny ng dng cho git c kch c >100m. Mun tng
hiu qu lm vic ca m th pha phn tn phi lm t b mt ca m, v vy tu loi
dung dch m ta chn vt liu lm m cho thch hp:
+ i vi nc phn tn trong hydrocacbon: chn m bng kim loi;
+ i vi du phn tn trong nc: chn m bng vt liu tng hp.
1.7. Cc loi y ballon:
Thng thng l hnh elip vi t l trc di: trc ngn l 1,9 : 1. Trong thc t
ngi ta ly t l 2:1 khi thit k.
i vi ballon lm vic p sut cao (>80 bar eff) th y c dng hnh bn cu.
i vi cc ballon c ng knh < 600mm th y s dng vng kp.
Hnh 1: Cc mc trong ballon
Trong qu trnh tnh ton th y ca ballon c th b qua v cc l do sau:
+ Th tch y xem nh l mt h s an ton.
+ Thng thng trong qu trnh thit k ngi ta khng quan tm n loi y
c s dng. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh ci tin, th tch y phi c tnh n.
Ch :
Th tch ca mt y hnh elip c th c tnh theo cng thc sau:
p
D
V
T
12
3

=
Vi:
V
T
: th tch ton b y.
p: t s trc di : trc ngn.
D: ng knh y.
Trong trng hp ballon nm c y hnh elip, chiu cao mc cht lng trong
l H th ta tnh th tch cht lng y nh sau:

=
D
H
D
H
V
V
T
H
2 3
2

Vi:
V
T
c tnh cng thc trn, th ta s tnh c V
H
,
chnh l th tch lng trong y vi chiu cao H.
Trong trng hp y ballon l hnh cu th cng thc
tnh V
T
ch thay i t l trc p = 1.
1.8. Cch gi tn cc mc:
LSHH (Level Swich High High): mc ct cao nht,
dng ct hot ng ca my nn.
HLL (High Liquid Level): mc cao ca lng;
LAH (Level Alarm High): mc cnh bo cao,
cnh bo cht lng c th dng cao.
LAL (Level Alarm Low): mc cnh bo thp, cnh bo cht lng c th xung
thp.
LLL (Low Liquid Level): mc thp ca cht lng.
LSLL (Level Swich Low Low): mc ct thp nht, dng ct hot ng ca bm
cht lng.
LT (Lign Tangence): mp ca ballon.
Ch : Mc cht lng ballon hot ng bnh thng NLL (Normal Liquid Level)
khng phi nm c nh ti mt v tr m n c th dch chuyn gia hai v tr HLL v
LLL, nhng khi xem xt th mc NLL ny nm ti v tr 50% gia mc cao nht v thp
nht.
II. Thit k cc loi ballon:
2.1. Balon ng thng thng (ballon vertical classique):
Gi D l ng knh ca ballon. ng knh D ny phi tha mn nhng yu cu:
+ Vv KVc.
+ Bo m thi gian lu.
+ T l L/D phi m bo.
Trong : Vv: vn tc pha hi [m/s];
Vc: vn tc ti hn [m/s];
K: h s ph thuc vo tng loi thit b, c thit b m lc hay khng.
ng knh b nht cn thit c xc nh trong trng hp lu lng pha hi i
qua ln nht. Lu lng ln nht ca pha hi xc nh theo gi tr sau
v l
v
Qv

. Nu
khng c pha lng (ballon trc my nn) th t trng ca pha lng ngi ta c nh l
600kg/m
3
.
Nu pha hi qu b th ng knh c xc nh bi th tch lng c trong ballon
v t l L/D. Trong trng hp ny ngoi cc iu kin trn th ta xc nh vn tc ca
pha hi theo cc gi tr sau:
+ 0,8Vc: nu khng c thit b m lc.
+ 1,7Vc: nu c thit b m lc.
Nu khng c pha hi th s khng c thit b m lc (matelas liminateur) v
ballon c thit k da vo lng lng c trong ballon v t l L/D.
Qu trnh thit k c thc hin nh sau:
+ H1 = 0 nu khng c thit b m.
+H1 = 0 vi y hnh cu ngay c khi c thit b m lc.
+H2: thng c c nh bi gi tr 150mm (y l b dy ca thit b m lc).
+H2=0 nu khng c thit b m lc.
Hnh 2: Ballon ng thng thng.
+H3=2d: nu c thit b m lc. Vi d l ng knh ng np liu;
+H3=max (150+
2
DIAM
; 2d): nu khng c thit b m lc.
Gi tr DIAM ca mt ng c xc nh theo bng 1. Gi tr ny chnh l gi tr
ca ng knh ng cng thm gi tr hn ng ny vo thit b.
+H4=

+ +
2
300
2
3 . 0
d d
D
Khong cch ny c xc nh m bo s i qua ca pha hi t b lch dng
(dfecteur) n mc cao nht ca lng.
+H4 d+200
+H5: c c nh bng 0.2H6.
Trong trng hp tng qut dng hot ng ca my nn th tn ti mc LSHH
trnh trng hp cht lng dng qu cao lm cho pha hi ln nhiu lng c th lm h
hi my nn. Ngi vn hnh phn ln s c cnh bo bi mt ci n ni vi thit b
iu khin, n ny c t di mc HLL.
Nu mc cht lng ln hn LSHH th s lm dng my nn. trnh tnh trng
dng my t ngt ny, khi thit k cn phi b tr mt thi gian gi l thi gian can
thip (temps dintervention) gia hai
mc HAL v LDHH ngi vn hnh
c th c thi gian x l khng cho
mc cht lng vt qua mc LSHH.
Nu khng c mc LSHH th
H5=0.
H6: c tnh chnh l thi gian
lu ca cht lng trong ballon. Trong
trng hp ballon khng c pha lng (v
d nh ballon trn ng ht ca my
nn) th chng ta ly gi tr l 300mm.
H6 c xc dnh theo cng thc sau:
2
4
6
D
T Q
H
S L

=
Vi:
Q
L
: lu lng pha lng;
Hnh 3 : Ballon tip liu
Ts: thi gian lu ca lng trong ballon, [s];
D: ng knh ca ballon [m];
Phi bo m t s L/D sao cho ph hp vi p sut, bng cch thay i D v H6
trong khi c nh Ts.
H
7
c nh bng 0,2 H
6
.
Tng t nh H
5
,

nu mc lng thp hn LSLL c th lm dng hot ng ca
bm sn phm. Cn phi b tr mt mc cnh bo, m thi gian t mc cnh bo n
mc LSLL ln hn hay bng thi gian can thip ca ngi vn hnh.
Mc ct LSLL ny s dng trong cc trng hp sau:
+ Lng c a ra khi bm: LSLL s dng bm;
+ Tun hon lng t ballon: LSLL s dng bm tun hon.
H
8
: Khong cch t mc thp nht LSLL (hoc LLL) n mp di ca thit b
thng c c nh v bng 300mm. y ch l gi tr trung bnh, tu cu trc tng
ballon m gi tr ny c th thay i.
H9 v H10: y l khong cch gia mc n cnh bo v cc mc HLL v LLL.
Chng c xc nh nh sau:
Nu khng c cc mc ct (LSLL v LSHH) th h9 v h10 c tnh tng ng
vi 10% thi gian lu.
Nu c cc mc ct (LSLL v LSHH): H9 v H10
c tnh tng ng vi thi gian 30% thi gian lu.
2.2.2. Thit k ballon tip liu (ballon de charge):
Cu to v v tr cc mc c miu t nh hnh 3.
Nu gi D l dng knh trong ca ballon, th ng
knh D ny phi tho mn cc rng buc sau:
+ Bo m thi gian lu.
+ T l L/D tha mn theo rng buc ca p sut.
ng knh D c tnh theo cng thc sau:

3
4
H
T Q
D
L
S L

=
Trong :
D: ng knh ca ballon, [m];
Q
L
: lu lng pha lng, [kg/s];

L
: khi lng ring lng, [kg/m
3
];
H
3
: cao hu ch gia mc HLL-LLL, [m];
T l L/D c th t c nh s thay i D v H
3
vi thi gian lu c nh.
Cc on H
2
,H
4
,H
6
, H
7
:
Vi s tn ti cc mc ct cao (LSHH) v mc ct thp (LSLL) th 4 khong cch
ny c di bng nhau. Bn khong cch ny c tnh da trn c s l thi gian can
thip (tems dintervention) gia mc n v mc ct l 5 pht. V vy cc on H
2
, H
4
,
H
6
, H
7
c tnh theo thi gian lu l 2,5 pht.
Nu khng c mc ct th H
2
= 0 v H
4
= 0.2H
1
;
H
1
: + Nu c mc LSHH : H1= 500mm.
Nu khng c mc LSHH : H
1
ly gi tr ln nht ca hai gi tr l :500mm v
cao tnh c vi thi gian lu l 2,5 pht gia 2 mc LT v HLL.
H5: +Vi s c mt ca LSLL: H5=300mm .
+ Nu khng c mt ca LSLL: H5 ly gi tr ln nht ca hai gi tr sau: 300 mm
v chiu cao tnh c ng vi thi gian l 2,5 pht gia mp di ballon LT v LLL.
Ballon de charge ny khc vi ballon ng c in l v tr ng np liu. ng np liu
ca ballon ng c in mc trn nht (LSHH), v vy lng hi c th thot ra d
dng. Cn v tr ng np liu ca ballon de charge nm di mc thp nht (LSLL), do
nguyn liu vo l cht lng qu lnh v vy lng hi xem nh l khng c. Nu nguyn
liu vo c cha mt lng hi no th khng dng ballon de charge v ng tip liu
nm di v lng hi s lm khuy ng khng m bo qu trnh lng.
2.3. Ballon ng tch 3 pha (sparteur triphasique vertical):
Cu to v nh ngha cc mc theo hnh 4.
Loi ballon ny c dng cho qu trnh tch 3 pha: pha hi, pha hydrocacbon
lng v nc. Nguyn liu ca ballon ny thng l cc sn phm i ra t cc thit b
phn ng c p sut cao v d qu trnh hydocracking. Loi ballon ng ny thng dng
gim gi thnh thit b do s dng p sut cao, khong 150 bar. Vi p sut ny th
kh nng lng vi thit b ballon ng tt hn ballon nm.
+ ng knh ca m lc c xc nh da vo vn tc pha hi
Hnh 4: Ballon ng ba pha.
1 048 . 0 7 . 1 7 . 1 = =
V
L
Vc Vv

, [m/s] v lu lng pha hi Qv [m

3
/s]. Ta tnh
c din tch ca m lc theo cng thc
sau:
Vv
Qv
S
D
= , [m
2
].
T din tch ny ta tnh dc ng
knh m lc theo cng thc sau:

D
S 4
D
D
= , [m ].
Cc mc hydrocacbon lng c xc
nh nh sau:
tnh ng knh trong ca ballon,
ngi ta da trn c s l: c nh thi gian
lu Ts v c nh chiu cao hu ch gia hai
mc HLL LLL = H
6
= 2D.
Ta c cng thc sau:
L
S L
T Q
D

= 2
4
D
2
;
Vy ta xc nh ng knh ballon:

L
S L
T Q
D
2
3 = , [m].
Vi: QL: lu lng lng, [kg/m
3
];
Ts: thi gian lu lng,[s];

L
: khi lng ring ca hidrocacbon, [kg/m
3
].
Sau em so snh D
m lc
v D
ballon
. Nu D
m lc
> D
ballon
th ta chn ng
knh ballon chnh l ng knh m lc.
+ H
2
: b dy ca m lc, c c nh bi gi tr 150mm.
+ H
3
: khong cch t m lc n tm ng tip liu. H
3
=2d; vi d l ng knh
ng tip liu. Tu theo lu lng ca nguyn liu m ta chn ng knh thch hp.
H
4
: khong cch t tm ng tip liu n mc cao nht ca pha hydrocacbon lng
(LSHH (HC)). Khong cch ny phi bo m c ng i ca pha hi t b lch
dng (defecteur) n mc cao nht LSHH. H
4
=0,3D+

+
2
300
2
d d
, [mm].
H
6
: y l chiu cao hu ch gia hai mc HLL v LLL ca pha hydrocacbon lng
v c tnh theo hai cch sau:
H
6
=2D;
L
S L
D
T Q
H

2
4
6 = .
+ H
5
: - Nu c mc ct LSHH th H
5
=0,6H6;
- Nu khng c LSHH th H
5
=0.
+ H
7
: - Nu c mc ct LSHH th H
7
=0,6H6;
- Nu khng c mc ct LSHH th H
7
=0.
+ H
9
v H
10
: y l khong cch gia mc n cnh bo v cc mc HLL v LLL.
c xc nh nh sau:
Nu khng c cc mc ct (LSLL v LSHH): H
9
v H
10
c tnh tng ng vi
thi gian10% thi gian lu.
Nu c cc mc ct (LSLL v LSHH): H
9
v H
10
c tnh tng ng vi thi
gian 30% thi gian lu.
+ H
8
: khong cch gia mc thp nht ca pha hydrocacbon lng (LSLL ca HC)
v pha nc (LSHH ca nc). c tnh tng ng vi thi gian lu l 2 pht, vy H
8

c xc nh nh sau:
L
L
D
Q
H

2
2 4
8

=
+ H
11
: bng 0,2 thi gian lu ca nc. V y l ballon ng nn cao t l
thun vi thi gian lu khi lu lng c nh, v vy: H11=0,2H
12
.
+ H
12
: y l chiu cao hu ch gia hai mc HLL v LLL ca nc.
Thi gian lu ca nc trong thit b ny l: 5 pht.
+ H
13
: khong cch gia mc LLL (cng l LT) v mc LSLL ca pha nc. H
13

thng c c nh bi gi tr D/4.
- Nu tn ti mc thp nht (LSLL ca pha nc), th ta chng minh c rng
thi gian lu trong vng ny ln hn 20% thi gian lu ca nc trong vng HLL-LLL
(nc).
- Th tch trong khong H
13
vi chiu cao (LSHH ca nc) vi chiu cao D/4
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
+ H
14
: y l khong cch gia mc lu HLL v mc n HAL ca pha nc.
Khong cch ny c tnh nh sau:
Hnh 4 : Ballon tch cc.
Nu khng c mc ct cao (LSHH ca nc): H
15
tng ng vi thi gian lu l
10% thi gian lu ca nc.
- H
15
: y l khong cch gia n LAL v mc thp LLL. Khong cch c xc
nh ging H
15.

- Nu khng c mc ct cao (LSLL ca nc): H
16
tng ng vi thi gian lu l
30% thi gian lu ca nc.
+ m hp dnh (Matelas coalesceur): c ngn dc trong ballon t mc LSLL
ca pha hydrocacbon lng n mc LL lng ca nc.
2.2.4. Thit k ballon tch cc (ballon de decokage):
Ballon tch thng c t trn
ng sn phm ra ca mt l t hoc
ca mt thit b ti sinh xc tc bng cch
t cc (v d thit b ti sinh xc tc ca
phn xng FCC). Vai tr ca n lm lnh
dng lu th kh v by cc ht rn bng
nc, ng thi n c nhng mc ch ph
l sn xut hi nc v thu hi cc. Cu
to ballon de decockage nh hnh 4.
Qu trnh thit k ballon tch cc
gm 2 bc sau:
1. Xc nh lu lng vo v ra.
2. Thit k ballon.
2.2.4.1. Xc nh lu lngvo v ra:
Ngi ta chp nhn rng nguyn liu vo ballon ny ch trng thi kh v xem
kh ny c lu lng n nh. V mt l do l nguyn liu vo ballon tch cc chnh l
ng ra ca sn phm ca l t hoc thit b ti sinh xc tc bng cch t cc.
Ballon ny hot ng di p sut kh quyn c c nh bi hai iu kin sau:
- Khi lng phn t ca nguyn liu: MW=18g/mole.
- p sut: P=1atm.
Cc iu kin ca u vo:
+ Lu lng khi lng pha hi: Qvap, [kg/h];
+ Nhit pha hi: 500
o
C;
+ Lu lng nc lm lnh: Qw, [kg/h];
+ Nhit nc lm lnh: Tw, [
o
C]
Cc iu kin u ra:
+ Lu lng pha hi bng lu lng pha hi vo cng vi 40% lu lng nc b
bc hi nhit 160
o
C: Qvap+0.4Qw, [kg/h];
+ Pha lng bao gm 60% lu lng nc lm lnh cha b bc hi nhit
80
o
C. Entanpi ca hi nc cc nhit nh sau:
H (hi nc, 500
o
C, 1atm) = 835kcal/kg;
H (hi nc, 160
o
C, 1atm) = 671kcal/kg.
Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng:
Qvap835+Qw Tw = Qvap 671+0.4Qw 671+ 0.6 Qw 80.
Xem nc lng c entanphi=1kcal/kg;
Bit c Qvap v Tw ta s tnh c Qw.
+ Pha hi: Qvap + 0.4 Qw ;
+ Pha lng: 0.6Qw;
Khi lng ring ca pha hi c tnh nh hi nc:

hi vo
=
500 273
273
4 . 22
18
+
=0.28kg/m
3
(hi nc 500
o
C,1at);

hi ra
=
160 273
273
4 . 22
18
+
=0.51kg/m
3
(hi nc 160
o
C,1at);

2.2.4.2. Thit k ballon tch cc (ballon decokage):
+ ng knh D: c xc nh da vo vn tc pha hi v lu lng hi i ra
nh sau: Vv=2Vc.
+ H1=150+
2
) (d DIMA
.
+DIMA: mt gi tr suy ra t d bng 1.
+H2=1.5d;
+H3=D;
+H4=D/2.
2.2.5. Thit k ballon nm c botte hoc khng c botte (ballon horizontal avec ou
sans botte):
Cu to v s b tr cc mc nh hnh 5.
Trong trng hp c s lng nc th ballon c thm mt botte lng nc nhm
mc ch trnh cho chiu di ca ballon tr nn qu di bi s lng nc ca pha th ba.
Gi D: ng knh trong ca ballon.
Qu trnh tnh ton phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
+ C mt vng cho pha hi i qua gia mc trn cng (LSLL hoc HLL nu
khng c mc LSHH) v mp trn ca ballon (LT), vi vn tc ca pha hi l: Vv=KVc.
+ Bo m thi gian lu ca lng.
+ Bo m t l L/D tho mn.
Vic tnh ton c thc hin bng phng php gn ng lin tc vi s gi thit
ca ng knh hoc th tch tng. Tc l ta chn mt ng knh hoc th tch tng bt
k, sau tnh cc kch thc khc, ly kt qu so snh vI yu cu t ra, sau c th
tng hoc gim gi tr ban u cho kt qu ph hp th thi. y l phng php tnh lp.

Quan h gia cao v din tch mt hnh trn (hnh 6).
Gi Ad: phn din tch hnh qut chim bi dy cung AB;
At: din tch ca hnh trn;
H: CD;
D: ng knh ca hnh trn;
a: gc (OA,OC);

Hnh 6 : Quan h cao v din tch.
Ta c: H = OC-OE;
Suy ra: H=
2 2
D D
cos(a);
Vy ta c:
2
cos(a)
2
1
=
D
H
(1);
Ta c:
8
) sin(
4
2 2
a D aD
S S Ad
OAB OACB
= = ;
M ta c: At=
4
2
D
;
Vy ta c:
2
) 2 sin( 2
At
a a Ad
= (2).
Vy ta c th chuyn d dng t quan h
D
H
v
At
Ad
thng qua a.
Tnh ton cc mc:
+ H1: c tnh ton theo vn tc pha hi Vv v lu lng hi Qv, ta s tnh c
tit din pha hi i qua, ta s suy ra c H1qua quan h
D
H
v
At
Ad
. Nhng gi tr H1
nay khng nh hn 300mm v 0,2D. Nh vy ta ly gi tr nh nht ca ba gi tr: H1
tnh theo pha hi, 300mm v 0,2D.
+ H2 nu c mc LDHH th H2 tng ng vi thi gian lu l 20% thi gian lu
ca mc HLL-LLL. N c ng dng khi dng my nn.
Nu khng c mc LSHH th: H2=0.
+H3: c tnh da vo thi gian lu Ts ca hydrocacbon.
+ H4: ging nh h2.
+ Nu c mc LSHH th h4 tng ng vi thi gian lu l 20%Tsoutirage. N
c s dng dng hot ng ca bm sn phm.
+ H5: c tnh ton nh sau:
+ Nu khng c s lng nc th:H5=150mm.
+ Nu c s lng nc th chiu cao H4+H5 c th tng ln bo m qu trnh
lng nc. H4+H5 s ly mt trong hai gi tr sau: 0,2D hoc 4 pht thi gian lu, v ly
gi tr ln nht. ng thi phi bo m chiu cao H5 phi ln hn chiu cao ca thit b
chng xoy.
Chiu cao ca thit b chng xoy: d+125mm, vi d l ng knh ng tho sn
phm.
+ H6, H7 l khong cch gia mc n v cc mc HLL v LLL, chng cng
c tnh tng t nh ballon ng, ngha l:
- Nu khng c cc mc ct (LSHH v LSLL): ng vi thi gian lu l 10% thi
gian lu hydrocacbon.
- Nu c cc mc ct: ng vi thi gian lu 30% Ts.
Bng quan h gia ng knh ng v DIAMX (bng 1):

ng knh ng (inch) DIAMX (mm)
1
1/2

2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
26
28
30
170
180
210
250
310
380
470
560
620
690
780
870
948
1050
1105
1263
2.2.6. Tnh ton v thit k botte:
Qu trnh thit k botte phi tha mn cc yu cu:
+ Bo m thi gian lu ca nc gia mc cao v mc thp ca nc, gia HLL
v LLL l hai pht.
+ Cho php nhng ht hydrocacbon thi gian i ln.
Hnh 7 : Cc mc ca botte
ung knh botte c tnh da vo vn tc ca nc, ng knh ny khng nh
hn D/3 v vi gi thit rng ht nc c ng knh l 100m. ng knh ca botte
trong mi trng hp khng nh hn 300mm.
Nu nh lng nc l khng c th ng knh botte c ly gi tr nh nht
ca:
cao HLL-LLL: khng nh hn 500mm, v c tnh da vo thi gian lu
nc lu lng nc v ng knh botte.
Nhng c trng hp cn lu sau:
+ Vi nhng ballon c p sut tnh ton nh hn 35 bar eff, th ng knh botte
c th t ti gi tr D/2.
+ Vi nhng ballon c ng knh nh
hn 1.5m, th ng knh botte cng c th t
gi tr D/2.
Cc gi tr H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7 th
tnh tng t nh mt ballon ng.
+ H1: c c nh l 450mm.
+ H2: tnh vI 20% thi gian lu ca
nc.
Nu khng c mc LSHH th H2 = 0.
+ H4: tnh vi 20% thi gian lu ca nc.
Nu khng c mc LSLL th H4 = 0.
+ H5: c c nh l 300mm.
+ H6, H7: c tnh nh sau:
- Nu khng c mc ct (LSHH, LSLL): tnh vi 10% thi gian lu ca nc.
- Nu c cc mc ct (LSHH, LSLL): tnh vi 30% thi gian lu ca nc.
2.2.7. V tr ca botte:
Botte c t v tr gn mp ballon u ra ca hydrocacbon.
Theo hnh 8 botte c t gn mp LT mt on l Z m ta cn xc nh. Gi tr
Z bao gm:
+ 100mm khong cch t mp ti mi hn;
+ 50mm khong cch t mi hn n ng thao sn phm;
+ DIMA: ng knh cn thit lp t ng tho sn phm, tra bng 1 quan h
gia ng knh ng v DIMA;
+ 50mm: khong cch t ng tho sn phm n botte;


+ Y=0.25D
botte
.
m bo qu trnh lng ta phi xc nh khong cch t ng tip liu n v tr
ca botte. Khong cch ny phi ln hn on ng ngang m pha nc i qua. Chng
ta phi tin hnh xc nh nh sau:
Gi:
L: chiu di ballon;
H: cao ca pha lng cn xt n mp di ca ballon, tc l git nc s ri
vi cao H ny;
V
LT
: vn tc lin tc, tc vn tc thng.
V
L
: vn tc lng;
d: ng knh ng tip liu;
L
L
: khong cch t ng tip liu n botte;
L
N
: on ng ngang m git lng i vI cao l H.
Ta thy rng git nc chu tc dng ca hai vn tc l V
LT
v V
L
nh hnh 9.
Vy L
N
=H
L
LT
V
V
;
Khong cch t mp bn tri ca ballon n ng tip liu bao gm:
+ 100mm khong cch t mp ti mi hn;
+ 50mm khong cch t mi hn n ng thao sn phm;
+ DIMA (d)/2: khong cch t bn tri ng tip liu;
Vy khong cch t ng tip liu ti botte l:
L
L
= L - (100+50+DIMA(d)/2-Z;
Hnh 8 : V tr ca botte
Chng ta so snh hai gi tr L
N
v L
L
:
+ Nu L
N
< L
L
: qu trnh lng tho mn;
+ Nu LN > LL: qu trnh lng cha tho mn, phi tng chiu di ca botte ln
cho n khi no L
N
< L
L
th thi;
Nu tng chiu di ln qu mc qui nh m qu trnh lng vn cha tho mn th
chng ta li tng ng knh git lng ln 200m, khi vn tc lng s tng ln v L
N

s gim xung.







Hnh 9 : Qu trnh lng.
2.2.8. Tnh ton thit k ballon c vch ngn (baffle):
D, H1: ng knh ballon v cao m pha hi i qua, c cc nh ging nh
ballon nm khng c vch ngn.
C H1 xc nh c cao ca vch ngn.
Cu to v nh ngha cc mc ca pha hydrocacbon v pha nc nh hnh 10.
Ballon c chia thnh hai phng, mt phng lng nc v mt phng lng
hydrocacbon.
H1: c xc nh da vo lu lng hi v vn tc hi. Cch xc nh hon ton
ging vi ballon nm khng c vch ngn.
Gi L1, L2 l chiu di ca phng nc v hydrocacbon. Ta chia phng ny theo
t l vi th tch cht lng cha trong hai phng. Tc l:
K =
HC HC
nuoc nuoc
T Q
T Q
L
L

=
2
1
;
Vi:
+ Q
nuoc
: lu lng th ca tch nc, [m
3
/h];
+ Q
HC
: lu lng th tch ca hydrocacbon, [m
3
/h];
+ T
nuoc
: thi gian lu ca nc, [pht];

L
N
H V
L

V
LT
+ T
HC
: thi gian lu ca hydrocacbon, [pht].


Xc nh cc mc trong phng lng nh sau:
+ H1: nu c mc ct cao LSHH, H1=150mm; nu khng c mc ct cao LSHH,
H1=0;
+ H2: l gi tr ln nht ca hai gi tr sau: cao ng vi thi gian lu 4 pht
ca pha nc hoc 0.2D. Vi D l ng knh ballon.
+ H3: chng ta tnh cao ny ng vi thi gian lu ca nc, thng th thi
gian lu ny l 2 pht, tuy nhin nu qu trnh tch nc kh do hiu s khi lng ring
ca hai pha nh th thi gian lu ny phi ln hn 2 pht. Tuy nhin cao ny phi ln
hn gi tr l 300mm.
+ H4: ly gi tr bng H2.
+ H5: c cc nh nh sau:
- Nu c mc ct di LSLL, H5 ly gi tr ln nht ca hai gi tr sau: 150mm
v d, vi d l ng knh ng tho nc ra.
V H4 phi ln hi H5.
- Nu khng c mc LSLL, H5=0 v phI chng t c: H4>d.
+ H6, H7: c xc nh nh sau.
- Nu khng c cc mc ct (LSHH v LSLL): cao ny tnh tng ng vi
0.1T
nuoc
.
- Nu c cc mc ct (LSHH v LSLL): cao ny c tnh tng ng vi 0.3
T
nuoc
.
Xc nh cc mc lng trong phng lng hydrocacbon:
Hnh 10 : Ballon c vch ngn
+ H2: nu c mc LSHH th H2 tng ng vi thi gian lu l 20% thi gian lu
ca mc HLL-LLL. N c ng dng khi dng my nn.
Nu khng c mc LSHH th H2=0.
+ H3: c tnh da vo thi gian lu ca hydrocacbon.
+ H4: ging nh H2:
- Nu c mc LSLL th H4 tng ng vi thi gian lu l 20% thi gian lu ca
hydrocacbon. N c s dng dng bm sn phm.
+ H5: c tnh ton nh sau:
- Nu khng c s lng nc th: H5=150mm.
- Nu c s lng nc th ta c chiu cao H4+H5 co th tng ln m bo qu
trnh lng nc. H4+H5 s ly gi tr ln nht trong hai gi tr sau: 0.2D hoc 4 pht thi
gian lu. ng thi phi m bo chiu cao H5 phi ln hn chiu cao ca thit b chng
xoy.
Chiu cao thit b chng xoy: d +125 mm, vi d l ng knh ng tho sn
phm.
+ H6, H7: l khong cch gia mc n v cc mc HLL v LLL. Cng tng t
nh ballon ng ngha l: nu khng c mc ct (LSLL v LSLL), tnh tng ng vi
10% thi gian lu hydrocacbon; nu c cc mc ct: tnh tng ng vi 30% thi gian
lu hydrocacbon.

QU TRNH IU KHIN MC.
1. Tng qut v qu trnh iu khin:
Tng qut ca qu trnh iu khin mt khu c s m t sau:

Trong :
Y1,Y2,Yn: l cc thng s nhiu;
M: thng s o v cn iu khin;
T: transmetter chuyn i thng s o ra tn hiu chun (tn hiu ng, tn hiu
in hay tn hiu s);
C: gi tr consigne;
R: regulater dng so snh tn hiu c truyn t transmetterr vi gi tr
consigne.
Khi thng s nhiu vo h thng lm gi tr o cng thay i, thit b transmettor
s chuyn i cc thng s ny thnh tn hiu kh ng hoc tn hiu in v truyn cho
thit b regulator. Thit b regulator so snh tn hiu ny vi gi tr consigne cho ra
quyt nh l ng hay m van, ng ra ca thit b degulater cng l tn hiu kh ng
hoc tn hiu in. Thit b servo- moteur nhn tn hiu ca R s chuyn thnh tn hiu c
s ng hoc m van.
a) Chuyn i kh ng.
Thit b transmettor T s chuyn i thng s o c M (p sut, nhit , lu
lng, mc v.v.) ra tn hiu tng t kh ng, gi tr thay i t 200 n 1000 milibars
(mb). Thit b regulater R nhn thong tin v p sut t transmetter n so snh vi gi tr
consigne C". Gi tr consigne ny cng l gi tr p sut vi thang o t 200 n
1000mb. Khi thng s M thay i, regulater s nhn thng tin t transmetter kh ng
v n s iu chnh tn hiu v pha servo_moteur v iu khin van. Tn hiu ny cng
c cng mt thang o ca transmetteur.
b) Chuyn i tn hiu:
Thit b transmetteur T s chuyn i thng s o M thnh tn hiu tng t
in (tc l cng dng in). C nhiu thang o c s dng: 1-5mA, 4-20mA, 0-
20mA Nhng khong thang o 4-20 mA thng xuyn c s dng.
Thit b regulater nhn thng tin cng dng in t transsmetter v so snh
vi thit b consgne ca n. Khong thang o ca regularter cng l thang o ca
transsmetter v gi tr consgne C cng nm trong khong .
Khi thng s o M thay , regularter s nhn tn hiu cng dng in t
transmetter v n s iu chnh servo-moteur ca van.
3. Cc phng php o mc cht lng:

a) S dng transmetter o p sut. Phng
php trc tip:
Tn hiu M s t l thun vi p sut P
y bnh cha. p sut P ny l h, s ph
thuc vo khi lng ring v gia tc trng
trng, nhng chng ta khng quan tm v
khng nh hng n kt qu ca phng php o.
Ch rng bnh cha t ngoi khng kh, v gi tr p sut P cn ph thuc vo
p sut kh quyn.
b) S dng transmetter o p sut. Phng php gin tip:
Thi mt lng khng kh i qua mt ng,
sau khi i qua thit b hm dng (restriction), n s
i ln. Ch lng kh ny ch c i ln vi
tng bong bong kh. Khi o p sut P phi cn bng
vi p sut ti v tr t ng. V c th vit P#h
nu nh lu lng b10<Q<50l/h.
Thit b ny s dng khi transmetter khng
th tip xc trc tip vi cht lng hoc kh bnh cha nm trong lng t.
c) S dng transmetter o chnh lch p sut. Phng php trc tip:
S dng bnh cha kn v p sut c mc trn cng khc vi p sut kh quyn.
Tn hiu M s t l thun vi gi tr (P
2
-P
1
). Vi:
P
1
=h+P
P2=H+P
p sut P
2
c ni vi p sut P bi mt
ng cha mt lng cht lng nht nh l cng
chnh l cht lng trong bnh cha. V th ta c
H c nh v khng thay i.
d) S dng transmetter o chnh lch p
sut. Phng php gin tip:
Ngi ta s dng loai ny khi bnh cha kn v thit b o khng th tip xc trc
tip vi cht lng. Ngi ta s dng hai ng thi
kh c b phn ngn dng (restriction) o gin
tip p sut nh hnh v. Khi ta thi khng kh
vo ng, khng kh s i qua restriction vi mt
lng va phi, khng kh s thi sao cho ch c
nhng ht bong bng ni ln m thi, ch khng
c si sc.

Khi tn hiu M s t l thun
vi (P
1
-P
2
):
P
1
=h+P
P
2
=P
P
1
-P
2
=h
f) S dng transmetter c plongeur:
Plongeur l mt vt rn c th ni l
lng trong cht lng lm bng nha hoc gm s, n c khi lng xc nh v din tch
ngang c nh.
Transmetter ny c s dng da vo lc y Archimde. Transmetter T o khi
lng im O l P. Vy ta c s cn bng lc nh sau:
P=P-Sh.
Vi:
P: Khi lng o c im O;
P: Khi lng ca plongeur;
: Khi lng ring ca cht lng;
S: Din tch ngang ca cht lng.
V P, v, S l nhng h s c xc nh, vy P l i lng t l vi h nh vy
tn hiu t l vi mc.
g) S dng transmetter o gc lch:
Thit b transmetter c mt ci phao ni
trn cht lng v c hai ci cy c chiu di L,
lng lm bng vt liu nh. iu kin bnh
thng (tc l mc cht lng mong mun) th
gc lch a=0. Khi mc cht lng thay i th
gc lch a cng thay i theo quan h sau:
sin(a)=(L-h)/l. Vi L, l l c nh vy mc h t l vi sin(a). Ch a l mt gc lng
gic (tc l c gc m v gc dng). Khi a<0 ( nh trng hp hnh v) tc l mc cht
lng cao hn bnh thng. Khi a<0 tc l mc cht lng thp hn mc bnh thng. Vy
transmetter o gc lch a sau mi a tn hiu M.